Newton's second law explains the following important principles:

 An object will accelerate (change its velocity) in response to a resultant force

 The bigger this resultant force, the larger the acceleration
 For a given force, the greater the object's mass, the smaller the acceleration experienced

F = ma

 Where:
o F = resultant force on the object in Newtons (N)
o m = mass of the object in kilograms (kg)
o a = acceleration of the object in metres per second squared (m/s2)

 The force and the acceleration act in the same direction

Gradient determines acceleration

equation for acceleration

 Acceleration is inversely proportional to mass

 This means for the same amount of force, a large mass will experience a small acceleration

 Hooke’s law states that:

o The extension of a spring is proportional to the applied force

The spring constant is the force per unit extension

 The units are N/m

 The spring constant is a measure of how stiff the spring is
 Hooke’s law is associated with the initial linear (straight) part of a force-extension graph
 Objects that obey Hooke’s law will return to their original length after being stretched
 If an object continues to be stretched it can be taken past the limit of proportionality
(sometimes called the elastic limit). At this point the object will no longer obey Hooke’s
law and will not return to its original length
 Velocity is a vector quantity, and the velocity of an object is its speed in a given direction
 When an object travels along a circular path, its velocity is always changing

 The speed of the object moving in a circle might be constant - that is, it is travelling the
same distance every second
 However, the direction of travel is always changing as the object moves along the
circular path

When a force acts at 90 degrees to an object’s direction of travel, the force will cause that object to
change direction

 The force needed to make something follow a circular path depends on a number of
factors:
o The mass of the object
 A greater mass requires a greater force when the speed and radius are
constant
o The speed of the object
 A faster-moving object requires a greater force when the mass and radius
are constant
o The radius of the circle
 A smaller radius requires a greater force to keep the speed and radius
constant

 A moment is defined as:

The turning effect of a force about a pivot

 The size of a moment is defined by the equation:

M=F×d

The moment depends on the force and perpendicular distance to the pivot

 The principle of moments states that:

If an object is balanced, the total clockwise moment about a pivot equals the total
anticlockwise moment about that pivot
 Equilibrium

There must be no resultant force, there must be no resultant moment

The centre of gravity of an object is the point at which the weight of the object may be considered to
act

For symmetrical objects with uniform density, the centre of gravity is located at the point of symmetry

Momentum is a measurement of mass in motion: how much mass is in how much motion.

momentum = mass × velocity

p = mv

 Where:
o p = momentum in kilogram metre per second (kg m/s)
o m = mass in kilograms (kg)
o v = velocity in metres per second (m/s)
 This means that an object at rest (i.e v = 0) has no momentum
 Momentum keeps an object moving in the same direction, making it difficult to change
the direction of an object with a large momentum

This means that momentum can be either positive or negative

 If an object travelling to the right has positive momentum, an object travelling in the
opposite direction (to the left) will have negative momentum

Therefore, the momentum of an object will change if:

 The object accelerates (speeds up) or decelerates (slows down)

 Changes direction
 Its mass changes

Rule of conservarion of momentum: total momentum before= total momentum after

For 2 objects: M1 U1+M2 U2 = M1 V1+M2 V2

For 1 object: Mu=mv

mA⋅ΔvA=−mB⋅ΔvB
mA⋅ΔvA+mB⋅ΔvB=0
Impulse is a term that quantifies the overall effect of a force acting over time
 impulse  =  force × change in time

impulse = FΔt

 The change in momentum of a mass is equal to the impulse provided by the force:

impulse = change in momentum

impulse = FΔt  = Δp

 Change in momentum can also be described as:

Δp = m(v-u)

FAB⋅tAB=–FBA⋅tBA

An example in everyday life of impulse is when standing under an umbrella when it is raining,
compared to hail (frozen water droplets)

 When rain hits an umbrella, the water droplets tend to splatter and fall off it and there is
only a very small change in momentum
 However, hailstones have a larger mass and tend to bounce back off the umbrella,
creating a greater change in momentum
 Therefore, the impulse on an umbrella is greater in hail than in rain
 This means that more force is required to hold an umbrella upright in hail compared to
rain

 Force can also be defined as the rate of change of momentum on a body

 The change in momentum is defined as the final momentum minus the initial momentum
Pressure

 Pressure is defined as

The concentration of a force or the force per unit area

Pressure in gas:

 as volume increases…pressure decreases

 as temperature increases…. pressure increases
 as mass of gas/amount of gas increases…..pressure increases

a balloon being filled with air expands because the pressure inside the balloon is
increasing to pressures higher than those outside of it. Since pressure is a property that
determines which direction mass flows, as soon as the balloon is released the air moves
from a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure and the balloon deflates.

