Force and

Motion
• A force is simply a push or
a pull.
• All forces have both size
and direction.
 Do you remember…
• BrainPop: Force video clip
 NET FORCES

When two or more

forces are combined!
 Some tips:
1.Forces in the same direction- add the
two forces together.
+ =
1.Forces in different directions- subtract
the two and figure out which direction
was the stronger of the two.
- =
Balanced vs. unbalanced forces
• Unbalanced: when the net force
on an object is not zero. These
produce a change in motion.
• Balanced: when the net force on
an object equals zero. These do
NOT produce change in motion.
 What is motion?
• When an object changes
position over time when
compared with a reference
point we say that the
object is in motion.
 Speed
• The rate at which an object
moves.
• Depends on distance traveled
and the time it takes to travel
that distance.
 Speed Formula

Average speed = total distance

total time
 Velocity
• The speed of an object in a
particular direction
***Don’t confuse this with
speed…they don’t mean
the same thing!!
• Velocity must ALWAYS include
a direction
Ex: an airplane’s velocity might
be 600 km/h south
• Velocity changes as speed
OR direction changes
 Resultant Velocity.
• SAME DIRECTION: add the
two velocities together.
• DIFFERENT DIRECTION:
subtract the two velocities.
 Acceleration
• The rate at which velocity
changes.
• To change velocity (change
speed or direction or BOTH)
• BrainPop: Acceleration video clip
• It is not just HOW MUCH
velocity changes, but it is also
HOW FAST it changes.
• The faster velocity changes,
the greater the acceleration is.
 Acceleration Formula
Acceleration= final velocity – starting velocity
time it takes to change velocity

• Velocity is expressed in meters per second (m/s)

and time is expressed in seconds (s), so acceleration
is expressed in meters per second per second
(m/s/s)
Categorize each quantity as being either a
vector or a scalar.
Quantity Category

a. 5 m

b. 30 m/sec, East

c. 5 km, North

d. 20 degrees Celsius

e. 256 bytes

f. 4000 Calories
10/21/2019
 Categorize each quantity as being either a
vector or a scalar.
Quantity Category

a. 5 m Scalar

b. 30 m/sec, East

c. 5 km, North

d. 20 degrees Celsius

e. 256 bytes

f. 4000 Calories
10/21/2019
 Categorize each quantity as being either a
vector or a scalar.
Quantity Category

a. 5 m Scalar

b. 30 m/sec, East Vector

c. 5 km, North

d. 20 degrees Celsius

e. 256 bytes

f. 4000 Calories
10/21/2019
 Categorize each quantity as being either a
vector or a scalar.
Quantity Category

a. 5 m Scalar

b. 30 m/sec, East Vector

c. 5 km, North Vector

d. 20 degrees Celsius

e. 256 bytes

f. 4000 Calories
10/21/2019
 Categorize each quantity as being either a
vector or a scalar.
Quantity Category

a. 5 m Scalar

b. 30 m/sec, East Vector

c. 5 km, North Vector

d. 20 degrees Celsius Scalar

e. 256 bytes

f. 4000 Calories
10/21/2019
 Categorize each quantity as being either a
vector or a scalar.
Quantity Category

a. 5 m Scalar

b. 30 m/sec, East Vector

c. 5 km, North Vector

d. 20 degrees Celsius Scalar

e. 256 bytes Scalar

f. 4000 Calories
10/21/2019
 Categorize each quantity as being either a
vector or a scalar.
Quantity Category

a. 5 m Scalar

b. 30 m/sec, East Vector

c. 5 km, North Vector

d. 20 degrees Celsius Scalar

e. 256 bytes Scalar

f. 4000 Calories Scalar

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 Vector

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 Vector Quantity

VELOCITY

ACCELERATION

DISPLACEMENT
FORCE

WEIGHT

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 Newton’s Laws of Motion
1 3

BrainPop: Newton’s Laws of Motion video clip

 Isaac Newton
• Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) an
English scientist and mathematician
famous for his discovery of the law of
gravity also discovered the three laws
of motion.

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 Newton’s First Law
(law of inertia)

1
An object at rest tends to stay at rest
and an object in motion tends to stay
in motion unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force.
Balanced Force

Equal forces in opposite

directions produce no motion
Unbalanced Forces

Unequal opposing forces

produce an unbalanced force
causing motion
Newton’s First Law (law of inertia)
• Mass (kg)is the measure of the
amount of matter in an object.
• INERTIA is a property of an object
that describes how much it will resist
change to the motion of the object
• More mass an object has means
more inertia the object will have.
 What is this unbalanced force that acts on an
object in motion?

