Formula Details Dynamics

Physical Quantities 𝐹
𝑎= F – resultant force (N)
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑦 𝑚 m – mass (kg)
𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑦
= × 100% a – acceleration (𝑚𝑠 −2)
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
Kinematics W – weight (N)
v – average speed m – mass (kg)
𝑑 (𝑚𝑠 −1 ) 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 g – acceleration of free
𝑣= d – distance (m) fall (9.81 𝑚𝑠 −1 )
𝑡
t – time (s) Forces
v – velocity (𝑚𝑠 −1 )
𝑠 s – change in
𝑣= displacement (m)
𝑡
t – time taken (s)
Accelerated Motion
a – acceleration
(𝑚𝑠 −2 )
△𝑣
𝑎= △ 𝑣 – change in
△𝑡 velocity (𝑚𝑠 −1 )
△ 𝑡 – time taken (s) N – force (N)
Displacement = area F – force (N)
𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃
under velocity – time M – mass (kg)
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 g – acceleration of free
graph
1
Displacement = 2 x fall (9.81 𝑚𝑠 −1 )
base x height Moment – (N m )
F – force (N)
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐹 × 𝑑
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 d – distance from the
pivot (m)
(𝑢 + 𝑣) s – displacement (m)
𝑠= ×𝑡 u – initial velocity Work, Energy and Power
2
(𝑚𝑠 −1 ) 𝑊=𝐹 × 𝑠
1 v – final velocity 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑠 cos 𝜃 W – work done (J)
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 (𝑚𝑠 −1 ) F – force (N)
2
a – acceleration S - distance (m)
𝑣 2 = 𝑢 2 + 2𝑎𝑠 (𝑚𝑠 −2 )
t – time (s)
1 𝐸𝑝 – Gravitational
𝑠 = 𝑣𝑡 − 𝑎𝑡 2
2 potential energy (J)
m – mass (kg)
𝐸𝑝 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
g – acceleration of free
fall (9.81 𝑚𝑠 −1 )
h – height (m)

𝐸𝑘 – Kinetic energy
1
𝐸𝑘 = 𝑚𝑣 2 m – mass (kg)
2 v – speed ( 𝑚𝑠 −1 )
x-direction
𝑣 cos 𝜃 v – velocity (𝑚𝑠 −1 )
𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
y-direction 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝑣 sin 𝜃 × 100%
v – velocity (𝑚𝑠 −1 )
 𝜎 – stress
𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐹
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑥 100% F – normal force (N)
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝜎= A – cross-sectional area
𝐴
(𝑚2 )
P – power (W)
𝑊 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑃= W – work done (J) Young Modulus = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝑡 t – time (s) 𝜎 𝐹𝐿
E= 𝜀 = 𝐴𝑥
P – power (W)
𝑃=𝐹 × 𝑣 F – force (N) E – elastic potential
v – velocity ( 𝑚𝑠 −1 ) energy (J)
Momentum 1 1 F – force (N)
𝐸= 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 2 k – spring constant
2 2
p – momentum ( kg (𝑁𝑚−1 )
𝑚𝑠 −1 ) x – extension (m)
𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣 m – mass (m)
v – velocity ( 𝑚𝑠 −1 ) Electric current, potential difference and
resistance
F – force (N)
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 m – mass (kg) I – current (A)
𝑄
a – acceleration (𝑚𝑠 −2) 𝐼= Q – charge (C)
𝑡 t – time (s)
F – force (N)
Δ𝑃
𝐹= P – impulse (Ns) Elementary charge = 1.6 × 10−19 C
𝑡 t – time (s)
Matter and Materials I – current (A)
n – number density
𝑚 𝜌 – density (𝑘𝑔 𝑚−3 )
(𝑚−3 )
𝜌= m – mass (kg)
A - cross-sectional
𝑣 v – volume (𝑚3 )
𝐼 = 𝑛𝐴𝑣𝑞 area (𝑚2 )
P – pressure (pa) v – average drift
𝐹 F – force (N) speed of free
𝑃=
𝐴 A – cross-sectional area electrons (𝑚𝑠 −1 )
(𝑚2 ) q – charge carrier (C)
∆𝑝 – change in V – potential
pressure difference (V)
𝜌 – density 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 I – current (A)
∆𝑝 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ g – acceleration of free R – resistance (R)
fall (9.81 𝑚𝑠 −1 )
h – height (m) 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼
P – power ( W)
Upthrust (N)
V – potential
𝜌 – density 𝑃 = 𝐼2 𝑅
difference (V)
𝑈𝑝𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 = 𝜌𝑔𝑣 g – acceleration of free
I – current (A)
fall (9.81 𝑚𝑠 −1 ) 𝑉2 R – resistance (Ω)
v – volume (𝑚3 ) 𝑃=
𝑅
k – spring constant P – power (W)
𝐹 (𝑁𝑚−1 ) 𝐸
𝑘= 𝑃= E – energy (J)
𝑥 F – force (N) 𝑡 t – time (s)
x – extension (m)
P – power (W)
𝑊
𝑥 𝜀 – strain 𝑃= W – work done (J)
𝜀= x – extension (m) 𝑡 t – time (s)
𝐿 L – original length (m)
Kirchhoff’s laws
 Kirchhoff’s first law: Σ𝐼𝑖𝑛 = Σ𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡

