ART APPRECIATION (UNIT I PART 1) FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF HUMANITIES

INTRODUCTION OF ARTS 1. Human nature is inherently good.

2. Individuals are free and are capable of making
“Man is the measure of all things.”
choices.
- Protagoras 3. Human potential for growth and development is
virtually unlimited.
4. Self-concept plays an important role in growth and
development.
WHAT IS HUMANITIES?
5. . Individuals have an urge for self-actualization.
HUMANITIES: 6. Reality is defined by each person.
7. Individuals have a responsibility to both themselves
• Academic discipline that study aspects of human and to others.
society and culture.
• Methods are primarily critical, or speculative. THE ART
• Have a significant historical element and no
• It is a diverse range of human activities in creating
central discipline
visual, auditory or performing artifacts (artworks),
• Scholars: humanity scholars" or humanists.
expressing the author's imaginative, conceptual
• Attributed to the symmetry and balance discussed
ideas, or technical skill, intended to be appreciated
by the art piece known as the Vitruvian Man of
for their beauty or emotional power. Other
Leonardo da Vinci. Study subject matters using the
activities related to the production of works of art
comparative method and research.
include the criticism of art, the study of the history
THE VITRUVIAN MAN of art, and the aesthetic dissemination clarification
needed of art.
• Three Classical Branches of Art:
o Painting
o Sculpture
o Architecture.
• Music, theater, film, dance and other performing
arts as well as literature and other media such as
interactive media, are included in a broader
definition of the arts.
WHY STUDY HUMANITIES?
NATURE OF ARTS
• It came from the Latin “humanus” which means
human, cultured and refined. • Art or arts is of Aryan root “ar” which means to join
• It contains the records of man’s quest for answers or put together and has its Latin term being “sars”
to the fundamental questions. or “artis” which means everything that is artificially
• It studies man and the manner in which he conducts made or composed by man.
himself from the time of his existence to the present • Art constitutes one of the oldest and most
• It is composed of academic disciplines that make it important means of expression developed by man.
distinctive in both content and method from the • It refers to the skillful arrangement or composition
physical and biological sciences and from the social of some common but significant qualities of nature.
sciences. • Art is subjective as it employs the use of perception,
• It is devoted to understanding the different insights,feelings and intuition.
phenomena within the human cultural contexts. • It is the heightened expression of human dignity
• It studies how people process and document the and weaknesses felt and shared so powerfully in a
human experience using philosophy, religion, world increasingly aware of its successes and
literature, art and history as their way of failures.
understanding and recording the world. It studies • It is man’s expression of himself as an individual and
how individuals’ manner of expression varies as how he views his existence.
they record human experiences and how the way of • Art also provides enjoyment and stimulation
documenting these forms a connection between specially when people understand them.
and among humans of the past, present and future.
FUNCTIONS OF ART

• Express freely oneself;

• Socially express his need for display, celebration,
and communication; and
 • Physically express the need for utility of functional o Other philosophers have called them
objects Universals.
o Forms are perfect Ideals, but they are also
FUNCTIONAL VS. NON-FUNCTIONAL ART more real than physical objects. He called
• FUNCTIONAL ART - art created for use, not them "the Really Real"
necessarily everyday use, but designed to serve a o Itis rational and unchanging.
purpose and with an aesthetic in mind. It's art that o The mind or soul belongs to the Ideal
serves a function, but is designed artistically for the world; the body and its passions are stuck
purpose of beauty in the muck of the physical world.
• NON-FUNCTIONAL ART - art that serves no o Self-control, especially control of the
utilitarian purpose. It is in direct contrast with passions, is essential to the soul that wants
functional art, which has both an aesthetic value to avoid the temptations of sensuality,
and a utilitarian purpose. It also encompasses greed, and ambition, and move on to the
paintings, sculptures and all manner of fine art Ideal World in the next life.

