EMBRDED SYSTEM overview

TOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED
System
• Embedded System
• Components
• Classifications
• Processors
• Other Hardware
• Software
• Applications
What is a system?
 A system is a way of working, organizing or doing one or many tasks according to a
fixed plan, program or set of rules.
 A system is also an arrangement in which all its units assemble and work together
according to the plan or program.
SYSTEM EXAMPLES
WATCH It is a time display
SYSTEM Parts: Hardware, Needles, Battery, Dial, Chassis and Strap

Rules
1.All needles move clockwise only
2.A thin needle rotates every second
3.A long needle rotates every minute
4.A short needle rotates every hour
5.All needles return to the original position after 12 hours

SYSTEM EXAMPLES:2

WASHING MACHINE
It is an automatic clothes washing SYSTEM

Parts:
Status display panel,
Switches & Dials, Motor,
Power supply & control unit,
Inner water level sensor and solenoid valve.

Rules
1.Wash by spinning
2.Rinse
3.Drying
4.Wash over by blinking
5.Each step display the process stage
6.In case interruption, execute only the remaining
History of Embedded system
Here, are important milestones from the history of embedded system:
 In 1960, embdded system was first used for developing Apollo Guidance System by
Charles Stark Draper at MIT.
 In 1965, Autonetics, developed the D-17B, the computer used in the Minuteman
missile guidance system.
 In 1968, the first embedded system for a vehicle was released.
 Texas Instruments developed the first microcontroller in 1971.
 In 1987, the first embedded OS, VxWorks, was released by Wind River.
 Microsoft's Windows embedded CE in 1996.
 By the late 1990s, the first embedded Linux system appeared.
 The embedded market reach $140 billion in 2013.
 Analysts are projecting an Embedded market larger than $40 billion by 2030.

EMBEDDED SYSTEM
Definition: An Embedded System is one that has computer hardware with software embedded
in it as one of its important components.

SOFTWARE PROGRAM

Its software embeds in ROM (Read Only Memory). It does not need secondary memories as
in a computer
COMPUTER HARDWARE

o A Microprocessor a Large Memory

o (Primary and Secondary)
o (RAM, ROM and caches)
o Input Units
o (Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, etc.)
o Output Units
o (Monitor, printer, etc.)
o Networking Units
o (Ethernet Card, Drivers, etc.)
o I/O Units
o (Modem, Fax cum Modem, etc.)

Characteristics of an Embedded System

Following are important characteristics of an embedded system:

o Requires real time performance

o It should have high availability and reliability.
o Developed around a real-time operating system
o Usually, have easy and a diskless operation, ROM boot
o Designed for one specific task
o It must be connected with peripherals to connect input and output devices.
o Offers high reliability and stability
o Needed minimal user interface
o Limited memory, low cost, fewer power consumptions
o It does not need any secondary memory in computer.
Important terminologies used in embedded system
o Now in this Embedded Systems tutorial, we will cover some important terms used in
embedded system.
o Reliability:
o This measure of the survival probability of the system when the function is critical
during the run time.
o Fault-Tolerance:
o Fault-Tolerance is the capability of a computer system to survive in the presence of
faults.
o Real-Time:
o Embedded system must meet various timing and other constraints. They are imposed
on it by the real-time natural behaviour of the external world.
o For example, an air force department which keeps track of incoming missile attacks
must precisely calculate and plan their counter-attack due to hard real-time deadline.
Otherwise, it'll get destroyed.
o Flexibility:
o It's building systems with built-in debugging opportunities which allows remote
maintenance.
o For example, you are building a spacecraft which will land on another planter to
collect various types of data and send collected detail back to us. If this spacecraft
went insane and lost the control, we should be able to make some important
diagnostic. So, flexibility is vital while designing an embedded system.
o Portability:
o Portability is a measure of the ease of using the same embedded software in various
environments. It requires generalized abstractions between the application program
logic itself and the low-level system interfaces.
o What is Microcontroller?
o A microcontroller is a single-chip VLSI unit which is also called
microcomputer. It contains all the memory and I/O interfaces needed, whereas a
general-purpose microprocessor needs additional chips to offered by these necessary
functions. Microcontrollers are widely used in embedded systems for real-time
control applications.
o What is a Microprocessor?
o A microprocessor is a single chip semiconductor device. Its CPU contains a program
counter, an ALU a stack pointer, working register, a clock timing circuit. It also
includes ROM and RAM, memory decoder, and many serial and parallel ports.
o Architecture of the Embedded System
o Below is basic architecture of the Embedded System:

o
1) Sensor:
o Sensor helps you to measures the physical quantity and converts it to an electrical
signal. It also stores the measured quantity to the memory. This signal can be ready by
an observer or by any electronic instrument such as A2D converter.
2) A-D Converter:
o A-D converter (analog-to-digital converter) allows you to convert an analog signal
sent by the sensor into a digital signal.
3) Memory:
o Memory is used to store information. Embedded System majorly contains two
memory cells 1) Volatile 2) Non-volatile memory.
4) Processor & ASICs:
o This component processes the data to measure the output and store it to the memory.
 5) D-A Converter:
o D-A converter (A digital-to-analog converter) helps you to convert the digital data fed
by the processor to analog data.
6) Actuator:
o An actuator allows you to compare the output given by the D-A converter to the
actual output stored in it and stores the approved output in the memory.