Kirchhoff’s second law: ΣE = Σ𝑉

Resistors in a series: 𝑅 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2

1 1 1 1
Resistors in parallel: = + + +…
𝑅 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3

Resistance and resistivity

R – resistance (Ω)
𝜌𝑙 𝜌 – resistivity (Ωm)
𝑅= l – length (m)
𝐴 A – cross-sectional
area (𝑚2 )
Practical circuits
V – potential
Potential difference difference (V)
across a power E – e.m.f (V)
source: I – current (A)
𝑉 = 𝐸 − 𝐼𝑟 r – internal resistance
(Ω)

Potential divider V – potential

equation: 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = difference (V)
𝑅2
(𝑅 ) × 𝑉𝑖𝑛 R – resistance (Ω)
1 +𝑅2
Definitions: Pressure: the perpendicular force applied
per unit area
Acceleration: rate of change of velocity Principle of moments: the sum of the
Speed: distance travelled per unit time anticlockwise moments about a point
taken equals the sum of the anticlockwise
Velocity: rate of change of displacement moments about the same point
Conservation of momentum: Total Torque of a couple: product of one of the
momentum before a collision is equal to forces and perpendicular distance
the total momentum after a collision, in a between forces
closed system Upthrust: the resultant force on a
Force: rate of change of momentum submerged object due to pressure
Impulse: product of force and time difference between the higher pressure at
Elastic collision: total momentum and the bottom of the object and the lower
total kinetic energy is conserved. Relative pressure at the top of the object
speed of approach is equal to the relative immersed in a fluid
speed of separation Energy: stored ability to do work
Inelastic collision: total momentum of a Work done: product of a force and the
system is conserved, but the total kinetic distance moved in the direction of the
energy is not conserved. Speed before force
impact is not equal to speed after Gravitational potential energy: energy
Mass: a measure of inertia of a body or stored due to height/position of mass
the property of a body that resists change Kinetic energy: energy of an object due to
in motion its motion
Newton’s 1st law: a body that remains at Potential energy: energy stored by an
rest or constant velocity unless acted in by object to do work
a resultant (external) force Elastic potential energy: energy stored due
Newton’s 2nd law: the (resultant) force is to deformation or change in shape of an
proportional to the rate of change of object
momentum Power: rate of work done
Newton’s 3rd law: if one body exerts a Elastic deformation: object returns to its
force on another, it will experience a force original length when load is removed
by the other body, which is equal in Plastic deformation: object does not
magnitude and opposite in direction. Both return to its original length when load is
forces are of the same kind removed
Weight: force due to the gravitational field Hooke’s law: force is proportional to
Centre of gravity: the point on an object at extension if limit of proportionality is not
which the entire weight of the body exceeded
seemingly acts. It is the point at which the Strain: extension over original length
earth actually applies the pull of gravity Stress: force per unit cross-sectional area
Density: amount of mass per unit volume required to stretch a material
of a substance Young’s modulus: ratio of stress to strain
Equilibrium: resultant force and moment Electric current: amount of charge flowing
is zero/sum of clockwise moments = sum pass a point per unit time/rate of flow of
of anticlockwise moments charged particles
Moment/torque: product of force and the
perpendicular distance to the pivot
Ohm’s law: the current through a metallic
conductor is proportional to the P.D across
it provided that its temperature remains
constant
Potential difference: energy converted
from electrical to other forms of energy
per unit charge that passes through it
Resistance: the ratio of P.D over the
current for an electrical component
Resistivity: its resistance for unit length
Electromotive force: energy converted
from chemical into electrical energy per
unit charge
Kirchhoff’s 1st law: the sum of currents
into a junction is equal to the sum of
currents out of a junction
Kirchhoff’s 2nd law: sum of e.m.f.’s is equal
to the sum of p.d.’s around a loop/circuit