What Is This Module About?

An important method for comparing and describing the relationship

between two quantities is by using ratios. Ratios are used in expressing how
fast a jeep travels (i.e. 60 kilometers/hour), how much a certain amount of a
product costs (i.e. P 40/ kilo) or how fast a secretary types (i.e. 60 words per
minute).

Proportions on the other hand are used to estimate the measurements of

big sizes or large distances like the width of a river or the height of very tall
objects. It is also used to solve problems on rates (i.e. cost of an overseas call
or the speed of a moving car). In this module, you will learn about ratio and
proportion.

This module is divided into two lessons:

Lesson 1 – Learning about Ratios

Lesson 2 – Learning about Proportions

What Will You Learn From This Module?

After studying this module, you should be able to:

♦ explain the meaning of ratio;

♦ simplify a ratio to its lowest term;

♦ identify equivalent ratios;

♦ differentiate between ratio and rate;

♦ solve word problems involving rates;

♦ explain the meaning of proportion; and

♦ solve daily life problems involving ratio and proportion.

Wait!

Before studying this module, you should have studied the modules entitled
Multiplication and Division of Fractions and Multiplication and Division.

1
 Let’s See What You Already Know

Before starting with the lessons of this module, answer the following test
items first. This will determine what you already know about the topic.

A. 1. An NFE Facilitator found that there are 46 males and 54 females

in all his sessions. Find the ratio of the following.

a. The ratio of males to females.

b. The ratio of females to the entire population of learners.

2. Give two equivalent ratios for the following. Solve for and
encircle the simplest form for each ratio. (2 points each)

a. 4 : 10

b. 15 : 30

3. Find the rate of the following.

a. An 8-minute overseas call costs P164.00. What is the cost

of the call per minute?

b. A secretary can type 220 words in 4 minutes. How fast can

she type in one minute?

2
 B. Solve for the following problems using ratio and proportion.

1. In a medical mission, doctors determined that there were 2 out of

25 people afflicted with tuberculosis in a barrio. If there were 600
people living in the town, how many people had tuberculosis?

2. If 200 sheets of bond paper costs P 50.00, how much will 500
sheets cost?

C. Write true if the ratios are proportional and write false if they are not.

__________ 1. 15 : 7 = 5 : 2

__________ 2. 7 : 9 = 14 : 18

__________ 3. 4: 3 = 24 : 18

Well, how was it? Do you think you fared well? Compare your answers
with those in the Answer Key on pages 35–37.

If all your answers are correct, very good! This shows that you already
know much about the topics in this module. You may still study the module to
review what you already know. Who knows, you might learn a few more new
things as well.

If you got a low score, don’t feel bad. This means that this module is for
you. It will help you understand important concepts that you can apply in your
daily life. If you study this module carefully, you will learn the answers to all
the items in the test and a lot more! Are you ready?

You may now go to the next page to begin Lesson 1.

3
 LESSON 1

Learning About Ratios

In this lesson we will study about ratios. We use ratios to compare two
quantities that are somehow related to each other. So we may compare the
distance traveled by a motorcycle by the time it takes to cover the distance
(i.e. kilometers traveled per hour) or we may compare the population of males
to females in a certain group.

In this lesson we will learn about ratios and how this can be applied to
everyday problems. It is important to first learn about ratios in order to
understand proportion. After studying this lesson, you should be able to:

♦ identify/find the ratio of two given quantities;

♦ simplify a given ratio into its lowest term;

♦ identify the equivalent ratio/s of a given ratio;

♦ differentiate between ratio and rate;

♦ identify/find the rate of two given quantities;

Let’s Study and Analyze

How do we compare two quantities? A ratio is a comparison by division

of two quantities of the same kind and in the same unit. The result of the
comparison is a number without unit. Let us take a look at some situations on
the next page so that you will understand the concept of ratio more clearly.

4
Situation 1

Look at the circular figure at the right.

How many shaded parts are there? How
many parts are there in all?

What is the ratio of the shaded part

to the whole figure? The ratio is: 4 shaded
parts to the 10 parts of the whole figure,
written in fraction form as 4/10; or in ratio
form as 4:10, read as “4 is to 10”. The
colon (:) is used to express the ratio of
two quantities.

What is the ratio of the whole figure

to the shaded parts? The ratio is: 10 parts of the whole figure to the 4 shaded
parts, written in fraction form as 10/4 or in ratio form 10:4, read as “10 is to
4.”

Situation 2

In a Nonformal Education Learning Center, there are 10 male learners and

15 female learners in one learning group. What is the ratio of the male learners
to the female learners?

The ratio is: 10 male learners to 15 female learners written in fraction form
10
as or in ratio form as 10:15, read as “10 is to 15”.
15

What is the ratio of the female learners to the male learners? The ratio is:
15
15 female learners to 10 male learners written in fraction form as or in ratio
10
form as 15:10, read as “15 it to 10”.

Situation 3

When the quantities are of the same kind but given in different units, we
have to express them in the same units.

Let’s analyze this problem.

Jose took 18 days to finish his project while Romy took 3 weeks. What is
the ratio the length of time it took the two boys to finish their project?

5
 First, we have to change 3 weeks to 21 days.

Thus: Jose’s time: Romy’s time = 18 : 21. This means that the ratio of the
length of time it took the 2 boys to finish their project is 18 : 21. (Simplifying
ratio to its lowest form will come in the next section of this lesson, all these
examples will be used in that particular section later.)

Situation 4

A tree is 3 meters high. A bamboo pole is 150 cm. long. What is the ratio
of the height of the tree to the length of the bamboo pole?