ARISTOTLE
PHILOSOPHY AND ARTS RELATED • He was a student of Plato who first distinguished
PHILOSOPHY between “what is good and what is beautiful''.
• The universal elements of beauty are manifested by
• It is a field of discipline which has attempted to order, symmetry, and definiteness. As exemplified
explain almost all aspects of human existence. in his Poetics, he stated that the physical
• It is the study of general and fundamental questions manifestation of beauty is affected by SIZE.
about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, • He considered art as imitation or a representation
and language. of nature and his emphasis of the artis on POETRY
• The term was probably coined by Pythagoras. which for him is more philosophical than Philosophy
itself
ART OR AESTHETICS
• Poets imitated the following according to Aristotle:
• It is the study of beauty and taste, concerned with o Things and events which have been or still
the nature of art and used as a basis for interpreting are;
and evaluating individual works of art. o Things which are said to be seen and are
• It is a branch of philosophy that deals with the probable
nature of beauty and taste, as well as the o Things which essentially are
philosophy of art.
IMMANUEL KANT
• It examines subjective and sensori-emotional
values, or sometimes called judgments of • He was a German, Enlightenment philosopher who
sentiment and taste wrote a treatise on Aesthetics: Observations on the
Feelings of the Beautiful and the Sublime.
• His main interest was not on art but on BEAUTY that
THE ARTISTIC PHILOSOPHERS
it is a matter of TASTE. Kant explained that TASTE
PLATO can be both SUBJECTIVE and UNIVERSAL.
• For KANT, beauty is a question of form and color is
• He is a philosopher of Ancient Greece who is known NOT IMPORTANT
for his Dialogues together with Socrates. • The Kinds of Aesthetic Responses according to Kant
• With the Republic being his work, Plato was seen as are:
a good literary stylist and great story teller and o Beauty results in pleasure if there is order,
considered the arts as threatening. harmony and symmetry; and
• He believed that “though arts can be used to train o Beauty leads to a response of awe that
citizens to have an ideal society, using arts to overwhelms the viewers of the art.
accomplish this should be strictly controlled”
• He also explained that the physical world is a copy ARTISTS VS. ARTISANS
of a perfect, rational, eternal and changeless THE ARTIST
original which he called FORMS.
• Plato’s Ideas of the Arts: • A person engaged in an activity related to creating
o Art is imitation; art, practicing the arts, or demonstrating an art.
o Art is dangerous • The term is often used in the entertainment
• THE FORMS: business, especially in a business context, for
o EXAMPLE: Beauty, Justice, and The Circle
 musicians and other performers (less often for
actors).

THE ARTISAN

• A skilled craft worker who makes or creates things

by hand that may be functional or strictly
decorative.
• The adjective "artisanal" is sometimes used in
describing hand processing in what is usually
viewed as an industrial process, such as in the
phrase artisanal mining.
(UNIT I PART 2) • An enormous variety of media may be used,
including clay, wax, stone, metal, fabric, glass,
THE ART FORMS
wood, plaster, rubber, and random “found” objects.
• It refers to the theory, human application and o The Jose Rizal Monument in Rizal Park
physical expression of creativity found in human o The University of the Philippines Oblation
cultures and societies through skills and in all UP campuses around the Philippines
imagination in order to produce objects, o The Black Nazarene in the Minor Basilica
environments and experiences. of the Black Nazarene in Quiapo district,
• Major constituents of the arts include visual arts, Manila, Philippines
literature, and performing arts, culinary arts.
• Some art forms combine a visual element with
performance or artwork with the written word.
• From prehistoric cave paintings to modern-day
films, art serves as a vessel for storytelling and
conveying humankind's relationship with the
environment
• One’s self-expression especially when inclined with
arts may take various forms depending on the
expertise and artistic inclinations of an artist
PAINTING
• Whatever form of art one may use in expressing
oneself, what is important is that his self-expression • It is the application of pigments to a support surface
and creativity are explicit. that establishes an image, design or decoration. In
art the term “painting” describes both the act and
the result. Most painting is created with pigment in
DIFFERENT ART FORMS liquid form and applied with a brush.
• As a medium, it has survived for thousands of years
ARCHITECTURE
and is, along with drawing and sculpture, one of the
• It is an art form that reflects how we present oldest creative media.
ourselves across the earth’s landscape, and, like o Juan Luna’s Spolarium
other expressive mediums, it changes with styles, o Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci
technologies and cultural adaptations. o The Fishermen by Ang Kiukok
• Architecture is considered as the most functional of
all the art forms.
o The Malacanang Palace
o The Philippines’ seat of government
o The Cultural Center of the Philippines
o The center of cultural activities of the
country and Burj Khalifa
o The highest skyscraper in the United Arab
Emirates DANCE