-explain pressure in terms of momentum:

Molecules collide with walls and rebound so momentum changes. Rate of change of
momentum= change in mv/time=f causes force per unit area causing pressure.

The pressure of a fluid on an object will increase with:

 Depth within the fluid

 Increased density of the fluid

Δp = ρgΔh

 All fluids exert outward pressure in all directions on the sides of any container holding the fluid

When a force is applied to a contained, incompressible fluid, the pressure increases equally in all
directions throughout the fluid. This fundamental characteristic of fluids provides the foundation for
hydraulic systems.
 Because the force
applied to the
contained fluid is
distributed
throughout the
system, you can
increase the
applied force
through this
application of
Pascal’s Principle
in the following
manner. Assume
you have a closed
container filled
with an incompressible fluid with two pistons of differing areas, A1 and A2. If you apply a force, F1, to the
piston of area A1, you create a pressure in the fluid which you can call P1.

Similarly, the pressure at the second piston, P2, must be equal to F2 divided by the area of the second
piston, A2.

Since the pressure is transmitted equally throughout the fluid in all directions according to Pascal’s
Principle, P1 must equal P2.

Rearranging to solve for F2, you find that F2 is increased by the ratio of the areas A2 over A1.

Therefore, you have effectively increased the applied force F1. Of course, the law of conservation of
energy cannot be violated, so the work done on the system must balance the work done by the system. In
the hydraulic lift diagram shown, the distance over which F1 is applied will be greater than the distance
over which F2 is applied, by the exact same ratio as the force multiplier!

P1v1=p2v2

When fluids move through a full pipe, the volume of fluid that enters the pipe must equal the volume of
fluid that leaves the pipe, even if the diameter of the pipe changes. This is a restatement of the law of
conservation of mass for fluids.
The volume of fluid moving through the pipe at any point can be quantified in terms of the volume flow
rate, which is equal to the area of the pipe at that point multiplied by the velocity of the fluid. This volume
flow rate must be constant throughout the pipe, therefore you can write the equation of continuity for fluids
(also known as the fluid continuity equation) as:

This equation says that as the cross-section of the pipe gets smaller, the velocity of the fluid
increases, and as the cross-section gets larger, the fluid velocity decreases

 The principle of conservation of energy states that:

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be transferred from one store to another

 Kinetic energy can be calculated using the equation:

EK = ½ × m × v2

 Where:
o EK = kinetic energy in Joules (J)
o m = mass of the object in kilograms (kg)
o v = speed of the object in metres per second (m/s)

 The GPE of an object can be calculated using the equation:

ΔEP = mgΔh
  Where:
o ΔEP = change in gravitational potential energy, in Joules (J)
o m = mass, in kilograms (kg)
o g = gravitational field strength in Newtons per kilogram (N/kg)
o Δh = change in height in metres (m)

Total energy in = Useful energy out + Wasted energy

Work is done when an object is moved over a distance by a force applied in the direction of its
displacement

Work done = force × distance

 The amount of energy transferred (in joules) is equal to the work done (also in joules)

energy transferred (J) = work done (J)

The rate of this energy transfer, or the rate of work done, is called power

P= work/time or p= change in energy/time

‘
 Magnetic 
materials:
o Experience a force when placed in a magnetic field
 Non-magnetic materials do not experience a force when placed in a magnetic
field
o Are attracted to a magnet when unmagnetised
o Can be magnetised to form a magnet
 Only a magnet can repel another magnet (This can be a useful test for a magnet)

To test whether a material is a magnet it should be brought close to a known

magnet

o If it can be repelled by the known magnet then the material itself is a

magnet
o If it can only be attracted and not repelled then it is a magnetic material

Electromagnets- objects that are magnetic only when electric current is

flowing. induced magnetism- magnetism that is present only when an electric
current is flowing.