This problem illustrates the need to use the same units. Thus, we first
change 3 meters to 300 cm.

height of the tree 300

= or 300 :150
height of the pole 150

Suppose we change 150 cm to meters instead. Will we get the same ratio?

Let us try: How many meters is equivalent to 150 cm?

1m
150 cm × = 1.5 m
100 cm

Therefore, we have:

height of the tree 3

= or 3:1.5
height of the pole 1.5

Did we get the same ratio?

In each of the situations, two quantities were compared by division. The

answer in the comparison is called the ratio of the two quantities. Notice that
the ratio in the different situations had no unit.

6
 Let’s Try This

A. Write the following as a ratio in fraction form and in another form

using a colon (:).The first one is done for you.

25
1. 25 learners to 1 Instructional Manager 25:1
1
____ ____
2. 6 tablet chairs to 6 learners ____ ____

3. 6 lessons to 2 modules ____ ____

4. 5 learning centers to 10 Instructional

Managers ____ ____

5. 8 hours of sleep to 24 hours ____ ____

B. Find the ratio of the first quantity to the second quantity. Make sure
the two quantities are first expressed in the same unit. The first one is
done for you.

1. 6 cm to 2 dm = 6:20
_______
2. 15 days to 2 weeks = _______

3. 5 dm to 1 meter = _______

4. 15 hrs to 1 day = _______

5. 2,300 m to 5 km = _______

Compare your anwer with the Answer Key on page 38.

7
 Let’s Learn

Ratio in Simplest Form

Since ratios are also fractions, they can be expressed in their simplest
form or lowest term.

Look at the learners and the modules.

A.

6
The ratio of the numbers of learners to the number of modules is or
12
6:12. Group the same number of learners and modules in another way.

B.

You can say that the ratio of the number of learners to the number of
modules is ½ or 1:2.

8
 The two ratios describe the same comparison but ratio A is expressed in
6
its simplest form in ratio B. Therefore, in the above example, or 6 : 12 in
12
1
its simplest form is or 1 : 2.
2

A ratio described by a pair of numbers with only 1 as the common factor

is a ratio in its simplest form.

By computation, how do we find the simplest form of a given ratio?

Recall that in reducing or simplifying fractions to lowest term, we divide

the numerator and the denominator by their greatest common factor (GCF).

Similarly in simplifying ratio to its lowest term, divide both numbers by

their GCF.

In Example A, the ratio is 6 : 12 and their GCF is 6. Thus, we have:

6 : 12
=1: 2
6
or
6 : 12 ÷ 6 = 1 : 2

Let’s Try This

Let’s take a look again at the ratio of the two quantities in Situation 1 on
page 3. The ratio is 4 shaded parts to the 10 parts of the whole figure or 4:10.

Simplify the following ratio to their lowest term. The first one is done for
you.

1. 4 : 10 → 4:10 ÷ 2 = 2:5

Use the ratio in Situation 2 on page 5.

2. : → ÷ =

9
 Use the ratio in Situation 3 on page 5.

3. : → ÷ =

Use the ratio in Situation 4 on page 6

4. a. : → ÷ =

b. : → ÷ =

Compare your answer with the Answer Key on page 38.

Let’s Learn

Equivalent Ratio
Let’s look back at the number of learners and the number of modules on
page 8. The ratios 6 : 12 and 1 : 2 both describe the comparison of the number
of learners and the number of modules.

Suppose we group the same number of learners and modules in different

ways.

Example 1

A.

You can also say that the ratio of the number of learners to the number of
modules is 2:4.

10
 The ratios shown on page 9 (6:12 and 1:2) and the ratios shown on page
10 and this page (2:4 and 3:6) are equivalent ratios. They describe the same
pair of groups of learners and modules. The simplest form is 1:2.

B.

Example 2

Let’s look at another example of equivalent ratios.

A. What is the ratio of the shaded part to the unshaded

parts? It is 1:3.

12345
12345
12345
12345
12345

Let’s have an equivalent ratio of figure A. Let’s take a look at figure

B.

B. What is the ratio of the shaded part to the unshaded

part? It is 2:6.

12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345

Let’s have a third equivalent ratio.

C. Write the ratio of the shaded part to the unshaded

part. :

12345
12345
12345 12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345 12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345

If your answer is 3:9, then you’re correct!

11
 Let’s have a fourth one.

D. Write the ratio of the shaded part to the unshaded

part.
:
12345
12345
12345 12345
12345 12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345

If your answer is 4:12, then you’re correct!

And we can have more equivalent ratios. You can say that 1:3, 2:6, 3:9,
and 4:12 are equivalent ratios. The simplest form is 1:3.

By computation, how do we get the equivalent ratio of a given ratio.

To get the equivalent ratio/s of a given ratio, multiply or divide both

numbers of the ratio by the same number.

Thus, in Example 1,

6 : 12
6 : 12 → =1: 2
6

6 : 12
6 : 12 → = 2:4
6

6 : 12
6 : 12 → = 3:6
6

In Example 2,

1:3 → 2 × 1:3 = 2:6

1:3 → 3 × 1:3 = 3:9

1:3 → 4 × 1 : 3 = 4 : 12

12
 Let’s Try This

A. Give two equivalent ratios for each of the following:

1. 1:5 ______ ______

2. 10 : 20 ______ ______
3. 2:3 ______ ______
4. 8:4 ______ ______
5. 4 : 16 ______ ______

B. From the three sets of equivalent ratios below, encircle the ratio in its
simplest form.

1. 4 : 20 1:5 3 : 15
2. 5 : 10 3 : 15 1:2
3. 2:3 8 : 12 10 : 15
4. 24 : 12 2:1 8:4
5. 4 : 16 2:8 1:4

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on pages 38–39.