• It is the movement of the body in a rhythmic way,

usually to music and within a given space, for the
purpose of expressing an idea or emotion, releasing
energy, or simply taking delight in the movement
itself.
• The two concepts of the art of dance— dance as a
powerful impulse and dance as a skillfully
choreographed art practiced largely by a
professional few —are the two most important
SCULPTURE
connecting ideas running through any
• It is an artistic form in which hard or plastic consideration of the subject.
materials are worked into threedimensional art o Folk dances
objects. The designs may be embodied in o Modern dances
freestanding objects, in reliefs on surfaces, or in
environments ranging from tableaux to contexts
that envelop the spectator.
 THE ART FORMS

• It may be classified as visual arts and performing

arts.
• Visual arts are those which are felt by the senses
which includes Sculpture, Painting and
Architecture.
• Music, Dance and Theater are under the
MUSIC performance arts category.
• Literature may be visual or performance depending
• It is an art form, and cultural activity, whose upon the manner as to how it shall be presented
medium is sound. General definitions of music
include common elements such as pitch, rhythm,
dynamics, and the sonic qualities of timbre and APPRECIATING THE ARTS
texture.
• Music is performed with a vast range of instruments HOW CAN IT BE APPLIED?
and vocal techniques
1. Give a good physical description of the artwork
o Philippine Folk Songs
based on their knowledge of art elements and
o Popular music
materials.
THEATER 2. Analyze the artwork in terms of what the artist
wants his work to represent and the learner’s
• It is a collaborative form of performing art that uses subjective reaction to the works which includes
live performers, typically actors or actresses, to their thoughts and feelings.
present the experience of a real or imagined event 3. Perceive the art work in the context of its history.
before a live audience in a specific place, often a This would enlighten the learners of the artist’s
stage. intention in doing the work and add to the
• The specific place of the performance is also named understanding of the meaning the work is supposed
by the word "theatre" as derived from the Ancient to convey.
Greek théatron, "a place for viewing", itself from 4. Give meaning to the artwork based on its
theáomai, "to see", "to watch", "to observe". description, analysis and context.
o Shakespeare’s Midsummer Night’s Dream 5. Judge the artwork as to whether it is good or bad
and Romeo and Juliet based on the learner’s perception of it and its
o Victor Hugo’s Les Miserables aesthetic and cultural value.
o The local theatrical presentations of Noli
Me Tangere • Art is meant to stimulate thought because it allows
o Chosen zarzuelas and moro-moro viewers to draw their own emotions and pull from their
performances. personal experiences when viewed.
LITERATURE • It is very powerful in this way and it naturally develops
critical and innovative thinking skills.
• It is anybody or collection of written work. More • Art also teaches many important qualities such as
restrictively, literature refers to writing considered listening, observing, and responding to multiple
to be an art form or any single writing deemed to perspectives.
have artistic or intellectual value, and sometimes • It is meant to express something that we ourselves feel
deploys language in ways that differ from ordinary unable to express or convey.
usage. • Art appreciation stimulates thought and analysis,
• Literature may be oral or written and are also provokes an individual to look past what meets the eye
sometimes meant to be performed before an and open our mind to the views of others
audience.
o The Woman Who Had Two Navels by Nick
Joaquin “THE AIM OF ART IS TO REPRESENT NOT THE OUTWARD
o Po-on by F. Sionil Jose APPEARANCE OF THINGS, BUT THEIR INWARD SIGNIFICANCE
o Myths, Legends and Folktales by Maximo "
D. Ramos
o Stupid is Forever by the late Senator - Aristotle
Miriam Defensor Santiago
ART APPRECIATION (UNIT II) • Generally, we can look at non-representational art
as the personal expression of an artist' s subjective
Subject and Content
experience. Certain movements have described
their intentions as an aim to evoke moods or
emotions in the viewer
The subject of an Artwork

