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General Physics Notes

Unit 1 discusses units of measurement for volume and density. Archimedes invented finding density by submerging objects. Unit 2 covers speed, velocity, acceleration, motion graphs, equations of motion, free fall, forces, Newton's laws of motion, momentum, and vectors. Unit 3 discusses moments of force, states of equilibrium, springs, Hooke's law, pressure, and hydraulic machines. Unit 4 defines work, forms of energy, energy transformations, calculating potential and kinetic energy, and friction.

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Mino1996
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117 views

General Physics Notes

Unit 1 discusses units of measurement for volume and density. Archimedes invented finding density by submerging objects. Unit 2 covers speed, velocity, acceleration, motion graphs, equations of motion, free fall, forces, Newton's laws of motion, momentum, and vectors. Unit 3 discusses moments of force, states of equilibrium, springs, Hooke's law, pressure, and hydraulic machines. Unit 4 defines work, forms of energy, energy transformations, calculating potential and kinetic energy, and friction.

Uploaded by

Mino1996
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 1 Measurements and units

G (Giga) 1,000,000,000
M (Mega) 1,000,000
K (Kilio) 1,000
D (Deci) .1
C (Centi) 0.01
M (Milli) 0.001
( Micro) 0.000001 1/1,000,000
N (Nano) 0.000000001 1/1,000,000,000
 
Volume and Density
 
Density= Mass/volume
Volume is in cubic meters M^3
 
Archimedes is the inventor of finding the density of an irregular shape by putting its in his
bath tube
 
 
Unit 2 Forces and Motion
Speed
Speed= Distance moved/time taken
Eg. speed= 20m/2 s
Speed= 10m/s
 
Velocity is speed in a given direction
----------------------
10m/s
Velocity with a magnitude is called a vectors
Final velocity = original velocity + extra velocity

Acceleration
Average acceleration= change in velocity/time taken
Eg 12ms/ 4s = 3m/s^2
Negative acceleration is called a deceleration or a retardation
 
Interpreting Motion graphs Check page 20 physics book
 
Equations of motion 4 golden equations (Page 22)
S=diplacement (m)
U= initial velocity (m/s)
A= Acceleration (m/s^2)
T= Time (s)
 
V= U + AT
S= UT + ½ AT^2
S= ½ (U+V) T
V^2= U^2 + 2AS
 
Free Fall
9.8 M/S^2 is the acceleration of free fall
Finding the gravity is
G= 2(h)/t^2 height and time
 
A force is a push or a pull by one object on another it has direction as well as magnitude
(Size) so it’s a vector.
The SI unit is (N)
 
Check page 30 for forces and balance diagrams for every force there is an equal and
opposite force
 
1st law of Newton Motion without a force is the first law of motion
An object in motion will stay in motion if no external force is acting on it, an object if in rest it will stay
in rest if moving it will keep moving at a steady speed in a straight line.
 
Terminal velocity is similar to reaching an equilibrium which on earth is 60m/s because of gravity
 
Force, Mass and acceleration
This resistance to change in velocity is called inertia. The more mass something mass, the more
inertia it has.
 
Resultant force is the addition of two or more forces on an object
Resultant force= Mass X Acceleration
F=MA (N) (KG) (M/S^2)
 
2nd law of Newton *Definition 1 Newton is the force required to give a mass of 1 kilogram an
acceleration of 1m/s^2 *
 
Force Weight and gravity
Main features of gravitational force
All masses attract each other
The great the masses, the stronger the force
The closer the masses, the stronger the force

Weight is another name for the earths gravitational force on an object.


1 kg = 9.8 N ………………………….. 1kg ≈ 10 N
50kg = 500 N
 
Formula= weight = mass*gravity page 35

Action and reaction


 
3rd law of Newton
For every force there is an equal and opposite force
 
Rockets use the action and reaction principle it produces gas by burning fuel and oxygen made stored
in small pellets and its pushes away through the action reaction force of exerting gas.
 
Vectors and scalar
Quantities such as force, which have a direction as well as magnitude (size) are called vectors
When adding two vectors you get a resultant
Scalars have a quantities such as mass and volume, which have magnitude but no direction are called
scalars.
 