Let’s Study and Analyze

When we compare two quantities of different kinds by division, we use

the term rate instead of ratio.

Let’s study and analyze the following problems to help you understand
the concept of rates.

EXAMPLE 1 Rolly can type 300 words in 5 minutes. About how many
words a minute can he type?

13
 In this problem, we are comparing the number of words to the number of
minutes (time) it takes to type the words.

STEP 1 Solution:

300 words
= 60 words/min
5 min

This means that the rate of Rolly’s typing is 60 words.

STEP 2 Simplify the ratio.

300 : 5
300 : 5 = 60 :1
5

This means that the rate Rolly can type 60 words per minute.

Notice that the first term (60) is expressed in words while the second term
(1) is expressed in minutes. This rate can be written in symbols as 60 words/
minute. This example deals with the rate expressed as quantity over time.

Quantity
Rate =
Time

Examples of these are 50 kilometers per hour (50 km/hr.) 10 meters per
second (10 m/s), 7 liters per minute (7L/min).

EXAMPLE 2 3 kilos of rice cost =

P60.00. What is the unit price of the
rice?

SOLUTION In this problem, we are again comparing quantities of

different kinds: the cost and quantity of a product. Hence, we
are computing the rate.

= 60
P
= P 20/k
3k

The ratio of the amount in pesos to the amount in kilos is 20 is to 1. This

means that the rice costs =
P20.00 per kilo.

Notice that the first term (20) is expressed in pesos while the second term
(1) is expressed in kilos. This rate can be written in symbols as =P20.00/kilo.

14
The second example deals with a rate expressed as cost over quantity.

Cost
Rate =
Quantity

Examples of these are =P15.00/kilo, =P205.00/box, =

P59.50/liter, etc.

Let’s Try This

Find the rate of the following.

1. A 50-kilo sack of rice costs =P900.00. What is the price per kilo?

2. Bong can finish the 100-meter dash in 20 seconds. How many meters
can he cover per second?

=
3. 7 liters of gasoline costs P119.00. What is the price per liter?

4. Joy can type 325 words in 5 minutes. How many words can she type
per minute?

15
5. A jeep traveled 161 kilometers in 3.5 hours. What is its speed per
hour?

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on pages 40–41.

Let’s See What You Have Learned

1. Bong has 12 coins and Jun has 20 coins.

a. Give the ratio of Bong’s coins to Jun’s.

b. Give the ratio of Jun’s coins to Bong’s.

c. Find the simplest form of the ratio and give two equivalent ratios
of the ratio of Bong’s coins to Jun’s. Encircle the ratio in simplest
form (3 points)

d. Give two equivalent ratios of Bong’s coins to the difference of

his coins and Jun’s. Encircle the ratio in simplest form. (3 points)

16
 2. Find the rate of the following. (1 point each)

a. 5 liters of milk costs =

P200.00. What is the price per liter?

b. Lolit can weave 52 baskets in 13 days. How many baskets can

she weave per day?

c. 6 kilos of beef costs =

P690.00. What is the cost per kilo?

d. A bus traveled 640 km in 8 hrs. What is its average speed?

Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on pages 41–
43.

If your test score is from:

7–8 Excellent! You have understood the lesson well.

5–6 Review the parts of the module which you did not understand.

0–4 You should study the whole lesson again.

If you did well on this test, congratulations! You may now go to the next
lesson.

17
Let’s Remember

♦ A ratio is a comparison by division of two quantities of the same kind

and in the same unit.

♦ The colon (:) is used to express the ratio of two quantities, e.g. 1:2

♦ A ratio is simplified into its lowest term by dividing both numbers by

their greatest common factor.

♦ A ratio is in its simplest form if and when the pair of numbers have
only 1 as the common factor.

♦ Equivalent ratios describe the same pair of group of quantities, e.g.

1 : 2, 2 : 4, 3 : 6, 4 : 8, 5 : 10 etc. with one of the ratios in its simplest
form. In this case, it is 1:2.

♦ To get the equivalent ratio/s of a given ratio, multiply or divide both

numbers by the same number.

♦ When two quantities of different kinds or names are compared by

division, the term rate is used instead of ratio.

♦ There are two general types of rates:

♦ The first one deals with a ratio expressed as quantity over time.

Quantity
Rate =
Time

♦ The second deals with a ratio expressed as cost over quantity.

Cost
Rate =
Quantity

18
 LESSON 2

Learning About Proportion

Now that you have understood what ratios are and how they are used, we
can move on to proportions. Proportions are used in many practical
applications like estimating the length of long distances or the length of very
tall buildings. Proportion is also used in adjusting the amount of ingredients in
a recipe when you prepare either more or less servings than the standard
recipe.

After studying this lesson, you should be able to:

♦ read and write proportions in symbols and words; and

♦ solve word problems involving proportion.

Let’s Read

Joseph is an apprentice cook in a restaurant. He had been asked to do

simple tasks such as preparing simple recipes and cleaning the kitchen area.
One day, the assistant cook got sick and failed to report for work. It was a
weekend and the restaurant was full. There were several orders and the chief
cook couldn’t prepare all of them. He asked Joseph to prepare the orders of
some of the customers.

There was an order for

20 hotcakes. A recipe needs 3
eggs to make 5 hotcakes.
Joseph is asked to prepare the
eggs for 20 hotcakes. He has
to determine how many eggs
he will need such that the
quality of the 20 hotcakes is
the same as the 5 hotcakes.