 Electromagnets use electricity to create a magnet from a current-carrying wire

o They have the advantage that they can be magnetised and demagnetised,
literally at the flick of a switch
o They can be switched on and off
 Soft iron is the metal normally used for this
o It can easily become a temporary magnet
 Very few metals in the Periodic Table are magnetic. These include:
o Iron
 o Cobalt
o Nickel
 Steel is an alloy which contains iron, so it is also magnetic

There are two types of magnets

-Permanent magnets

-Induced magnets

 A permanent magnet will produce its own magnetic field

o It will not lose its magnetism

Permanent magnets are usually (but not always) made from steel
Permanent magnets is used in Compasses

 When a magnetic material is placed in a magnetic field, the material

can temporarily be turned into a magnet
o This is called induced magnetism
  Some objects such as paperclips or needles (which are made from steel) can be
magnetised and will remain magnetic for a while
 Other objects, such as electromagnets or transformers (which are made from
iron) will be demagnetised as soon as the cause of the induced magnetism is
removed

 When magnetism is induced on a material:

o One end of the material will become a north pole
o The other end will become a south pole
 Magnetic materials will always be attracted to a permanent magnet
o This means that the end of the material closest to the magnet will have
the opposite pole to magnets pole closest to the material
 Inducing magnetism in a magnetic material

 When the magnetic material is removed from the magnetic field it will lose
most/all of its magnetism quickly

 All magnets are surrounded by a magnetic field

 A magnetic field is defined as:

The invisible area around a magnetic object that can pull another magnetic object toward
it or push another magnetic object away from it is called a magnetic field

 Two bar magnets can be used to produce a uniform magnetic field

 Point opposite poles (north and south) of the two magnets a few centimetres
apart
 A uniform magnetic field will be produced in the gaps between opposite poles
o Note: Outside that gap, the field will not be uniform

A uniform field is created when two opposite poles are held close together.
Magnetic fields are always directed from North to South
  A uniform magnetic field is one that has the same strength and direction at all
points
o To show that the magnetic field has the same strength at all points there
must be equal spacing between all magnetic field lines
o To show that the magnetic field is acting in the same direction at all points
there must be an arrow on each magnetic field line going from
the north pole to the south pole
 There are some rules which must be followed when drawing magnetic field lines.
Magnetic field lines:
o Always go from north to south (indicated by an arrow midway along the
line)
o Must never touch or cross other field lines

Magnetic Field Around a Bar Magnet

 The magnetic field is strongest at the poles

o This is where the magnetic field lines are closest together
 The magnetic field becomes weaker as the distance from the magnet increases
 This is because the magnetic field lines are getting further apart

The magnetic field around a bar magnet

  Magnetic forces are due to interactions between magnetic fields
o Two bar magnets can repel or attract

 The field lines will look slightly different for each:

  

Magnetic field lines for attracting and repelling bar magnets

Plotting magnetic field
Using Iron Filings

 Place a piece of paper on top of the magnet

 Gently sprinkle iron filings on top of the paper
 Now carefully tap the paper to allow the iron filings to settle on the field lines

Using compass

 Place the magnet on top of a piece of paper

 Draw a dot at one end of the magnet (near its corner)
 Place a plotting compass next to the dot, so that one end of the needle of the
compass points towards the dot
 Use a pencil to draw a new dot at the other side of the compass needle
 Now move the compass so that it points towards the new dot, and repeat the
above process
 Keep repeating until you have a chain of dots going from one end of the magnet
to the other. Then remove the compass, and link the dots using a smooth curve –
the magnetic field line
 The direction of the field line is the same as the direction of the plotting compass
 You can now repeat the whole process several times to create several other
magnetic field lines

Induced EMF

 An EMF will be induced in a conductor if there is relative movement between

the conductor and the magnetic field
 It will also be induced if the conductor is stationary in a changing magnetic field
 For an electrical conductor moving in a fixed magnetic field
o The conductor (e.g wire) cuts through the fields lines
o This induces an EMF in the wire
When the magnet enters the coil, the field lines cut through the turns, inducing an
EMF

 For a fixed conductor in a changing magnetic filed

o As the magnet moved through the conductor (e.g. a coil), the field
lines cut through the turns on the conductor (each individual wire)
o This induces an EMF in the coil

A magnet moved towards a wire creates a changing magnetic field and induces a
current in the wire
  A sensitive voltmeter can be used to measure the size of the induced EMF
 If the conductor is part of a complete circuit then a current is induced in the
conductor
o This can be detected by an ammeter