Applications of Embedded Systems

Following are the important applications of Embedded system:

Robotic science

o Ground Vehicles
o Drones
o Underwater Vehicles
o Industrial Robots

Medical

o Dialysis Machine
o Infusion Pumps
o Cardiac Monitor
o Prosthetic Device

Automotive

o Engine Control
o Ignition System
o Brake System

Networking

o Router
o Hubs
o Gateways
o Electronics Instruments

Home Devices

o TVs
o Digital Alarm
o Air Conditioner
 o DVD Video Player
o Cameras

Automobiles

o Fuel Injection
o Lighting System
o Door Locks
o Air Bags
o Windows
o Parking Assistant System
o Anti-stealing Alarms Whippers Motion

Industrial Control

o Robotics
o Control System
o Missiles
o Nuclear Reactors
o Space Stations
o Shuttles

Advantages of Embedded System

Here, are Pros/benefits of using Embedded System:

o It is able to cover a wide variety of environments

o Less likely to encore errors
o Embedded System simplified hardware which, which reduces costs overall.
o Offers an enhanced performance
o The embedded system is useful for mass production.
o The embedded system is highly reliable.
o It has very few interconnections.
o The embedded system is small in size.
o It has a fast operation.
o Offers improved product quality.
o It optimizes the use of system resources.
o It has a low power operation.
Disadvantages of Embedded System

Here, are important cons/ drawbacks of using Embedded system.

o To develop an embedded system needs high development effort.

o It needs a long time to market.
o Embedded systems do a very specific task, so it can't be programmed to do different
things.
o Embedded systems offer very limited resources for memory.
o It doesn't offer any technological improvement.
o It is difficult to backup of embedded files.

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COMPONENTS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
• It has Hardware
Processor, Timers, Interrupt controller, I/O Devices, Memories, Ports, etc.
• It has main Application Software
Which may perform concurrently the series of tasks or multiple tasks.
• It has Real Time Operating System (RTOS)
RTOS defines the way the system work. Which supervise the application software.
It sets the rules during the execution of the application program. A small scale embedded
system may not need an RTOS.
EMBEDDED SYSTEM HARDWARE

EMBEDDED SYSTEM CONSTRAINTS

An embedded system is software designed to keep in view three constraints:

o Available system memory
o Available processor speed
o The need to limit the power dissipation
When running the system continuously in cycles of wait for events, run, stop and wakeup.

What makes embedded systems different?

o Real-Time Operation
o Size
o Cost
o Time
 o Reliability
o Safety
o Energy
o Security

CLASSIFICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

1. Small Scale Embedded System

2. Medium Scale Embedded System
3. Sophisticated Embedded System

1. Small Scale Embedded System

Single 8 bit or 16bit Microcontroller.

o Little hardware and software complexity.

o They May even be battery operated.
o Usually “C” is used for developing these systems.
o The need to limit power dissipation when system is running continuously.

Programming tools: Editor, Assembler and Cross Assembler

MEDIUM SCALE EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Single or few 16 or 32 bit microcontrollers or Digital Signal Processors (DSP) or Reduced

Instructions Set Computers (RISC).
• Both hardware and software complexity.
Programming tools: RTOS, Source code Engineering Tool, Simulator, Debugger and
Integrated Development Environment (IDE).

These types of embedded systems are designed using 16 or 32-bit microcontrollers. These
systems offer both hardware and software complexities. C, C++, Java, and source code
engineering tool, etc. are used to develop this kind of embedded system.

SOPHISTICATED EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Enormous hardware and software complexity

o Which may need scalable processor or configurable processor and
programming logic arrays.
o Constrained by the processing speed available in their hardware units.
Programming Tools:
o For these systems may not be readily available at a reasonable cost or may not be
available at all.
 o A compiler or retargetable compiler might have to be developed for this.

