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IMPLEMENTATION OF FUZZY LOGIC

CONTROLLER FOR LOAD FREQUENCY
CONTROL IN TWO AREA POWER SYSTEM

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENT OF THE DEGREE
Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering

SUBMITTED BY

Nirakar Rout (110ee0563)

Jagadish Kumar Sethy (110ee0230)

Department of Electrical Engineering

National Institute of Technology, Rourkela
2010-14

National Institute of Technology Rourkela Page 1

 IMPLEMENTATION OF FUZZY LOGIC
CONTROLLER FOR LOAD FREQUENCY
CONTROL IN TWO AREA POWER SYSTEM

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENT OF THE DEGREE
Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering

SUBMITTED BY

Nirakar Rout (110ee0563)

Jagadish Kumar Sethy (110ee0230)

Under supervision of
Prof. Gopalakrishna Srungavarapu

Department of Electrical Engineering

National Institute of Technology, Rourkela
2010-14

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 DEDICATED TO OUR PARENTS

&

ALL OUR GOOD WISHERS

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 National Institute Of Technology, Rourkela

CERTIFICATE

This is to endorse that Mr. Nirakar Rout, 110EE0563 and Mr. Jagadish Kumar Sethy

110EE0230, student of National Institute of Technology Rourkela has successfully completed

his project “Implementation of Fuzzy Logic Controller for Load Frequency Control In

Two Area Power System “ . During his project, he remained sincere and obedient. He reflected

eagerness to learn, devotion to work and skills of being practical about the concepts. This thesis

contains his authenticated work under my supervision. It has been verified that this project report

is complete in all manners.

Date: Dr. S. Gopalakrishna

Assistant Professor
Place:
Department of Electrical Engineering
National Institute of Technology, Rourkela
769008

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to prompt our most sincere thanks to Prof A.K.Panda , HOD , Department of

Electrical Engineering for assigning me Prof Gopalakrishna Srungavarapu as our supervisor.

Our sincerest gratitude to Prof Gopalakrishna Srungavarapu for his guidance, suggestions and

encouragement throughout the year. We would also like to prompt our appreciation towards Prof

P.K. Ray and Prof Sanjeeb Mohanty for their invaluable tips and suggestions regarding our

work.

We extend our gratefulness to the assistants and budding research scholars whose hours of grind

have produced the papers and thesis that we have used in our project. Also special thanks to Mr.

Amit Kumar (PhD, 2nd year) for his invaluable tips and suggestions regarding our work and

helping us in grass-root understanding of the project.

Nirakar Rout (110EE0563)

Jagadish Kumar Sethy (110EE0230)

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 ABSTRACT
Currently as there has been an increase in the interconnected systems as far as power systems are

concerned. Load as well as power flow in tie-line are varying dynamically. So there is a need of

robust control of system frequency as well as tie-line power flow system. This robust control

could be achieved by the help of fuzzy logic controllers in the place of orthodox system using

proportional, PI and PID controllers. This is due to the fact that gain constants in the case of

conventional controllers remain same throughout, for changes in the load value. But Load can’t

be the same throughout, load deviates from time to time. So as to get rid of these disadvantages

related to conventional controllers, a lot many schemes have been put forth in literature. With

regard to this work, fuzzy logic base controller has been considered for problems pertaining to

load frequency control. There queried rules are carried out with respect to the variation in load to

diminish the error. In fuzzy logic controller, we take the help of triangular membership function

in the formulation of the rule base, because triangular membership function gives easy way to

make the rule base compared to other membership functions. Then simulation is done by using

Matlab/Simulink software.