19
 Do you have any idea how Joseph should go about computing the number
of eggs to be used? To solve the problem, you have to use ratio and
proportion.

By using ratio and proportion Joseph was able to determine that he

needed 12 eggs to make 20 hotcakes. But how did Joseph arrive at that
answer? Read on to find out.

Let’s Study and Analyze

In Lesson 1, we have learned how to identify equivalent ratios. You will

make use of that skill in this lesson. Two equivalent ratios form a proportion
such as 1 : 2 = 2:4 read as “one is to two, as two is to four or in fraction form,
1 2
= . Can you name some more pairs of equivalent ratios?
2 4

When do we say that two ratios are proportional to each other? Let us
take a look at the two rectangles below. Their lengths and widths are given.

3 cm 6 cm

2 cm

4 cm

Let us take a look at the ratio of the length to the width of the two
rectangles.

3
♦ The ratio of the small rectangle is 3 : 2 or
2

6
♦ The ratio of the big rectangle is 6 : 4 or
4

20
 For the mean time, focus your attention on the fraction form. If you divide
the numerator by the denominator of both ratios, what do you observe?

1.5 1.5
2 3.0 4 6.0
2 4
10 20
10 20
0 0

The quotients of both ratios is 1.5. Therefore, we can say that:

3 6
=
2 4

or 3 : 2 = 6 : 4

Since the ratios of the length to the width of the two rectangles are equal,
then we can say that the two rectangles are proportional.

Let’s Learn

Using the example of the hotcakes, 3 eggs makes 5 hotcakes and 12 eggs
makes 20 hotcakes. Expressing this as a proportion, we have:

3 12
=
5 20

or 3 : 5 = 12 : 20

It is read as 3 is to 5 as 12 is to 20.

A proportion has four terms as labeled below.

first term 3 : 5 = 12 : 20 fourth term

second term third term

21
 The first and fourth terms (the outer numbers) are called extremes while
the second and third terms (the inner numbers) are called means.
extremes

3 : 5 = 12 : 20

means

Let us assign a letter of the alphabet for each of the terms. Thus, we have:

3 : 5 = 12 : 20

a:b = c:d

Using the letters, which are the extremes and which are the means? The
outer letters, a and d, are the extremes and the inner letters, b and c, are the
means.

One way to check if two ratios form a proportion is to multiply the means
and multiply the extremes. The product of the means should be equal to the
product of the extremes. This can be written in a general equation:

a:b = c:d

a×d=b×c

where: a and d are the extremes

b and c are the means

Let’s check if Joseph was correct when he decided that he needed 12

eggs to make 20 hotcakes. The proportion was:

Using the formula: 3 : 5 = 12 : 20

?
3 × 20 = 5 × 12 (=? is read as, “should be equal to”)
60 = 60

Therefore, the two ratios are proportional.

22
 Let’s Try This

Check if the following pairs of ratios are proportional. Put a check 4 on

the line before each item number if proportional and an 8 if they are not. The
first one is done for you.

_____ 1. 2 : 3 = 6 : 9
?
2×9 = 3×6
18 = 18

_____ 2. 4 : 5 = 12 : 20

_____ 3. 3 : 12 = 7 : 20

_____ 4. 5 : 2 = 15 : 6

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 43.

Let’s Study and Analyze

In problem solving, one of the four terms is unknown or missing.

Before we move on to problem solving using ratio and proportion, we

need to practice solving for the missing number in a proportion. To find one
missing number in a proportion, use these formulae:
→

♦ a : b=c:d (b × c) ÷ d = a
♦ a : =c:d (a × d) ÷ c = b
♦ a : b= :d (a × d) ÷ b = c
♦ a : b=c: (b × c) ÷ a = d

23
 Then, you can check your answer by using the general formula:

a×d=b×c

Let us apply the formula for computing the missing number in a

proportion according to the different situations.

Situation 1

A recipe needs 3 eggs to make 5 hot cakes. If Joseph was asked to make
20 hotcakes, how many eggs does he need?

In solving this problem, let’s follow the steps below:

STEP 1 Identify the ratio in words:

the number of eggs to the number of hotcakes.

STEP 2 Write down the proportion in numbers,

3:5 = : 20

a:b = c:d

STEP 3 Determine which formula to use in finding the missing number in

the proportion.

(a × d) ÷ b = c

STEP 4 Substitute the values in the formula and solve for the missing
number.

3 × 20 ÷ 5 =

60 ÷ 5 = 12

Therefore, the missing number to form a proportion is 12 . The

proportion is:

3 : 5 = 12 : 20

STEP 5 Check your answer by using the general formula: a × d = b × c

3 × 20 = 5 × 12
60 = 60

24
Situation 2

How many days will it take a dressmaker to sew a dozen dresses if it takes
her 2 days to sew 3 dresses?

STEP 1 Identify the ratio in words.

the number of days to the number of dresses sewn

STEP 2 Write down the proportion in numbers.

: 12 = 2 : 3
a : b = c:d

STEP 3 Determine which formula to use in finding the missing number in

the proportion.

(b × c) ÷ d = a

STEP 4 Substitute the values in the formula and solve for the missing
number.

(12 × 2) ÷ 3 =
24 ÷ 3 = 18

Therefore, the missing number that forms the proportion is 8 .

The proportion is:

8 : 12 = 2 : 3

STEP 5 Check your answer by using the general formula: a × d = b × c

?
8 × 3 = 12 × 2
24 = 24

Situation 3

Most maps are drawn to scale. This means that the distance between any
two places on the maps is proportional to their real distance.