Adding vectors
Using soh cah toa you can find the resultant force by using the head to tail method and using the
angle giving you can find the resultant force check page 38
In right angles you can easily use the Pythagoras theorem
 
Momentum
Momentum= Mass x Velocity
(Kg) (m/s)
Momentum is linked to the second law of Newton
Resultant force= Mass x acceleration
Resultant force = Change in momentum
(N) Time
 
Momentum 2
Trolleys and equal momentums
If two trolleys are stationary and are pushed of a the same time there momentum should be the same
Mass x Velocity to the left = mass x velocity to the right
(Trolley A) (Trolley B)
Linked to third law of Newton equal but opposite force trolley A is going in a negative direction while
trolley B is going the other way negative direction
 
Law of conservation of momentum
When two or more objects act on each other their total momentum remains constant, provided no
external forces are acting
 
Collision problem
Momentum + Momentum= Negative or positive velocity (left right)
(trolley A) (trolley B)
 
Moving in circles
The inward force to make a object move in a circle is called the centripetal force
The centripetal force is for example the tension in the string when swirling a ball around
More centripetal force is needed if;
The mass of the object is increased
The speed of the object is increased
The radius of the circle is reduced
 
Change in velocity can mean either a change in speed or a change in direction for the centripetal force
 
 

Unit 3 Forces and Pressure


 
Moment of a force (turning effects) page 50
Moment of a force about a point = Force x Perpendicular distance from the point (F) (N) (M)
“this can also be used to balance out a plank with a center support”
Principle of moments
If an object is in equilibrium :
The sum of the clockwise moments about any points is equal to the sum of the
anticlockwise moments about the point
 
Finding the centre of gravity
Is the central point of an object at rest
 
States of equilibrium
Stable equilibrium- no matter how you tip it will return to its original position
 
Unstable equilibrium- The cone is balanced, but only briefly. Its pointed base is so small
that the centre of gravity immediately passes beyond it
 
Neutral equilibrium- Left alone it stays where it is but when moved it stays in a new
position, its centre of gravity is always over the point which is its ‘base’
 
Stretching and compressing
Springs and loads will have an equal relationship between extension and load, eg 1 Newton
= 1 cm, 2 Newton = 2 cm
But when stretched to much it reaches an elastic limits and the spring will not return to its
original position.
Hookes law
A material obeys hooke’s law if, beneath its elastic limit, the extension is proportional to the
load.
Elastic objects return to its original position
Non-Elastic it does not return to its original position
 
Pressure
Pressure= Force / Area
(P) (N) (M^2)
Pressure = Pascal
1N/M^2= 1 Pascal
 
Pressure in liquids
Rules of pressure in open liquids
Pressure acts in all directions
Pressure increases with depth
Pressure depends on the density of the liquid
Pressure does not depend on the shape of the container
 
Pressure in liquids formula
Pressure= Density of water x gravity x height
 
Hydraulic machines page(60)
Hydraulic machines use liquids because
*Liquids are virtually incompressible- they cannot be squashed
* If a trapped liquid is put under pressure the pressure is transmitted parts of the liquid
Hydraulic machines are seen as force multipliers they will increase the force through the
properties of liquids the equation for this is
 
Output force/ Input force = Output piston area / input piston area
 
Pressure from the air
Its pressure of air acts in all directions
Its pressure becomes less as your rise up through it
Air can be compressed unlike liquids
Barometers measure atmospheric pressure
Standard atmospheric pressure is 1 atmosphere = 100 000 Pa
 

Unit 4 Work and Energy


The SI unit of work is joule (J) 1 joule is equivalent to a force of 1 newton moves an object
of 1 meter in the direction of the force
 
Work done = Force x distance moved
 
Forms of energy
Potential energy= Objects at rest having the potential to do work like a rubber band being
stretched
 
Kinetic Energy= This is energy due to motion all moving objects have kinetic energy
 
Thermal Energy= Heat is also energy, when hot objects cool down, their atoms and
molecules slow down and lose energy.
 
Chemical Energy- Energy released by chemical reactions like burning fuel or food or
batteries.

Electrical Energy- In circuits, the current is a flow tiny charged particles called electrons.

Radiated Energy- Light and sound traveling in forms of waves have energy.
 
Nuclear Energy- Splitting of atoms release energy also known as nuclear energy
 
Energy transformation
When energy changes from one form to another energy is transferred for example from
potential energy to kinetic energy
 
 
During each transformation the total amount of energy stays the same this is an example of
the law of conservation of energy
* Energy cannot be made or destroyed but it can change from one form to another*
Energy can be wasted though
he
Work done = Energy transformed
 
Calculating potential energy other known as gravitational potential energy
Gravitational potential energy= Mass(Kg) x Height x Gravity = (J)
 
Calculating Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy= ½ x Mass (Kg) x Velocity^2 (V^2)= (J) Joules
 
Friction and breaking

Friction prevents machinery from moving freely and heats up in the moving parts creating
energy.

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