 Lenz Law states:

The direction of an induced potential difference always opposes the change that
produces it

 This means that any magnetic field created by the potential difference will act so that it
tries to stop the wire or magnet from moving

Demonstrating Lenz's Law

 If a magnet is pushed north end first into a coil of wire then the end of the coil closest to
the magnet will become a north pole
 Explanation
o Due to the generator effect, a potential difference will be induced in the coil
o The induced potential difference always opposes the change that produces it
o The coil will apply a force to oppose the magnet being pushed into the coil
o Therefore, the end of the coil closest to the magnet will become a north pole
o This means it will repel the north pole of the magnet

Magnet being pushed into a coil of wire

 If a magnet is now pulled away from the coil of wire then the end of the coil closest to
the magnet will become a south pole
 Explanation:
o Due to the generator effect, a potential difference will be induced in the coil
o The induced potential difference always opposes the change that produces it
o The coil will apply a force to oppose the magnet being pulled away from the coil
 o Therefore, the end of the coil closest to the magnet will become a south pole
o This means it will attract the north pole of the magnet

Magnet being pulled away from a coil of wire

 When moving a wire through a magnetic field, the direction of the induced EMF
can be worked out by using the Right-Hand Dynamo rule

The Right-Hand Dynamo rule can be used to deduce the direction of the induced
EMF

 
  To use the rule:

First Finger = Field:


o Start by pointing the first finger (on the right hand) in the direction of
the field

ThuMb = Motion:


o Next, point the thumb in the direction that the wire is moving in

SeCond = Current:


o The Second finger will now be pointing in the direction of the current (or,
strictly speaking, the EMF)

 The direction of the induced EMF always opposes the change that produces it
o This means that any magnetic field created by the EMF will act so that it
tries to stop the wire or magnet from moving

 An EMF can be induced either when:

o A conductor, such as a wire, cuts through a magnetic field
o The direction of a magnetic field through a coil changes
 Electromagnetic induction is used in:
o Electrical generators which convert mechanical energy to electrical energy
 o Transformers which are used in electrical power transmission

 demonstrated with a magnet and a coil

Experiment 1: Moving a magnet through a coil

 When a coil is connected to a sensitive voltmeter, a bar magnet can be moved in and out
of the coil to induce an EMF

A bar magnet is moved through a coil connected to a voltmeter to induce an EMF

The expected results are:

 When the bar magnet is not moving, the voltmeter shows a zero reading
o When the bar magnet is held still inside, or outside, the coil, there is no cutting of
magnetic field lines, so, there is no EMF induced
 When the bar magnet begins to move inside the coil, there is a reading on the voltmeter
o As the bar magnet moves, its magnetic field lines ‘cut through’ the coil
o This induces an EMF within the coil, shown momentarily by the reading on the
voltmeter
 When the bar magnet is taken back out of the coil, an e.m.f is induced in the opposite
direction (a result of Lenz's law)
o As the magnet changes direction, the direction of the current changes
o The voltmeter will momentarily show a reading with the opposite sign
 The direction of the electric current, and e.m.f, induced in the conductor is such that
it opposes the change that produces it
o This is Lenz's law
 An e.m.f is induced only when the bar magnet is moving through the coil

 Factors that will increase the induced EMF are:

o Moving the magnet faster through the coil
o Adding more turns to the coil
o Increasing the strength of the bar magnet

1. The speed at which the wire, coil or magnet is moved:


 o Increasing the speed will increase the rate at which the magnetic field
lines are cut
o This will increase the induced potential difference

2. The number of turns on the coils in the wire:


o Increasing the number of turns on the coils in the wire will increase the
potential difference induced
o This is because each coil will cut through the magnetic field lines and the
total potential difference induced will be the result of all of the coils
cutting the magnetic field lines

3. The size of the coils:


o Increasing the area of the coils will increase the potential
difference induced
o This is because there will be more wire to cut through the magnetic field
lines

4. The strength of the magnetic field:


o Increasing the strength of the magnetic field will increase the potential
difference induced

5. The orientation of the poles of the magnet:


o Reversing the direction in which the wire, coil or magnet is moved

Experiment 2: Moving a wire through a magnet

 When a long wire is connected to a voltmeter and moved between two magnets, an EMF
is induced
 The pattern of a magnetic field in a wire can be investigated using this set up
o Note: there is no current flowing through the wire to start with
A wire is moved between two magnets connected to a voltmeter to induce an EMF