In a map with a scale of 2 cm to 5 km, the distance between Manila and

Biñan is 6 cm. How many kilometers is it between the two places?

25
 STEP 1 Identify the ratio in words.

a scale of cm to km.

STEP 2 Write down the proportion in numbers.

2:5=6:
a:b=c:d

STEP 3 Determine which formula to use on finding the missing number in

the proportion.

(b × c) ÷ a = d

STEP 4 Substitute the values in the formula to solve for the missing
number.

(5 × 6) ÷ 2 =
30 ÷ 2 = 15

Therefore the missing number in the proportion is 15 . The

proportion is:
?
2 : 5 = 6 : 15

STEP 5 Check your answer by using the general formula: a × d = b × c

?
2 × 15 = 5 × 6
2 × 30 = 30

Let’s Try This

Solve the following problems using ratio and proportion. Check your
answer also. The first one is done for you.

1. Miss Reyes needs to type a 420 page manuscript. She can type 15
pages in 2.5 hours. In how many hours can she finish typing the
manuscript?

420 : = 15 : 2.5
(420 × 2.5) ÷ 15 =

26
 420
× 2.5
2100
840
1 0 5 0.0

1050 ÷ 15 = 70 70
15 1050
420 : 70 = 15: 2.5 105
0
Check:
?
420 × 2.5 = 70 × 15

1050 = 1050

It will take Mrs. Reyes 70 hrs to type the manuscript.

2. Alex earns =P700 in selling newspapers a week. How many weeks will
it take him to earn =
P3,500.

3. If a 50-kilo sack of rice costs =

P900, how much will 27 kilos of rice
cost?

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on pages 43–44.

27
 Let’s See What you Have Learned

Solve the following problems using ratio and proportion. Solve the
problems step by step. (5 points each) – 1 point for every correct step

1. A recipe for making 24 cookies needs 200 grams of flour. How

many grams of flour are needed for making 36 cookies?

2. In a map with a scale of 2 centimeters is to 3 kilometers, the

distance between two towns is 5 centimeters. How many
kilometers is it between the two towns?

3. A survey showed that 3 people preferred brand A for every 5

people that preferred brand B. If a total of 27 people preferred
brand A, how many people preferred brand B?

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on pages 44–47.

28
If your test score is from:

11–15 Excellent! You have understood the lesson well.

7–10 Review the parts of the lesson which you did not understand.

0–6 You should study the whole lesson again.

Let’s Remember

♦ Two equivalent ratios form a proportion.

♦ A proportion has four terms as labeled below. Let a, b, c and d

represent numerical values.
extremes

a:b = c:d

means

♦ The first and fourth terms are called extremes while the second and
third terms are called means.

♦ Two ratios form a proportion if the product of the means is equal to

the product of the extremes. This can be written in a general equation.

a×d=b×c

where: a and d are the extremes

b and c are the means

♦ To find the missing number in a proportion, use the following formula

for each corresponding situation:

Situation Formula
:b = c:d (b × c) ÷ d = a
a : = c:d (a × d) ÷ c = b
a :b = :d (a × d) ÷ b = c
a :b = c: (b × c) ÷ a = d

29
♦ The steps to follow in solving problem involving ratio and proportion
are as follows:

STEP 1 Identify the ratio in words.

STEP 2 Write down the proportion in numbers

STEP 3 Determine the formula to be used in finding the missing

number

STEP 4 Substitute the values in the formula to solve for the

missing number

STEP 5 Check your answer by using the general equation:

a×d=b×c

Let’s Sum Up

♦ A ratio is a comparison by division of two quantities of the same kind

and in the same unit.

♦ The colon (:) is used to express the ratio of two quantities.

♦ A ratio is simplified into its lowest term by dividing both numbers by

their greatest common factor.

♦ A ratio is in its simplest form if and when the pair of numbers have
only 1 as the common factor.

♦ Equivalent ratios describe the same pair of quantities, e.g. 1:2, 2:4,
3:6, 4:8, 5:10 etc. with one of the ratios in its simplest form in this
case 1:2.

♦ To get the equivalent ratio/s of a given ratio, multiply or divide both

numbers by the same number.

♦ When two quantities of different kinds or names are compared by

division, the term rate is used instead of ratio.

♦ There are two general types of rates:

• The first one deals with a ratio expressed as quantity over time.

• The second deals with a ratio expressed as cost over quantity.

30
♦ Two equivalent ratios form a proportion.

♦ A proportion has four terms as labeled below. Let a, b, c and d

represent numerical values.

a:b = c:d

♦ The first and fourth terms are called extremes while the second and
third terms are called means.

♦ Two ratios form a proportion if the product of the means is equal to

the product of the extremes. This can be written in a general equation.

a×d=b×c

where: a and d are the extremes

b and c are the means

♦ To find the missing number in a proportion, use the following formula

in each corresponding situation:

Situation Formula
:b = c:d (b × c) ÷ d = a
a : = c:d (a × d) ÷ c = b
a :b = :d (a × d) ÷ b = c
a :b = c: (b × c) ÷ a = d

♦ The steps to follow in solving problems involving ratio and

proportion are as follows:

STEP 1 Identify the ratio in words.