• The term subject in arts refers to the main idea that

is represented in the artwork.
• The subject in art is basically the essence of the
piece. The subject matter or topic is entirely up to
the artist. Art is really liberating in that sense.
• Some artists don 't like to assign a strict explanation
of their art so that they are not imposing on the
viewers own narrative and concept of the work THE SOURCES OF SUBJECT

NATURE
• There are some symbols that are archetypal and
commonly understood/interpreted by humanity in • It is equivalent to the
the same way. Therefore, symbols can be very natural world, physical
powerful when trying to convey a specific idea. universe, material world or
Some artworks have subjects and some do not. material universe.
• The art pieces which use a specific subject is called • “Nature” refers to the
representational art or objective art; while those phenomena of the physical
that have no subjects are called non- world, and also to life in
representational or non-objective art general.”
• It is considered the most commonly used source of
Representational Art
art.
• It refers to art which represents something,
whether that be a tree in a landscape, apple in a still
PEOPLE
life, or figure in a portrait.
• It does not need to be a completely realistic • They are considered the
depiction of the subject; there will often be varying most interesting subject of
levels of abstraction. an artwork which may be
• It is a term that generally refers to a painting or real or imagined.
sculpture that is clearly recognizable for what it • An artist’s thoughts, moods
claims to be. and even the genre of a
• It depicts any identifiable object or series of objects certain art work may be
and their physical appearance in reality. depicted by people by
• It is also referred to as Figurative Art, being that it is means of clues as
derived from real object sources. takeaways.
• People as subjects may be presented as individuals
or groups and may perform tasks as how they do in
their everyday life.

HISTORY

• It is the depiction of factual

events that occurred in the
past whose purpose is
Non-Representational Art either to remember
• It refers to compositions which do not rely on important events of long
representation or mimesis to any extent. ago or to teach the
• It focuses on the elements of the artwork in terms learners about the lessons
of the aesthetic value of the work, but the meaning of the past
will always be personal to the viewer unless the
artist has made a statement about his or her
intentions.
LEGENDS WAYS OF PRESENTING THE SUBJECT

• Artworks based on legends NATURALISM

present to viewers of the
• It refers to the depiction of
art something tangible
realistic objects in a natural
even when unverified. Art
setting.
brings life to these stories
• The Realist movement of
the 19th century advocated
RELIGION naturalism in reaction to
the stylized and idealized
• Artists used as
depictions of subjects in
inspiration the religious
Romanticism, but many
texts as the Bible, Quran
painters have used a similar approach over the
and Torah in conveying
centuries.
their ideas and beliefs
• Naturalism began in the early Renaissance, and
through their art works.
developed itself further throughout the
It was also established
Renaissance, such as with the Florentine School.
that art is considered
• Naturalism is a type of art that pays attention to
the handmaid of religion.
very accurate and precise details, and portrays
things as they are.
MYTHOLOGY • It always depicts pieces showing the idealized
human form. One would immediately recognize
• These are sources of that these images were imitated from the human
subjects that come from form.
the stories of gods and
goddesses of Ancient REALISM
Greece, Rome, Norse and
• It is generally the attempt to
Egyptians.
represent subject matter
• These so-called deities of
truthfully, without
the mythological world
artificiality and avoiding
depict present humanlike
speculative fiction and
behaviours.
supernatural elements.
• Realism has been prevalent
in the arts at many periods,
DREAMS AND FANTASY and can be in large part a matter of technique and
• The wonder of the training, and the avoidance of stylization. In the
unconscious is what is being visual arts, illusionistic realism is the accurate
expressed by art works under depiction of lifeforms, perspective, and the details
this subject source. of light and colour.
• These works of art somehow • Realist or naturalist works of art may, as well or
explain to the viewers the instead of illusionist realism, be " realist" in their
content of the art piece subject matter, and emphasize the mundane, ugly
including the hidden meaning or sordid.
behind each work • Realism is the most popular way of presenting art
subjects.