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TABLE OF CONTENT
CERTIFICATE ...........................................................................................................................4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...........................................................................................................5
ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................................6
LIST OF FIGURES: ...................................................................................................................8
LIST OF TABLE: .......................................................................................................................8
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS:- ...................................................................................................9
LIST OF SYMBOLS:- .............................................................................................................. 10
CHAPTER: 1 ............................................................................................................................ 12
1.1 INTRODUCTION: .......................................................................................................................... 12
1.2 SOURCE OF INSPIRATION AND MOTIVATION: .................................................................. 13
CHAPTER-2 ............................................................................................................................. 15
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW:- .................................................................................................................. 15
2.2. REASONS FOR THE LIMITS ON FREQUENCY:- ............................................................................... 15
2.3 LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL:....................................................................................................... 16
CHAPTER: 3 ............................................................................................................................ 19
3.1 TWO AREA POWER SYSTEM:- ....................................................................................................... 19
3.2 FUZZY LOGIC IN POWER SYSTEM: ................................................................................................. 22
3.3 DESIGN OF Fuzzy Logic Controller: ............................................................................................... 23
CHAPTER-4 ............................................................................................................................. 25
4.1 SIMULATION: ............................................................................................................................... 25
4.1.1 FOR STEP INCREASE IN THE LOAD DEMAND IN AREA 1:- ........................................................ 25
4.1.2 FOR STEP INCREASE IN THE LOAD FOR BOTH THE AREAS ....................................................... 28
4.1.3 IMPEMENTATION OF FUZZY BASED CONTROLLER: ................................................................ 30
4.2 RESULT & COMPARISON:........................................................................................................ 34
COMPARISON OF SYSTEM PARAMETERS:- ..................................................................................... 36
CHAPTER 5. ............................................................................................................................ 38
1. CONCLUSION: ............................................................................................................................ 38
2. FUTURE SCOPE:.......................................................................................................................... 38
APPENDIX: ............................................................................................................................. 39
REFERENCES: ........................................................................................................................ 40

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LIST OF FIGURES:
S.NO FIGURE NO. DETAILS OF FIGURE
1 Figure 3.1 Two Area power system
2 Figure 3.2 Fuzzy model block diagram
3 Figure 4.1 Effect on change in frequency of Area 1 for 0.1 p.u. change in Area 1
4 Figure 4.2 Effect on ACE of first Area for 0.1 p.u. change in Area 1
5 Figure 4.3 Effect on change in frequency of Area 2 for 0.1 p.u. change in Area 1
6 Figure 4.4 Effect on ACE of second Area for 0.1 p.u. change in Area 1
7 Figure 4.5 Effect on Ptie for 0.1 p.u. change in Area 1
8 Figure 4.6 Effect on frequency of Area1 with 0.1 p.u. variation in all the Areas
9 Figure 4.7 Effect on ACE of Area 1 with 0.1 per unit variation in all the Areas
10 Figure 4.8 Effect on frequency of Area 2 with 0.1 p.u. variation in all the Areas
11 Figure 4.9 Effect on ACE of Area 2 with 0.1 per unit variation in all the Areas
12 Figure 4.10 Membership function of ACE
13 Figure 4.11 Membership function of DACE
14 Figure 4.12 Membership function of output variable
15 Figure 4.13 Surface view
16 Figure 4.14 Comparison between controller response for .1 pu adjustment in
Area 1
17 Figure 4.15 Comparison between controller action in Area 2 for .1 pu frequency
alteration in Area 1

LIST OF TABLE:

SL. NO. TABLE NO. DETAILS OF TABLE

1 Table 3.1 Fuzzy rule base
2 Table 3.2 Comparison of conventional pi , ga pi and fuzzy controller
parameters

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS:-

LFC:- Load Frequency Control

AGC:- Automatic Generation Control

ACE:-Area Control Error

GA:- Genetic Algorithm

BFOA:- Bacteria Foraging Optimization Algorithm

PI:- Proportional Integral

FLC:-Fuzzy Logic Controller

NB :- Negative Big

NM:-Negative Medium

NS:-Negative Small

ZO:-Zero

PS:-Positive Small

PM:-Positive Medium

PB:- Positive Big

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LIST OF SYMBOLS:-

f = the system frequency (Hz),

Ri = regulation constant (Hz/per unit),

Tg = speed governor time constant (s),

Tt = turbine time constant (s)

Tp = power system time constant (s).

x(t) = the state disturbance vector

u(t) = control disturbance vectors

d(t) = load changes disturbance vectors

bi = frequency bias constant

Δfi = frequency deviation

ΔPtie,i = change in tie line power for Area i

C = output matrix .