STEP 2 Write down the proportion in numbers

STEP 3 Determine the formula use in finding the missing number

STEP 4 Substitute the values in the formula and solve for the
missing number

STEP 5 Check your answer by using the general equation:

a×d=b×c

31
 What Have You Learned?

A. 1. In a survey, 36 respondents said they are satisfied with the

performance of their Barangay officials while 64 respondents said
they are dissatisfied with their performance. Find the ratio of the
following. Simplify your answers to lowest terms.

a. Find the ratio of the number of satisfied respondents to the

number of dissatisfied respondents. (1 point)

b. Find the ratio of the number of dissatisfied respondents to

the number of satisfied respondents. (1 point)

c. Find the ratio of the number of dissatisfied respondents to

the total number of respondents. (1 point)

d. Find the ratio of the number of satisfied respondents to the

total number of respondents. (1 point)

32
2. Give two equivalent ratios for the following.

a. 6 : 15

b. 20 : 25

c. 8 : 1

3. Find the rate of the following. (1 point each)

a. 3 kilos of mangoes costs =

P72.00.

b. A secretary can type 390 words in 6 minutes.

c. A 7-minute long distance call from Manila to Cebu costs =

P66.50.

d. A motorcycle traveled 117 meters in 9 seconds.

33
B. Solve the following problems using ratio and proportion.
(5 points for each problem; 1 point for every step done correctly)

1. The standard mixture of cement and sand for plastering purposes

is 1 : 3. If Mang Pedro has 4.5 buckets of cement, how many
buckets of sand does he need?

2. In a class, 4 out of 5 students passed the math exam. If there are

40 students in the class, how many students passed the exam?

3. Aling Nida can make 3 dresses out of 7.5 meters of clothing

material. How many dresses can she make out of 20 meters of
clothing material?

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on pages 47–53.

If your test score is from:

14–17 Excellent! You have understood the lessons of the module well.

9–13 Review the lessons in the module which you did not understand.

0–8 You must study the whole module again.

34
 Answer Key

A. Let’s See What You Already Know (pages 2–3)

46
A. 1. a. 46 : 54 or /54
b. 54 : 100 or 54/100
2. Any two of the underlined ratios are correct answers. The
ratios in simplest form are encircled.

4 : 10
a. 4 : 10 → = 2:5 in its simplest
2 form. Cannot be
reduced further.
4 : 10 → 2 × (4 : 10) = 8:20

4 : 10 → 3 × (4 : 10) = 12:30

15 : 30
b. 15 : 30 → = 3: 6
5

15 : 30
→ = 1:2 in its simplest
15 form. Cannot be
reduced further.
→ 2 × (15 : 30) = 30:60
3. a. STEP 1 Express the two quantities in ratio form.
Expressing this in ratio form we have:

164
164 : 8 or
8
STEP 2 Solve for the rate.

Cost
Rate =
Quantity

20.50
8 164.00
16
40
40
0

Therefore, the cost of the overseas call is =P20.50 per

minute.
35
 b. STEP 1 Express the two quantities in ratio form.

Expressing this in ratio form we have:

220
220 : 4 or
4

STEP 2 Solve for the rate.

Quantity
Rate =
Time
55
4 220
20
20
20
0

Therefore, the secretary can type 55 words per

minute.

B. 1. Solution:

2 : 25 = : 600
(2 × 600) ÷ 25 =
1200 ÷ 25 =

4 48
25 1200
100
200
200
0

1200 ÷ 25 = 48
2 : 25 = 48 : 600

Therefore 48 people out of the 600 people in the barrio

had tuberculosis.

2. 200 : 50 = 500 :
(50 × 500) ÷ 200 =
25000 ÷ 200 =

36
 125125
200 25000
2
5
4
10
10
0
25,000 ÷ 200 = 125
200 : 50 = 500 : 125

Therefore, 500 sheets of bond paper cost P125.

C. 1. false
Check:
15 : 7 = 5 : 2
a : b = c : d
a × d = b × c
?
15 × 2 = 7 × 5
30 = 35

2. true
Check:

7 : 9 = 14 : 18
a : b = c : d
a × d = b × c
?
7 × 18 = 9 × 14
5 3
18 14
× 7 × 9
126 126
126 = 126

3. true
Check: 3 1
18 24
4: 3 = 24 : 18
× 14 × 3
a: b = c : d
72 72
a× d = b ×c
4× 18 =? 3 × 24 72 = 72

37
B. Lesson 1
Let’s Try This (page 7)

6
A. 2. 6:6
6
6
3. 6:2
2
5
4. 5 : 10
10
8
5. 8 : 24
24

B. 2. 15 : 14
3 5 : 10
4. 15 : 24
5. 2,300 : 5,000

Let’s Try This (pages 9–10)

2. 15 : 10 → 15 : 10 ÷ 5 = 3 : 2

3. 18 : 21 → 18 : 21 = 6 : 7
3
4. a. 300 : 150 → 300 : 150 = 2:1
150
b. 3 : 1.5 → 3 : 1.5 ÷ 1.5 = 2 : 1

Let’s Try This (page 13)

Any two of the possible answers are your correct answers.

A. 1. 1 : 5 a. 2 × 1 : 5 = 2 : 10
b. 3 × 1 : 5 = 3 : 15
c. 4 × 1 : 5 = 4 : 20
d. 5 × 1 : 5 = 5 : 25
e. 6 × 1 : 5 = 6 : 30

38
 10 : 20
2. 10 : 20 a. =1:2
10

10 : 20
b. = 3 : 15
5

10 : 20
c. = 5 : 10
2

d. 2 × 10 : 20 = 20 : 40
e. 3 × 10 : 20 = 30 : 60

3. 2 : 3 2×2:3=4:6

3× 2 : 3 = 6 : 9
4× 2 : 3 = 8 : 12
5 × 2 : 3 = 10 : 15
6× 2 : 3 = 12 : 18

8: 4
4. 8 : 4 =2:1
4

8: 4
=4:2
2
2 × 8 : 4 = 16 : 8
3 × 8 : 4 = 24 : 12

4 : 16
5. 4 : 16 =1:4
4

4 : 16
=2:8
2
2 × 4 : 16 = 8 : 32

B. 1. 4 : 20 1:5 3 : 15
2. 5 : 10 3 : 15 1:2
3. 2 : 3 8 : 12 10 : 15
4. 24 : 12 2:1 8:4
5. 4 : 16 2:8 1:4

39
Let’s Try This (pages 15–16)

1.
Cost
Rate =
Quantity
18
900 50 900
→
50 50
400
400
0

=
Therefore, the cost of the rice is P18/kilo.