• There are four main types of friction:

– Sliding friction: ex. ice skating
– Rolling friction: ex. bowling
– Fluid friction (air or liquid): ex. air or water
resistance
– Static friction: ex. initial friction when
moving an object
Newton’s Second Law

2
Force equals mass
times acceleration.
 Newton’s Second Law
Force = Mass x Acceleration
• Force is measured in Newtons
• ACCELERATION of GRAVITY Earth) = 9.8 m/s2
• WEIGHT is a measure of the force of gravity
on the mass of an object
• Weight (force) = mass x gravity (Earth)
• BrainPop: Gravity video clip
This will help up remember:
1. What net force is required to
accelerate a car at a rate of 2 m/s2 if
the car has a mass of 3,000 kg?
• F=_______
• m=______
• a= __________

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2. A 10 kg bowling ball would require
what force to accelerate down an
alleyway at a rate of 3 m/s2?
F=___
m=___
a=______

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3. Sally has a car that accelerates at 5 m/s2. If
the car has a mass of 1000 kg, how much
force does the car produce?
F=___
m=___
a=______

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4. What is the mass of a falling rock if it
produces a force of 147 N?
F=___
m=___
a=______

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4. What is the mass of a falling rock if it
produces a force of 147 N?
F=___
m=___
a=______

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 Newton’s Third Law

3
For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction.
 Newton’s 3rd Law
• For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction.

Book to Table to
earth book
 Think about it . . .
What happens if you are standing on a skateboard or a
slippery floor and push against a wall? You slide in the
opposite direction (away from the wall), because you
pushed on the wall but the wall pushed back on you
with equal and opposite force.

Why does it hurt so much when you stub your toe?

When your toe exerts a force on a rock, the rock
exerts an equal force back on your toe. The harder
you hit your toe against it, the more force the rock
exerts back on your toe (and the more your toe hurts).
Action and Reaction on Different Masses

Consider you and the earth

Action: earth pulls on you

Reaction: you pull on earth

 Action: tire pushes on road
Reaction: road pushes on tire
 Reaction: gases push on rocket

Action: rocket pushes on gases

This will help up remember:
Work and Energy

50
 Work

• What does WORK mean to you?

• Are you doing WORK when…
– Lifting weights?
– Walking with a big bag of grocery in your
hand?
– Completing your homework assignment?
– Writing an essay?

51
How is work related to
PHYSICS?

52
Three conditions for work to
be done:
• There must be a force acting on the
object.
• The force causes a displacement on the
object.
• The force or it’s component is parallel to
the displacement.

53
 Physics concept of WORK

• WORK is done only when a constant

force applied on an object, causes the
object to move in the same direction as
the force applied.

54
 Physics concept of WORK

• What IS considered as work done in

Physics:

– You push a heavy shopping trolley for 10 m

– You lift your school bags upwards by 1 m

55
 Physics concept of WORK

• What is NOT considered as work done:

– You push against a wall

– Jumping continuously on the same spot

– Holding a chair and walking around the

classroom

56
 Physics concept of WORK
WORK can be calculated by:

Work done = Constant x Distance moved

force (N) in the direction
of force (m)
W =F x d
Units: [J] [N] [m]

SI Unit for Work is JOULE (J)

57
 More Examples of WORK
• You are helping to push your mother’s heavy
shopping cart with a force of 50 N for 200 m.
What is amount of work done?

Work done, W= F x d
= 50 x 200
= 10,000 J
or
10 kJ (kilo-Joules)
58
 More Examples of WORK:
• Jack put on his bag-pack of weight 120 N. He
then starts running on level ground for 100 m
before he started to climb up a ladder up a
height of 10 m. How much work was done?
From Physics point of view, no work is done on pack at
level ground. Reason: Lift is perpendicular to movement.
Work is done on pack only when Jack climbs up the ladder.

Work done, W = F x d
= 120 x 10
= 1200 J or 1.2 kJ
59
 Specifically:

• The amount of work done, is calculated by

getting the product of the applied force
and the resulting displacement.
• Take note, that the force and the
displacement should be parallel to each
other.

60
ENERGY

61
 Energy – Quick Re-cap
• Energy is the capacity to do work
• SI Unit: Joule (J)
• Many forms
• Common ones:
– Kinetic
– Potential
– Electric
– Chemical
– Solar
– Nuclear
62
 Kinetic Energy (KE)

• A form of energy that a body in motion

possess.
• A body at rest, will it possess any KE?
• Examples:
– Bullet shot out from pistol
– Helicopter flying at 120km/h

63
 Kinetic Energy (KE)

• The amount of KE of a moving body

depends on:
– Mass of body (kg)
– Velocity (ms-1)

• When either mass or velocity of moving

body is increased, KE will also increase.