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 CHAPTER-1

1.1. INTRODUCTION

1.2. SOURCE OF INSPIRATION AND MOTIVATION

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CHAPTER: 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION:
For extensive level power systems which consist of of interconnected control regions, load

frequency; then it’s paramount to hold onto the frequency and entomb territory tie power close to

the booked qualities. The input mechanical power is utilized to control the frequency of the

generators and the variation in the frequency and tie-line power are detected, which is the extent

of the alteration in rotor angle. A decently outlined power framework ought to have the capacity

to give the satisfactory levels of power quality by keeping the frequency and voltage size inside

middle of as far as possible.

Changes in the power system load influences chiefly the system frequency, while the reactive

power is less delicate to changes in frequency and is fundamentally reliant on vacillations of

voltage size. So the control of the true and reactive power in the power system is managed

independently. The load frequency control fundamentally manages the control of the system

frequency and genuine power inasmuch as the programmed Voltage controller circle directs the

progressions in the reactive power and voltage extent. Load frequency control is the premise of

numerous progressed ideas of the vast scale control of the power system..

As the loading in a power system is not constant so the controllers for the system must be aimed

to provide quality service in the power system. The power flow and frequency in an

interconnected system is well regulated by AGC. The main purpose of the AGC is to retain the

system frequency constant and almost inert to any disturbances. Generally two things are being

controlled in AGC i.e. voltage and frequency. Both have separate control loops and independent

of each other.

.Apart from controlling the frequency the secondary majors is to maintain a zero steady state

error and to ensure optimal transient behavior within the interconnected Areas. The objective is

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to design a controller to apprehend preferred power flow and frequency in multi-Area power

systems.

1.2 SOURCE OF INSPIRATION AND MOTIVATION:

Resent blackout in the northern power grid due to mismatch of load has lead us to pursue our

interest in this field. Load frequency control is a burning topic for young researchers.

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 CHAPTER – 2

2.1. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.2. REASONS FOR THE LIMIT ON FREQUENCY
2.3. LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL

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CHAPTER-2
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW:-
There are many experiments & researches about control of load frequency in power systems

connected to each other. In several papers, there are many control strategies centered on

conventional linear control theory. To some authors, the system frequency stability is maintained

by a flexible arrangement system control [1]. But, it requires some data for the system

conditions, to which we don’t have access fully.

Conferring to Ref. [3], conventional PID control systems shan’t extent to great result. A gain

forecasting controller is used [2]. Gain forecasting is a controller model method used in the non-

linear systems. In it, the control variables is changed promptly, as variables valuation isn’t

needed. It is at ease to catch than programmed change or variation of the controller parameters.

But the transient response may be uneven because of unexpectedness in the system parameters.

Also, precise linear time invariant prototypes at variable operating marks can’t be gained [4].

Fuzzy methods were used for control of load-frequency in power systems by Chang and Fu [2]

and Akalın and coworkers [6]. Both established some fuzzy rules for the P and PI gains

discretely. In this paper, the system result is enhanced by the gain rules, which are selected alike.

By the proposed controller, the overshoots and settling time are efficient than the other

controllers.

2.2. REASONS FOR THE LIMITS ON FREQUENCY:-

Below are the causes for keeping a stringent limit on the frequency variation in an Area:

1. Due to the dependency of speed of the alternating current motors on frequency of the power

supply. There are situations where speed consistency is expected to be of high order.

2. The electric clocks are driven by the synchronous motors. The accuracy of the clocks are not

only dependent on the frequency but also is an integral of the frequency error.
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3. If the normal frequency id 50 Hertz and the system frequency falls below 47.5 Hertz or goes

up above 52.5 Hertz then the blades of the turbine are likely to get damaged so as to prevent the

stalling of the generator.