Quantity
2. Rate =
Time
5
100 20 100
→
20 10
0

Therefore, Bong can run 5 meters/second.

Quantity
3. Rate =
Time

119 17
→ 7 119
7
7
49
49
0

Therefore, gasoline costs P17/liter.

40
 Quantity
4. Rate =
Time

325 65
→ 5 325
5 30
25
25
0

Therefore, Joy can type 65 words/minute.

Quantity
5. Rate =
Time

161 46
→ 35 . 1610 .
3 .5
140
210
210
0
Therefore, the jeep travels 46 km/hr.

Let’s See What You Have Learned (pages 16–17)

1. a. 12 : 20

b. 20 : 12

Any two of the following possible answers are your correct

answers (c and d).

12 : 20
c: 12 : 20 → = 3:5
4

12 : 20
= 6 : 10
2

2 × 12 : 20 = 24 : 40

41
 d. 12 : 8 → = 3:2

12 : 8
= 6:4
2

2 × 12 : 8 = 24 : 16

Cost
2. a. Rate =
Quantity

200 40
→ 5 200
5
20
0
Therefore, the cost of the milk is =P40/liter.

Quantity
b. Rate =
Price

52 4
→ 13 52
13
52
0

Therefore, Lolit can weave 4 baskets/day.

Cost
c. Rate =
Quantity

690 115
→ 6 690
6
6
9
6
30
30
0
=
Therefore, beef costs P115/kilo.

42
 Quantity
d. Rate =
Time
80
640 8 640
→
8 64
0

Therefore, the bus traveled 80 km/hr.

C. Lesson 2
Let’s Try This (pages 23)

8 2. 4 : 5 = 12 : 20
4 × 20 =? 5 × 12 ( =? is read as “should be equal to”)
80 = 60 ( = is read as “is not equal to”)

8 3. 3 : 12 = 7: 20
3 × 20 =? 12 × 17
60 = 84

4 4. 5 : 2 = 15 : 6
5 × 6 =? 2 × 15
30 = 30

Let’s Try This (pages 26–27)

5
2. 700 : 1 = 3,500 : 700 3,500 700 3,500
(1 × 3,500) ÷ 700 =
35
3,500 ÷ 700 = 5
700 : 1 = 3,500 : 5 0
?
Check: 700 × 5 = 1 × 3,500
3,500 = 3,500

Therefore, Alex will earn P3,500 in 5 weeks.

43
3. 50 : 900 = 27 :

(900 × 27) ÷ 50 =

27 486
486
× 900 50 24300
24300 20
43
40
30
30
0

24300 ÷ 50 = 486

Check: 50 : 900 = 27 : 486

486 × 50 =? 900 × 27

486 27
× 50 = × 900
24300 24300

Therefore, 27 kilos of rice will cost =P24,300.

Let’s See What You Have Learned (page 28)

C. 1. STEP 1 Identify the ratio in numbers.

Numbers of cookies to the grams of flour

STEP 2 Write down the proportion in numbers.

24 : 200 = 36 :
a : b00 = c : d

STEP 3 Determine the formula to be used in finding the

missing number.

(b × c) ÷ a = d

44
 STEP 4 Substitute the values in the formula to solve for the
missing number.

200 × 36 ÷ 24 =

36 20300
.50
× 200 24 7200
7200 72
0
0
0
0
7200 ÷ 24 = 300

Therefore, 300 grams of flour is needed to make 36

cookies. The proportion is 24 : 200 = 36 : 300.

STEP 5 Check your answer by using the general formula:

a×d=b×c
24 : 200 = 36 : 300
24 × 300 =? 200 × 36

24 36
× 300 × 200
7200 = 7200

2. STEP 1 Identify the ratio in words.

a scale of cm to km
STEP 2 Write down the proportion in numbers.

2:3=5:
a:b=c:d

STEP 3 Determine the formula to be used in finding the

missing number.

(b × c) ÷ a = d

45
 STEP 4 Substitute the values in the formula to solve for the
missing number.

3×5÷2= 7.5
2 15 . 0
15 ÷ 2 = 7.5
14
10
10
0

Therefore, the distance between the two towns is 7.5

km. The proportion is: 2 : 3 = 5 : 7 : 5

STEP 5 Check your answer by using the general formula:

2 : 3 = 5 : 7.5
2 × 7.5 = 3 × 5

7.5 3
× 2 × 5
15.0 = 15

3. STEP 1 Identify the ratio in words.

The number of people who preferred Brand A to the

number of people who preferred Brand B.

STEP 2 Write the proportion in numbers.

3 : 5 = 27 :
a:b=c:d

STEP 3 Determine the formula to be used in finding the

missing number.

(b × c) ÷ a = d

STEP 4 Substitute the values in the formula to solve for the

missing number.