The expected results are:

 When the wire is not moving, the voltmeter shows a zero reading
o When the wire is held still inside, or outside, the magnets, the rate of change of
flux is zero, so, there is no EMF induced
 As the wire is moved through between the magnets, an EMF is induced within the wire,
shown momentarily by the reading on the voltmeter
o As the wire moves, it ‘cuts through’ the magnetic field lines of the magnet,
generating a change in magnetic flux

 When the wire is taken back out of the magnet, an EMF is induced in the opposite
direction
o As the wire changes direction, the direction of the current changes
o The voltmeter will momentarily show a reading with the opposite sign
 As before, the direction of the electric current, and e.m.f, induced in the conductor is
such that it opposes the change that produces it
 Factors that will increase the induced e.m.f are:
o Increasing the length of the wire
o Moving the wire between the magnets faster
o Increasing the strength of the magnets

 The generator effect can be used to generate a.c in an alternator

  A simple alternator is a type of generator that converts mechanical energy to
electrical energy in the form of alternating current

An alternator is a rotating coil in a magnetic field connected to commutator rings

 A rectangular coil that is forced to spin in a uniform magnetic field

 The coil is connected to a centre-reading meter by metal brushes that press on
two metal slip rings (or commutator rings)
o The slip rings and brushes provide a continuous connection between the
coil and the meter
 When the coil turns in one direction:
o The pointer defects first one way, then the opposite way, and then back
again
o This is because the coil cuts through the magnetic field lines and
an EMF, and therefore current, is induced in the coil
 The pointer deflects in both directions because the current in the circuit
repeatedly changes direction as the coil spins
o This is because the induced EMF in the coil repeatedly changes its
direction
o This continues on as long as the coil keeps turning in the same direction
 The induced EMF and the current alternate because they repeatedly change
direction
 The A.C. generator creates an alternating current, varying in size and direction
as the coil rotates
 The size of the induced EMF depends on the number of field lines it cuts  
o The induced EMF is greatest (maximum value) when the coil is horizontal,
or parallel with the field lines, as in this position it cuts through the field at
the fastest rate
o The EMF is smallest (0) when the coil is vertical, or perpendicular with the
field lines as in this position it will not be cutting through field lines

Alternating EMF showing the position of the magnet relative to the coil

 When the magnet is in position 1 the magnetic field lines of the magnet do not
cut the coil
o This means that there is no EMF induced in the coil
 When the magnet is in position 2 the magnetic field lines of the magnet are
at 90° to the coil
o This means that there will be maximum EMF induced in the coil
 When the magnet is in position 3 the magnetic field lines of the magnet do not
cut the coil
o This means that there is no EMF induced in the coil
 When the magnet is in position 4 the magnetic field lines of the magnet are
at 90° to the coil
o This means that there will be maximum  EMF induced in the coil
o As the poles of the magnet are reversed compared to position 2 the
induced EMF will also be in the opposite direction compared to position 2
o This means that the graph will show a negative trace
 When a current flows through a conducting wire a magnetic field is produced
around the wire
o A conducting wire is any wire that has current flowing through it
 The shape and direction of the magnetic field can be investigated using plotting
compasses
o The compasses would produce a magnetic field lines pattern that would
like look the following

Diagram showing the magnetic field around a current-carrying wire

 The magnetic field is made up of concentric circles

o A circular field pattern indicates that the magnetic field around a current-
carrying wire has no poles
 As the distance from the wire increases the circles get further apart
o This shows that the magnetic field is strongest closest to the wire and gets
weaker as the distance from the wire increases
 The right-hand thumb rule can be used to work out the direction of the
magnetic field
The right-hand thumb rule shows the direction of current flow through a wire and
the direction of the magnetic field around the wire

 Reversing the direction in which the current flows through the wire will reverse
the direction of the magnetic field

Side and top view of the current flowing through a wire and the magnetic field
produced

 If there is no current flowing through the conductor there will be no magnetic
field
  Increasing the amount of current flowing through the wire will increase the
strength of the magnetic field
o This means the field lines will become closer together

Magnetic Field Around a Solenoid

 When a wire is looped into a coil, the magnetic field lines circle around each part of the
coil, passing through the centre of it

