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Computer COMPONENT

The document summarizes the Von Neumann architecture, which is the basis for modern computer design. It consists of three main parts: (1) the Central Processing Unit (CPU) containing the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and Control Unit (CU), (2) the Main Memory Unit for storing both data and programs, and (3) Input/Output devices. The CPU fetches instructions from memory and carries them out sequentially, with the ALU performing arithmetic and logic operations and the CU directing data flow. This basic stored-program design introduced by John Von Neumann allows computers to be reprogrammed easily.

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43 views

Computer COMPONENT

The document summarizes the Von Neumann architecture, which is the basis for modern computer design. It consists of three main parts: (1) the Central Processing Unit (CPU) containing the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and Control Unit (CU), (2) the Main Memory Unit for storing both data and programs, and (3) Input/Output devices. The CPU fetches instructions from memory and carries them out sequentially, with the ALU performing arithmetic and logic operations and the CU directing data flow. This basic stored-program design introduced by John Von Neumann allows computers to be reprogrammed easily.

Uploaded by

wowafer745
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Organization | Von Neumann architecture

Historically there have been 2 types of Computers:


1. Fixed Program Computers – Their function is very specific and they couldn’t be
programmed, e.g. Calculators.
2. Stored Program Computers – These can be programmed to carry out many different
tasks, applications are stored on them, hence the name.
The modern computers are based on a stored-program concept introduced by John Von
Neumann. In this stored-program concept, programs and data are stored in a separate storage
unit called memories and are treated the same. This novel idea meant that a computer built
with this architecture would be much easier to reprogram.
The basic structure is like,

It is also known as IAS computer and is having three basic units:

1. The Central Processing Unit (CPU)


2. The Main Memory Unit
3. The Input/Output Device
Let’s consider them in details.
 Control Unit –
A control unit (CU) handles all processor control signals. It directs all input and output flow,
fetches code for instructions and controlling how data moves around the system.
 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) –
The arithmetic logic unit is that part of the CPU that handles all the calculations the CPU
may need, e.g. Addition, Subtraction, Comparisons. It performs Logical Operations, Bit
Shifting Operations, and Arithmetic Operation.

Figure – Basic CPU structure, illustrating ALU


 Main Memory Unit (Registers) –
1. Accumulator: Stores the results of calculations made by ALU.
2. Program Counter (PC): Keeps track of the memory location of the next
instructions to be dealt with. The PC then passes this next address to Memory
Address Register (MAR).
3. Memory Address Register (MAR): It stores the memory locations of instructions
that need to be fetched from memory or stored into memory.
4. Memory Data Register (MDR): It stores instructions fetched from memory or
any data that is to be transferred to, and stored in, memory.
5. Current Instruction Register (CIR): It stores the most recently fetched
instructions while it is waiting to be coded and executed.
6. Instruction Buffer Register (IBR): The instruction that is not to be executed
immediately is placed in the instruction buffer register IBR.
 Input/Output Devices – Program or data is read into main memory from the input
device or secondary storage under the control of CPU input instruction. Output devices are
used to output the information from a computer. If some results are evaluated by computer
and it is stored in the computer, then with the help of output devices, we can present it to
the user.
 Buses – Data is transmitted from one part of a computer to another, connecting all
major internal components to the CPU and memory, by the means of Buses. Types:
1. Data Bus: It carries data among the memory unit, the I/O devices, and the
processor.
2. Address Bus: It carries the address of data (not the actual data) between
memory and processor.
3. Control Bus: It carries control commands from the CPU (and status signals from
other devices) in order to control and coordinate all the activities within the
computer.
Von Neumann bottleneck –
Whatever we do to enhance performance, we cannot get away from the fact that instructions
can only be done one at a time and can only be carried out sequentially. Both of these factors
hold back the competence of the CPU. This is commonly referred to as the ‘Von Neumann
bottleneck’. We can provide a Von Neumann processor with more cache, more RAM, or faster
components but if original gains are to be made in CPU performance then an influential
inspection needs to take place of CPU configuration.
This architecture is very important and is used in our PCs and even in Super Computers.

What are the Basic Computer Components?


Computers internal architectural design comes in different types and sizes, but the basic
structure remains same of all computer systems.
The term ‘computer hardware‘ or ‘computer parts’ is used to describe computer
components that can be seen and touched. The major components of general-purpose
computer system are Input Unit, main/internal Memory or Storage Unit, Output Unit, Central
Processing unit. The CPU is further includes Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit (CU).
All the units also referred to as “The functional units”. Devices that are not integral part of
CPU referred to as peripherals.
.
The below section describe briefly all the computer components in a computer system
We’ll be covering the following topics in this tutorial:

 Input Unit
 Memory or Storage Unit
 Output Unit
 Central Processing Unit
Input Unit

Input unit is used for transfers’ raw Data and control signals into the information processing
system by the user before processing and computation. All the input unit devices provide the
instructions and data are transformed into binary codes that is the
primary memory acceptable format.
Example of Input unit devices: keyboard, mouse, scanner, joystick, MICR, Punched cards,
Punched paper tape, Magnetic tape etc.
Memory or Storage Unit

Memory or Storage unit is used for storing Data during before and after processing. The
capacity of storage is expressed in terms of Bytes.
The two terms Memory or Storage unit are used interchangeably, so it is important to
understand what is the difference between memory and storage?
Memory

This unit retains temporarily results till further processing, For example, Random Access
Memory (RAM).This memory is volatile, which means data is disappears when the power is
lost.
Storage

The storage or “secondary storage” is used for retain digital data after processing for
permanently. For example hard drive. The Storage is non-volatile in nature. CPU does not
access directly to secondary storage memories, instead they accessed via input-output unit.
The contents of secondary storage memories are first transferred to the main memory (RAM)
and then CPU access it.
Output Unit

Output Unit receives information from the CPU and then delivers it the external storage or
device in the soft or hard processed form. The devices which are used to display output to the
user are called output devices. The Monitor or printer is common output device.
Central Processing Unit

The main chip in a computer is the microprocessor chip, which is also known as the CPU
(central processing unit). The CPU is mounted on a printed circuit board called the main board
or mother board. This chip is considered to be the controlling chip of a computer system since
it controls the activities of other chips as well as outside devices connected to the computer,
such as monitor and printer. In addition, it can also perform logical and computational tasks.
Microprocessors work on a parallel system. Figure shows a typical structure of one of the first-
generation microprocessors. The recent ones possess greater complexity, although the basic
design concept has not changed much.

The various activities that a microprocessor performs, such as storing data, doing arithmetic
calculations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc.), are the result of instructions
given to the CPU in the form of sequences of 0s and 1s. Microprocessors are designed to carry
out a large number of instructions and all the instructions may be represented by different
sequences of 0s and 1s. Each instruction is represented by a unique set of 0s and 1s.
The internal structure of a typical CPU consists of circuits which form a number
of registers (the typical number is 16), an arithmetic unit for carrying out arithmetic
operations, a logic unit, and a control unit.
Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)

Arithmetic Logical Unit is used for processing data after inputting data is stored into primary
unit. The major operations of Arithmetic Logical Unit are addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division, logic and comparison.
Control unit (CU)

It is like a supervisor, that checks ordaining operations or check sequence in which instructions
are executed.

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