(5 × 27) ÷ 3 =

46
 27 45
× 5 8 135
135 12
15
15
0

135 ÷ 3 = 45

Therefore, if 27 people preferred brand A, 45 people

preferred brand B. The proportion is: 3 : 5 = 27 : 45

STEP 5 Check your answer by using the general formula:

a×d=b×c
3 : 5 = 27 : 45
?
3 × 45 = 5 × 27

45 27
× 3 × 5
135 = 135

D. What Have You Learned? (pages 32–34)

36
1. a. 36 : 64 or /64

Simplifying the ratio we have:

36 : 64
= 9 :16
4

The ratio of the number of satisfied respondents to the

number of dissatisfied respondents is nine is to sixteen.
64
b. 64 : 36 or /36

Simplifying the ratio we have:

64 : 36
= 16 : 9
4

47
 The ratio of the number of dissatisfied respondents to the
number of satisfied respondents is sixteen is to nine.
64
c. 64 : 100 or /100

Simplifying the ratio we have:

64 :100
= 16 : 25
4

The ratio of the number of dissatisfied respondents to the

total number of respondents is sixteen is to twenty five.
36
d. 36 : 100 or /100

Simplifying the ratio we have:

36 :100
= 9 : 25
4

The ratio of the number of dissatisfied respondents to the

total number of respondents is nine is to twenty five.

2. Any two of the possible answers are correct answers.

6 :15
a. =3:5
3
2 × (6 : 15) = 12 : 30
3 × (6 : 15) = 18 : 45

20 : 25
b. =4:5
5
2 × (20 : 25) = 40 : 50
3 × 20 : 25 = 60 : 75

c. 2 × (8 : 1) = 16 : 2
3 × (8 : 1) = 24 : 3
4 × (8 : 1) = 32 : 4

48
3. a. STEP 1 Express the two quantities in ratio form.

Expressing this in ratio form we have:

72
72 : 3 or
3

STEP 2 Solve for the rate:

Cost
Rate =
Quantity
24
3 72
6
12
12
0

Therefore, the rate is =

P24/kilo of mangoes.

b. STEP 1 Express the two quantities in ratio form.

Expressing this in ratio form we have:

390
390 : 6 or
6

STEP 2 Solve for the rate.

Quantity
Rate =
Time
65
6 390
36
35
35

Therefore, the secretary can type 65 words per

minute.

49
c. STEP 1 Express the two quantities in ratio form.

Expressing this in ratio form we have:

66.50
66.50 : 7 or
7

STEP 2 Solve for the rate.

Cost
Rate =
Quantity
9 . 50
7 66 . 50
63
35
35
0

Therefore, the long distance call costs =P9.50/

minute.

d. STEP 1 Express the two quantities in ratio form.

Expressing this in ratio form we have:

117
117 : 9 or
9

STEP 2 Solve for the rate.

Quantity
Rate =
Time
13
9 117
9
27
27
0

Therefore, the motorcycle traveled 13 meters per

second.

50
B. 1. STEP 1 Identify the ratio in words.
Buckets of cement to the buckets of sand

STEP 2 Write down the proportion in numbers.

1 : 3 = 4.5 :
a:b=c:d

STEP 3 Determine the formula to be used to find the missing

number.

(b × c) ÷ a = d

STEP 4 Substitute the values in the formula and solve for the
missing number.

(3 × 4.5) ÷ 1 =

4.5 13.5 × 1 = 13.5

× 3
13.5

Therefore, Mang Pedro needs 13.5 buckets of

sand. The proportion is: 1 : 3 = 4.5 : 13.5

STEP 5 Check your answer by using the general equation:

a×d=b×c

1.3 = 4.5 : 13.5

1 × 13.5 = 3 × 4.5
13.5 = 13.5

2. STEP 1 Identify the ratio in words.

Number of students who passed the Math exam to
the total number of students

STEP 2 Write down the proportion in numbers.

4:5= : 40
a:b=c:d

STEP 3 Determine the formula to be used in finding the

missing number.

(a × d) ÷ b = c

51
 STEP 4 Substitute the values in the formula to solve for the
missing number.

(4 × 40) ÷ 5 =

40
× 4
160 160 ÷ 5 =

32 160 ÷ 5 = 32
5 160
15
10
The proportion is: 4 : 5 = 32 : 40

STEP 5 Check your answer by using the general equation:

a×d=b×c

4 : 5 = 32 : 40
4 × 40 = 5 × 32

32 40
× 5 × 4
160 160

160 = 160

Therefore, 32 students out of 40 passed the math

exam.

3. STEP 1 Identify the ratio in words.

Number of dresses to the number of meters of
clothing material

STEP 2 Write down the proportion in numbers.

3 : 7.5 = : 20
a:b=c:d

STEP 3 Determine the formula to be used in finding the

missing number.

(a × d) ÷ b = c

52
 STEP 4 Substitute the values in the formula and solve for the
missing number.

3 × 20 ÷ 7.5 =
60 ÷ 7.5 =
8
75. 600
7.5 60 75. 600. 600
0
The proportion is: 3 : 7.5 = 8 : 20

Therefore, 20 meters of cloth makes 8 dresses.

STEP 5 Check your answer by using the general equation.

a×d=b×c

3 : 7.5 = 8 : 20
3 × 20 =? 7.5 × 8

7.5 20
× 8 = × 3
60.0 60

References

Brownstein, S. C. Barron’s How to Prepare for the Scholastic Aptitude

Test. Manila: Global Publishing. 1991.

1991.Cariño, I. D. General Mathematics for High School 1. Pasig City:

Anvil Publishing, Inc. 1999.

53