Diagram showing the magnetic field around a flat circular coil

 To increase the strength of the magnetic field around the wire it should be coiled to
form a solenoid
 The magnetic field around the solenoid is similar to that of a bar magnet

Magnetic field around and through a solenoid

  The magnetic field inside the solenoid is strong and uniform
 One end of the solenoid behaves like the north pole of a magnet; the other side
behaves like the south pole
o To work out the polarity of each end of the solenoid it needs to be viewed from
the end
o If the current is travelling around in a clockwise direction then it is the south
pole
o If the current is travelling around in an anticlockwise direction then it is the
north pole
 If the current changes direction then the north and south poles will be reversed
 If there is no current flowing through the wire then there will be no magnetic
field produced around or through the solenoid

Magnetic Effects of Changing Current

EXTENDED

 A solenoid can be used as an electromagnet by adding a soft iron core

 The iron core will become an induced magnet when current is flowing through the coils 
o The magnetic field produced from the solenoid and the iron core will create a
much stronger magnet overall

 The magnetic field produced by the electromagnet can be switched on and off
o When the current is flowing there will be a magnetic field produced around the
electromagnet
o When the current is switched off there will be no magnetic field produced
around the electromagnet
 An electromagnet consists of a solenoid wrapped around a soft iron core

 Changing the direction of the current also changes the direction of the magnetic field
produced by the iron core

Factors Affecting Magnetic Field Strength

 The strength of the magnetic field produced around a solenoid can be increased by:
o Increasing the size of the current which is flowing through the wire
o Increasing the number of coils
o Adding an iron core through the centre of the coils

 The strength of an electromagnet can be changed by:

o Increasing the current will increase the magnetic field produced around the
electromagnet
o Decreasing the current will decrease the magnetic field produced around the
electromagnet
Applications of the Magnetic Effect
 Electromagnets are used in a wide variety of applications, including:
o Relay circuits (utilised in electric bells, electronic locks, scrapyard cranes etc)
o Loudspeakers & headphones

Relay Circuits

 Electromagnets are commonly used in relay circuits

 Relays are switches that open and close via the action of an electromagnet
 A relay circuit consists of:
o An electrical circuit containing an electromagnet
o A second circuit with a switch which is near to the electromagnet in the first
circuit

When a current passes through the coil in Circuit 1, it attracts the switch in Circuit
2, closing it enables a current to flow in Circuit 2

 When a current flows through Circuit 1, a magnetic field is induced around the coil
o The magnetic field attracts the switch, causing it to pivot and close the contacts
in Circuit 2
o This allows a current to flow in Circuit 2

 When no current flows through Circuit 1, the magnetic force stops

o The electromagnet stops attracting the switch
o The current in Circuit 2 stops flowing

 Scrapyard cranes utilise relay circuits to function:

o When the electromagnet is switched on it will attract magnetic materials
o When the electromagnet is switched off it will drop the magnetic materials
  Electric bells also utilise relay circuits to function:

Animation: Electric bells utilise relay circuits. As the current alternates, the metal
arm strikes the bell and drops repeatedly to produce the ringing effect

 When the button K is pressed:

o A current passes through the electromagnet E creating a magnetic field
o This attracted the iron armature A, causing the hammer to strike the bell B
o The movement of the armature breaks the circuit at T
o This stops the current, destroying the magnetic field and so the armature returns
to its previous position
o This re-establishes the circuit, and the whole process starts again

Loudspeakers & Headphones

 Loudspeakers and headphones convert electrical signals into sound

o They work due to the motor effect

 A loudspeaker consists of a coil of wire which is wrapped around one pole of

a permanent magnet
 Diagram showing a cross-section of a loudspeaker

 An alternating current passes through the coil of the loudspeaker

o This creates a changing magnetic field around the coil

 As the current is constantly changing direction, the direction of the magnetic field will
be constantly changing
 The magnetic field produced around the coil interacts with the field from the permanent
magnet
 The interacting magnetic fields will exert a force on the coil
o The direction of the force at any instant can be determined using Fleming’s left-
hand rule

 As the magnetic field is constantly changing direction, the force exerted on the coil

will constantly change direction
o This makes the coil oscillate

 The oscillating coil causes the speaker cone to oscillate

o This makes the air oscillate, creating sound waves