TECHNOLOGY

• The modernity of the present ABSTRACTION

is also an inspiration being • Abstraction finds its roots in ‘intuition’ (of the artist)
used by artists as a source of and ‘freedom’ (for the artist as well as for the
subject. viewer).
• The wondrous use of • Historically, the abstract art movement emerged in
machines, the towering the nineteenth century as a reaction to academic
skyscrapers, state of the art robotics technology, painting or realism. In fact, a very simple way to
top of the line transportation machineries as cars, understand the essence of abstract art is to think of
ships and motorcycles to name a few are sources of it as a visual opposite of realistic art.
subjects of interest under technology.
 • This is a method of presenting the subject where FUTURISM
the artist moves away from reality. The artist usually
• This was developed in Italy
alters the shapes and colors in rendering a
about the same time as
particular art piece
cubism appeared in France.
• Futurist painters wanted their
works to capture the
mechanical energy of modern
life.

SURREALISM

• This method mirrors the evils

SYMBOLISM of the present society.
• Surrealism means super
• This is the use of a visible realism, influenced by
sign of an idea to convey to Freudian psychology which
the viewers, readers or emphasizes the activities of
audiences the message of his the subconscious state of the
work. mind.
• In this way, mystery is • The art movement began in Paris in 1924 by the
advocated by an art work making it more interesting French poet Andre Breton. It emphasized the
to the viewers. activities of the subconscious mind mostly
FAUVISM exemplifying violence and cruelty.
• The surrealist’s aim is to reveal the deep and ugly
• It is the name applied to part of human nature.
the work produced by a
group of artists (which
included Henri Matisse EXPRESSIONISM
and André Derain) from • This features art works
around 1905 to 1910, describing pathos,
which is characterized by morbidity, chaos or even
strong colours and fierce defeat and was
brushwork. introduced in Germany
• The name les fauves (‘the wild beasts’) was coined from 1900 – 1910.
by the critic Louis Vauxcelles when he saw the work • Expressionists believe
of Henri Matisse and André Derain in an exhibition, that man needs spiritual
the salon d’automne in Paris, in 1905. rebirth for him to correct defects that ruin the
• The forms of the subjects were also simplified society.
making their work appear quite abstract.

DADAISM

• It is a protest movement in
the art that is playful and
experimental. “Dada”
means a “hobby horse”.
• Dadaism is most often
nonsensical.
• Marcel Duchamp is the
famous painter using this
method.
• The aim of this method is to shock and provoke its
viewers.
ART APPRECIATION (UNIT III PART 1) Soft Pastel, Hard Pastel, Oil Pastel
PASTEL TECHNIQUES:
THE ARTIST AND HIS MEDIUM
Stippling, Feathering, Scumbling, Impasto,
Sgraffito

The Process of Art Production 4. Charcoal - An organic medium that comes

from burnt wood.
• Production is at the heart of making art.
• While some contemporary artists foreground
KINDS:
production as a tool, others use their work to
Compressed, Manufactured
explore ideas around production we might
otherwise overlook.
5. Paper - The most common surface used in
• Production might bring out images of factory
two-dimensional art.
production lines, or even the theories of scientists
and philosophers after the mind has conceived it
TYPES OF PAPER:
through a certain process
Hot-pressed Paper, Cold-pressed Paper, Rough
Paper
A. MEDIUM
1. When an artist is ready to express himself
B. PAINTING
in art and to give shape to his vision, his
DIFFERENT MEDIA FOR PAINTING:
first thought would be on what medium to
1. Watercolor - Pigments are mixed with water
use.
and applied to paper.
B. THE TECHNIQUE
PIGMENT
2. The technique of the artwork shows the
Part of the paint that gives color
level of familiarity with the medium being
manipulated
2. Gouache - The pigment has been mixed with
C. CURATION
water and added with a chalk-like material to
3. Derived from the word “curare” which
give it an opaque effect
means to take care. It is a process that
involves managing, overseeing and
assembling or putting together a
presentation or exhibit for some type of
artistic collection.

3. Oil Paints - Pigments are mixed with oil as its

binder. It is a dense painting medium and gives
The Different Media of Visual Arts
rich, beautiful colors.
GRAPHIC OR TWO-DIMENSIONAL ARTS
4. Tempera - Pigment is mixed with egg yolk
A. DRAWING (sometimes with the white) as binder.
DIFFERENT MEDIA FOR DRAWING:
1. Pencils - Made of graphite which comes in
different hardness from soft to hard or
thickness from thick to needle-like.