64
 Kinetic Energy (KE)
• Formula:

Kinetic Energy = 1 x Mass x (Velocity)2

2
1
KE = 2
x m x v2

Units: [J] [kg] [ms-1]2

• SI Unit: Joule [ J ] … same as Work Done

65
Kinetic Energy (KE)

KE = ½  m  v2
Velocity, V

Mass = m kg

66
 Examples of KE
• Find the KE of an empty van of mass 1000kg moving at 2m/s.
KE of van at 2m/s = ½ x 1000 x (2)2
= 2000 J = 2 kJ

• Find the KE of van when it is loaded with goods to give a total

mass of 2000kg, and moving at 2m/s.
KE of van at 2m/s = ½ x 2000 x (2)2
= 4000 J = 4 kJ

• Find KE of unloaded van when it speeds up to 4m/s.

KE of van at 2m/s = ½ x 1000 x (4)2
= 8000 J = 8 kJ
67
 Kinetic Energy (KE)

• Formula: KE = ½ mv2
• From the formula, what can you infer
about the change in KE when…

– Mass doubles KE doubles

– Velocity doubles KE increases by FOUR times

68
 Examples of KE
• A motorcycle accelerates at 2m/s2 from rest for
5s. Find the KE of motorcycle after 5s. Mass of
motorcycle is 200 kg.
Velocity of motorcycle after 5s, a = (v-u)
t
v = 2(5) + 0 = 10m/s

KE of motorcycle at 10m/s = ½ x 200 x (10)2

= 10,000 J = 10 kJ

69
POTENTIAL
ENERGY

70
 Potential Energy

• Potential energy is the energy possessed

by an object as a result of its POSITION or
CONDITION.

• Two common kinds:

– Gravitational PE
– Elastic PE (not in syllabus)

71
 Elastic PE

• Energy that can be possessed by an object

due to its CONDITION. Examples:

• “Slinky” … when stretched or compressed

• Spring … when stretched or compressed
• Rubber band … when stretched
• Balloon with air … when compressed

72
 Gravitational PE

• Energy that can be possessed by an object

due to its POSITION.

• In Physics, ground level is normally assumed to be at ZERO

GPE.
• Any object that is at ground level has ZERO GPE.
• If object is lifted a certain height above ground, its GPE has
increased.

73
 Gravitational PE

• Examples:

– When a chair lifted from ground a distance of

1m
– You sitting on the 3rd storey of this building

74
 Gravitational PE
• Can be calculated with:
GPE = mass  gravitational  height above
acceleration ground level
= m  g  h Object on top of
g building, of mass, m
Units: earth
Distance from
[J] [kg] [m/s2] [m] ground, h

Ground,
0 GPE
SI Units of GPE : Joule [J]

75
 Example of GPE
• You lifted your bags to the top of your table.
What can you say about the GPE of your bag?
– Zero, increase, decrease

• Lift the same bag on the Moon. What happens to

GPE?
– Zero, increase, decrease

• Will the GPE be the same on Earth and Moon?

– Same, less on Moon, more on Moon?
76
 Examples of GPE
• You lifted a set of books of mass 3kg, for 2m. What
is the GPE gained by the books? Take g=10m/s2.
GPE = mgh
= 3  10  2
= 60 J
• Find the work done by you to lift the books.
Work done, W = F  d (F = weight of books)
= (m  g)  d
= 3 x 10 x 2
= 60 J (Note: same as GPE)
77
Conservation & Conversion
of Energy

78
 Conservation of Energy

• Energy of an object can be thought of as

the sands in an hourglass!

• Energy always remain same or fixed in

quantity!

• But this sand can change position, from the top to bottom and
bottom to top! Likewise
energy can change in
form eg. From KE  PE 79
 Conservation of Energy

• Note that energy CANNOT be created nor

destroyed!

• So what does this mean when viewed in

context of the Earth?

80
 Conservation of Energy

• Conversion of energy is the term used

to denote change in energy from one
form to another.
• Eg.
– Burning candle: Chemical  Heat, Light
– Fuel: Chemical  Heat  KE  Electricity
– Nuclear explosion: Nuclear  Heat, light
– Spring: Elastic PE  KE

81
 Conversion of Energy
• For O-Levels, we are only concerned with:

• KE  GPE

• And such situations are only found

when a moving object is at the same
time undergoing changes in height
82
 Conversion of Energy
• Eg. of KE  PE

• Roller-coaster

• Falling object

83
 Free Falling object
model
• An object in free fall means the object is
falling freely, under the influence of gravity

When the object is at the highest position,

the GPE is at maximum and KE is zero.
When the object is falling, the GPE decreases
as it loses height, and the KE increases
At the lowest position, the KE is at maximum
and GPE is zero.

84
 Conservation of Mechanical
Energy
1 m = mass

mv  mgh  E
2
v = velocity

2 g = gravitational acceleration
h = height

Kinetic Potential Total

Energy Energy Energy
ILYA, did you
know that
even though
it was a
bumpy ride,
our energy
remained
constant!
Example of Conservation of
Mechanical Energy
1
mv 2  mgh  E
2

Constant
An Example
Another Example
Yet Another Example
Last Example