4. The under frequency operation of the power transformer is not desirable. For constant system

voltage if the frequency is below the desired level than the normal flux in the core increases. This

sustained under frequency operation of the power transformer results in low efficiency and over-

heating of the transformer windings.

5. the most serious effect of subnormal frequency operation is observed in the case of Thermal

Power Plants. Due to the subnormal frequency operation the blast of the ID and FD fans in the

power stations get reduced and thereby reduce the generation power in the thermal plants. This

phenomenon has got a cumulative effect and in turn is able to make complete shutdown of the

power plant if proper steps of load shedding technique is not engaged. It is pertinent to mention

that, in load shedding technique a sizable chunk of load from the power system is disconnected

from the generating units so as to restore the frequency to the desired level.

2.3 LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL:

With many loads linked to a system in a power system, speed and frequency vary with the

characteristics of the governor with variations in loads. No need to modify the setting of the

generator if maintaining of constant frequency is not needed. When constant frequency is needed

the turbine speed can be adjusted by varying the governor characteristic. Complications arise

when 2 generating stations in parallel, are handling the variation in load. Chances of distribution

of load in two systems are mentioned below:

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  Let both generating stations are interconnected through a tie line. If load varies at X or Y

& A generation has to maintain the constant frequency, at that time it’s known as Flat

Frequency Regulation.

 Secondly where both X & Y have to maintain the constant frequency. It’s known as

parallel frequency regulation.

 Thirdly where frequency maintenance is done of a certain Area by its own generator &

keeping constant the tie-line loading. It’s called flat tie-line loading control.

 In Selective Frequency control individually system handles the variation in load itself

& without interfering, beyond its limits, the maintenance of the other one in that group.

 In Tie-line Load-bias control all systems in the interconnection help in maintaining

frequency no matter where the variation is created. It has a principal load frequency

controller & a tie line plotter determining input power on the tie for proper control of

frequency.

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 CHAPTER -3

3.1. TWO AREA POWER SYSTEM

3.2. FUZZY LOGIC IN POWER SYSTEM
3.3. DESIGN OF FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER

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CHAPTER: 3
3.1 TWO AREA POWER SYSTEM:-
Generally, power systems obligate composite & multi-variable configurations and they have

many non minimum and nonlinear phase systems. Power networks are distributed by tie lines

into regulator Areas. Generators are expected to maintain synchronism with the tie line and

connected Areas. From experimentations on different power networks, it’s realized that

individual Area requires precise control of its tie line power & system frequency. There are

basically two types of control mechanism to control frequency in interconnected power systems

i.e. first one is primary speed control & second one is secondary speed controller . The first

speed control creates the preliminary rough alteration of frequency. For its activities, the

variation in load is being tracked by the generators and share among them according to their

ratings. The inherent time lags of the system and the turbine itself is the major cause for the slow

response of the system. Liable on the turbine kind, the primary loop classically responds in 2–18

s. The later speed control follows the well alteration of frequency by varying the frequency

inaccuracy to zero by an integral control action. The association among the load and speed is

accustomed by varying a load set point input. In exercise, the tuning of the load reference mark

point is being done by functioning the speed changing motor. In production of every division at a

specified system frequency is changed only by varying its load reference, which manages to

change the speed-droop characteristic up and down. This control is significantly sluggish and

drives to action only when the job is done by the primary speed control. Reaction period can be

very low like I minute. Regulation of the frequency is done by the speed-governing system. The

isochronous governor changes the turbine valve/door to get the frequency once again to the

ostensible or booked rate. An isochronous governor performs attractively when a generator is

providing a disconnected load or when one and only generator in a multi generator framework is

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obliged to react to the heap variations. For power and load imparting around generators joined

with the framework, speed regulation or droop attributes must be given. The speed-droop or

regulation trademark can be acquired via including an unfaltering state sentiment circle about the

integrator. An unrestrained two Area connected power system is presented in Fig. 1 .