SHADING TECHNIQUES:
5. Fresco - Pigment is mixed with water and
applied on a portion of the wall with wet
plaster. It is used for mural paintings.

6. Acrylic - Modern medium with synthetic paint

2. Ink - It is one of the oldest materials for using acrylic emulsion as binder.
drawing that is still in use. It allows for a
great variety of qualities, depending on the
tools and technique used in the application.
3. Pastel - This is composed of dry pigment
held together by a gum binder and
compressed into sticks.
KINDS OF PASTEL:
 C. MOSAIC B. Additive Process - The process involves the
• It is a wall or floor construction of a figure by putting together bits of
decorations made of the material or by welding together metal parts to
small tiles or irregularly create figures.
cut pieces of colored C. Process of Substitution - This process is also known
stones or glass called as casting. This method involves using a mold to
tesserae. produce a 3D figure in another material.

D. DIFFERENT MEDIA OF SCULPTURE

D. COLLAGE A. STONE A natural medium. Hard and relatively
• This is a technique of permanent.
making art by gluing or
pasting on firm support materials or found objects. B. WOOD Also a natural medium. It varies in
hardness and durability depending on the kind
E. PRINTMAKING of tree it came from.
PRINTMAKING TECHNIQUES:
1. Relief Painting (Raised) - The oldest C. METAL It has three unique qualities: tensile
method of printmaking. The technique strength, ductility and malleability.
involves cutting away certain parts of the
surface and leaving the ‘raised’ part to D. PLASTER It is finely ground gypsum mixed with
produce the image. water and poured into mold.

2. Intaglio Printing (Depressed) - Instead of E. TERRA COTTA (COOKED EARTH) Baked clay or
the surface of the plate for the image, the clay fired in a kiln at a relatively high
lines of the image are cut or incised to a temperature.
metal plate.
F. GLASS Made by heating and cooling a
3. Surface Printing (Flat) - Includes all combination of sand and soda lime.
processes in which printing is done from a
flat surface. G. PLASTIC Synthetic medium made from organic
polymers.

The Different Media of Visual Arts

ARCHITECTURE
PLASTIC OR THREE-DIMENSIONAL ARTS
CONSTRUCTION PRINCIPLES
SCULPTURE
A. Post and Lintel - Makes use of two vertical supports
KINDS OF SCULPTURE: (post) and spanned by a horizontal beam (lintel). It
1. Freestanding - Sculptures which can be viewed was invented by the Greeks.
from all sides.
B. Arch - A Roman invention that consists of separate
2. Relief - Sculptures in which the figures project from pieces of wedge-shaped blocks called voussoirs
a background. arranged in a semi-circle.
VARIATIONS: STRUCTURES THAT CAN BE BUILT FROM THE PRINCIPLE OF
Low Relief (Bas Relief), High Relief ARCH:

3. Kinetic (Mobile) - A sculpture that is capable of • Barrel Vault - A succession of arches.

movement by wind, water or other forms of energy. • Groin Vault - A structure that is formed by
intersecting arches resulting in four openings.
• Dome - Structure with the shape of an inverted
The Process of Sculpting cup

PROCESS C. Truss - System of triangular forms assembled to

form a rigid framework.
A. Subtractive Process - Involves removing or cutting
away pieces of the material to form the figure.
D. Cantilever - A structure that makes use of a beam
or slab that extends horizontally into space beyond
its supporting post.
 E. Buttress - A structure that is built as a support for
the wall

Media Of Architecture

A. Compressive Strength - Refers to those materials

that can support heavy weights without crumbling
or breaking down.

B. Materials that are used for Creating Building and

Infrastructures:
• Stones and Bricks - Stones are favored
over other materials for its durability,
adaptability to sculptural treatment and its
use for building simple structures in its
natural state.

• Lumber (Wood) - All parts of a building can

be constructed using wood except the
foundations.

• Iron and Steel - Provide stronger and taller

structures with less use of material when
compared to stone or wood.

• Concrete - Mixture of cement and water,

with aggregates of sand and gravel.