PROCESSOR
A Processor is the heart of the Embedded System.
• For an embedded system designer knowledge of microprocessor and microcontroller is a
must.
Two Essential Units:
o Operations -Control Unit (CU)-Fetch
o Execution Unit (EU)-Execute

VARIOUS PROCESSOR
1. General Purpose processor (GPP)
o Microprocessor
o Microcontroller
o Embedded Processor
o Digital signal Processor
2. Application Specific System Processor (ASSP)
3. Multi-Processor System using GPPs
MICROPROCESSOR

o A microprocessor is a single chip semiconductor device also which is a computer on

chip, but not a complete computer.
o Its CPU contains an ALU, a program counter, a stack pointer, some working register,
a clock timing circuit and interrupt circuit on a single chip.
o To make complete microcomputer, one must add memory usually ROM and RAM,
memory decoder, an oscillator and a number of serial and parallel ports.
PROCESSOR TECHNOLOGY

The architecture of the computation engine used to implement a system’s desired

functionality
o Processor does not have to be programmable – “Processor” not equal to
general-purpose processor

GENERAL-PURPOSE PROCESSORS

o Programmable device used in a variety of applications

o Also known as “microprocessor”
o Features
 Program memory
 General data path with large register file and general ALU
o User benefits
  Low time-to-market and NRE costs
 High flexibility
o “Pentium” the most well-known, but there are hundreds of others

SINGLE-PURPOSE PROCESSORS

o Digital circuit designed to execute exactly one program

 a.k.a. coprocessor, accelerator or peripheral
o Features
 Contains only the components needed to execute a single program
 No program memory
o Benefits
 Fast
 Low power
 Small size

APPLICATION-SPECIFIC PROCESSORS

Programmable processor optimized for a particular class of applications having common

characteristics
 Compromise between general-purpose and single-purpose processors
o Features
 Program memory
 Optimized datapath
 Special functional units
 o Benefits
 Some flexibility, good performance, size and power

EMBEDDED PROCESSOR

Special microprocessors & microcontrollers often called, Embedded processors.

o An embedded processor is used when fast processing fast context-switching
& atomic ALU operations are needed.
Examples: ARM 7, INTEL i960, AMD 29050.

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR

o DSP as a GPP is a single chip VLSI unit.

o It includes the computational capabilities of microprocessor and multiply &
accumulate units (MAC).
o DSP has large number of applications such as image processing, audio, video
& telecommunication processing systems.
o It is used when signal processing functions are to be processed fast.
Examples: TMS320Cxx, SHARC, Motorola 5600xx
APPLICATION SPECIFIC SYSTEM PROCESSOR (ASSP)

o ASSP is dedicated to specific tasks and provides a faster solution.

o An ASSP is used as an additional processing unit for running the application
in place of using embedded software.
Examples: IIM7100, W3100A
MULTI PROCESSOR SYSTEM USING GPPs

o Multiple processors are used when a single processor does not meet the needs
of different task.
o The operations of all the processors are synchronized to obtain an optimum
performance.
Moore’s Law

o Moore's law describes a long-term trend in the history of computing hardware.

o Since the invention of the integrated circuit in 1958, the number of transistors
that can be placed inexpensively on an integrated circuit has increased
exponentially, doubling approximately every two years.
o The trend was first observed by Intel co-founder Gordon E. Moore in 1965.
o Almost every measure of the capabilities of digital electronic devices is linked
to Moore's law: processing speed, memory capacity, etc.
Moore’s Law drives the development of System -in-Chip A architectures

The growing number of transistors on an SOC drives the trend towards more RTL blocks on
the chip.
OTHER HARDWARE ASSOCIATED WITH AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM

o Power Source
o Clock Oscillator
o Real Time Clock (RTC)
o Reset Circuit, Power-up Reset and watchdog timer Reset
o Memory
o I/O Ports, I/O Buses
o Interrupt Handler
o DAC and ADC
o LCD and LED Display
o Keypad/Keyboard

SOFTWARE
o SIMULATOR
Masm
SOFTWARE
o C
o C++
o Dot Net
COMPILER
o RIDE
o KEIL
APPLICATIONS

o Household appliances:
Microwave ovens
Television, DVD Players & Recorders
o Audio players
o Integrated systems in aircrafts and missiles
o Cellular telephones
o Electric and Electronic Motor controllers
o Engine controllers in automobiles
o Calculators
o Medical equipment
o Videogames
o Digital musical instruments, etc.
Automotive embedded systems

o Today’s high-end automobile may have 100 microprocessors:

o 4-bit microcontroller checks seat belt
o microcontrollers run dashboard devices
o 16/32-bit microprocessor controls engine.
Microprocessors are used

o As key components in an embedded design

o Programmable Logic and ASICs are used for critical parts in a design
An objective for an embedded system designer is to find the cheapest solution that meets
the requirements
Challenges in embedded system design
o How much hardware do we need?
o How big is the CPU? Memory?
o How do we meet our deadlines?
o Faster hardware or cleverer software?
o How do we minimize power?
o Turn off unnecessary logic?
o Reduce memory accesses?