The complete structure is showed as a multi-parameterized system in the arrangement of

Equation (1)

Here A stands for the system matrix, then B and L stand for the input and disorder dispersal

matrices respectively , x(t), u(t) and d(t) stand for the state vector , control vector and load

changes disturbance vector , correspondingly.

( )

( )

( )

where Δ signifies variation starting from the minimal values. u1 and u2 are the controller results .

The classification result, which rest on the ACE presented in Fig. 1, is

Equation (2)

( )
( ) [ ] [ ] ( )
( )

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equation (3)

bi stands for frequency bias constant. Δfi stands for the frequency variation and ΔPtie,i stands for

variation in tie line power in Area i & C is the result matrix .

Figure 3.1: Two Area power system

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3.2 FUZZY LOGIC IN POWER SYSTEM:
Fuzzy set hypothesis and fuzzy rationale secure guidelines of a nonlinear plotting. Utilization of

fuzzy sets gives a premise to a organized path for the requisition of indeterminate and

inconclusive prototypes. Fuzzy controller is focused around a legitimate structure termed fuzzy

rationale is very nearer in soul to human intuition and regular dialect than established intelligent

systems. These days fuzzy rationale is utilized as a part of very nearly all parts of manufacturing

and science. From those LFC is one. The primary objective of LFC in connected power networks

is to secure the harmony among handling and utilization. In light of the multifaceted nature and

multi-parameterized states of the power system, traditional controller strategies possibly will not

give acceptable results. Then again, their strength and unwavering quality make fuzzy controllers

helpful in understanding an extensive variety of control issues. The fundamental constructing

units of a Fuzzy Logic Controller are a fuzzification unit, a fuzzy rationale thinking unit, a

learning base, and a defuzzification unit. It is the procedure to change the convinced fuzzy

control movements to a fresh control movement.

FUZZIFICATION FUZZY DEFUZZIFICATION

REASONING

FUZZY
KNOLEDGE
BASE

Figure 3.2: Block diagram of fuzzy logic model

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3.3 DESIGN OF Fuzzy Logic Controller:
Assumptions in FLC system:

 The input and output variables can be witnessed and calculated.

 An acceptable result, not certainly a best, is adequate.

 A linguistic design may be created centered on the facts of a human expert.

 The human expert helps in modeling the linguistic model based on his knowledge

The basic building block of a fuzzy logic controller consist of four parts namely fuzzification of

input followed by fuzzy reasoning and rule base to make perfect decisions. Then this block is

being followed by knowledge base which defines all variables and parameters. The last block is

the defuzzification block whose main function is to convert the fuzzy outputs to definite crisp

values.

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 CHAPTER-4

4.1. SIMULATION

4.2. RESULT AND COMPARISON

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CHAPTER-4
4.1 SIMULATION:
4.1.1 FOR STEP INCREASE IN THE LOAD DEMAND IN AREA 1:-
As the first test case, at Area 1 a step increase in load is applied. Then the first Area frequency

deviation Δf1, the second Area frequency deviation Δf2, tie line power and ACE deviation are

shown in Fig. 3, Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 6, Fig. 7. In these Figures, it is quite evident that the

performance of conventional PI controller is not satisfactory; the main problem arises due to its

high settling time. To improve the system characteristic the proposed method is more suitable.

Case 1:-

0.05

-0.05
BFOA PI tunning
change in F1

-0.1 conventional PI
GA tunning
-0.15

-0.2

-0.25

-0.3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (s)

Figure 4.1: Variation in frequency of Area 1 with 0.1 per unit variation in Area 1

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Case 2:-

0.05

0
change in ACE!

-0.05
GA PI tunning
conventional PI
-0.1 BFOA PI tunning

-0.15

-0.2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (s)

Figure 4.2: Variation of ACE1 with 0.1 per unit variation in Area 1

Case 3:-

0.1

0.05

0
change in F2

-0.05

-0.1 BFOA PI tunning

GA PI tunning
conventional PI
-0.15

-0.2

-0.25
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (s)

Figure 4.3: Frequency variation of Area 2 with 0.1 per unit variation in Area 1

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Case 4:-

0.04

0.03

0.02
change in ACE2

0.01

-0.01
conventional PI
-0.02
GA PI tunning
-0.03 BFOA PI tunning

-0.04
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (s)

Figure 4.4: Variation of ACE2 with 0.1per unit variation in Area 1

0.02

-0.02
change in Ptie

-0.04 GA PI tunning
conventional PI
-0.06 BFOA PI tunning

-0.08

-0.1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
:- Time (s)

Figure 4.5: Variation of Ptie with 0.1per unit variation in Area 1

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4.1.2 FOR STEP INCREASE IN THE LOAD FOR BOTH THE AREAS

To both the Areas ΔPD1 and ΔPD2 are subjected to go through a load change of .1 p.u. The plots
of the closed loop system are presented inFig-7, Fig-8, Fig. 9 and Fig. 10. From the figures, it is
evident that the damping factor in case of conventional PI controller is not satisfactory. And
comparing with GA the strategic way has a smaller settling time and system response is reduced
to zero quickly. Also the potential and benefit of the planned way over the conventional and GA
is tested.

Case 1:-

0.05

-0.05

-0.1
change in F1

-0.15

-0.2
BFOA PI tunning
-0.25 GA PI tunning
conventional PI
-0.3

-0.35

-0.4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (s)

Figure 4.6: Effect on frequency of Area 1 with 0.1 per unit variation in all the Areas

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Case 2:-

0.05

0
Change in ACE1

-0.05 conventional PI
GA PI tunning
BFOA PI tunning
-0.1

-0.15

-0.2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (s)

Figure 4.7: Effect on ACE of Area 1 with 0.1 per unit variation in all the Areas

Case 3:-

0.05

-0.05

-0.1
change in F2

-0.15
GA PI tunning
-0.2
conventional PI
-0.25 BFOA PI tunning

-0.3

-0.35

-0.4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (s)

Figure 4.8: Effect on frequency of Area 2 with 0.1 per unit variation in all the Areas

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Case 4:-

0.05

0
Change in ACE2

-0.05 conventional PI
GA PI tunning
BFOA PI tunning
-0.1

-0.15

-0.2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (s)

Figure 4.9: Effect on ACE of Area 2 with 0.1 per unit variation in all the Areas

4.1.3 IMPEMENTATION OF FUZZY BASED CONTROLLER:

To achieve better performance fuzzy logic can be implemented in a more effective way for load

frequency controller. The fuzzy controller comprise of two phases, first one fuzzy system unit

where the Area control error (ACE) and its derivative ( ) are set as input parameters and then

fuzzy rules are given and in accordance to the rules, the output was the control action. When many

loads are considered, it’s somewhat hard to set the load perturbation as an input parameter of fuzzy

logic controller. Modifying the PI controller, frequency control is achieved in old fashioned power

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system and finest results are acquired, but in changing working condition this cannot give an

optimal solution.

Table 4.1: The fuzzy rule set

NB NM NS ZO PS PM PB

ACE/DACE

NB NB NB NB NB NM NS ZO

NM NB NB NB NM NS ZO PS

NS NB NB NM NS ZO PS PM

ZO NB NM NS ZO PS PM PB

PS NM NS ZO PS PM PB PB

PM NS ZO PS PM PB PB PB

PB ZO PS PM PB PB PB PB

The fuzzy codes are written in the fis.file in MATLAB using AND function in the Mamdani

inference using Triangular Membership function, efficient 1. The rules highly depend on the

membership function, the rules are set in appropriate collection of input and output parameters.

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Figure 4.10:Membership function of input variable ACE.

Figure 4.11:Membership function of variable .

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Figure 4.12: Output membership function

Figure 4.13 : Surface view

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4.2 RESULT & COMPARISON:

Case 1 :- Comparison between controllers for settling a 0.1 per unit frequency variation in Area 1

0.1

0.05
Change in frequency in area 1 (p.u.)

-0.05

-0.1
Conventional PI controller
GA tuned PI controller
-0.15 Fuzzy controller

-0.2

-0.25
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (s)

Figure 4.14: Comparison between controllers for settling a 0.1 per unit frequency variation in

Area 1.

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Case 2:- Variation in frequency of Area 2 with 0.1 per unit variation in Area 1 :-

0.05

0
Frequency deviation in area 2

-0.05

-0.1
Conventional PI controller
GA PI controller
-0.15 Fuzzy controller

-0.2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (s)

Figure 4.15: Variation in frequency of Area 2 with 0.1 per unit variation in Area 1

The above graph shows the comparison between the results obtained by conventional PI, GA PI

controller and fuzzy controller. From the above two responses it is quite evident that the

performance of fuzzy logic controller over conventional PI and GA PI is better in aspects like

settling time. The transients are taking very less time to die out.

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COMPARISON OF SYSTEM PARAMETERS:-

Table 4.2: Comparison of system parameters

Conventional PI GA PI controller Fuzzy based controller

controller

System modes -13.7342 -13.1203 -13.2651

-13.6218 -13.1043 -0.4973 + 3.5221i

-0.086±4.1699i -0.5605±3.1716i -0.4973 - 3.5221i

0.9568±3.402i -1.1751±1.9112i -1.6236

-1.8538 -1.1967 -13.2902

-0.2359 -0.4456 -1.2966 + 2.5127i

-0.2355 -0.4288 -1.2966 - 2.5127i

Minimum damping ratio 0.021 0.174 .1398

Controller 0.7005 -0.2346 -------------

constants 0.3802 0.2662 -------------

Settling Area 1 29.4190 8.6625 5.6135

time Area 2 29.8219 7.3804 5.6367

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 CHAPTER :5

5.1. CONCLUSION

5.2. FUTURE SCOPE

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CHAPTER 5.
1. CONCLUSION:
In instance of the uncontrolled studies it has been witnessed that as the load fluctuation is

increased the area control errors are also aggregated. The effect of FLC when placed in both the

areas for a step load change in Area 1 is that the variations in Δf1 , Δf2 and ΔPtie are completely

nonoscillatory. Comparable deductions can be drawn for equal step load changes in both the

areas having FLC in area 1. The retorts are generated with FLC placed in both Areas. When FLC

are placed in both the areas the abnormalities are small and the oscillations die out easily..

Altogether implementation of the fuzzy controller gives an improved result compared to

conventional and GA PI controller. The settling time, rise time has decreased significantly. The

transient is settling quite easily. It has been given away that the projected controller is effective

and provides significant improvement in system performance

2. FUTURE SCOPE:
1. The result can be enhanced further through Integral – fuzzy controller.

2. By adding generation control and governor dead band into the system the system will

look more realistic and nonlinear.

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APPENDIX:
The values for the system parameters is listed below :

TP1 = TP2 = 20 s, power system time constant;

TT1 = TT2 = 0.3 s, turbine time constant;

T12 = 0.545 p.u; tie line time constant;

TG1 = TG2 = 0.08 s; governor time constant;

Kp1 = Kp2 = 120 Hz/p.u MW; gain of power system;

R1 = R2 = 2.4 Hz/p.u MW; speed regulation constant;

B1 = B2 = 0.425 p.u MW/Hz; feedback bias control;

KP = Proportionality constant of controller;

KI= integral constant of controller;

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REFERENCES:

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[3] Kundur P. Power system stability and control. McGraw-Hill; 1994.
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[7] Ertu_grul C_am , _Ilhan Kocaarslan , Load frequency control in two Area power systems
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