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    Nucleic Acid 2

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    Jamilu
    The document discusses tautomerism in purines and pyrimidines, which are heterocyclic rings that make up nucleic acids. It also describes the sugars (pentoses) that are found in nucleic acids, such as ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA. The document defines nucleotides as composed of a pentose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. It provides examples of important nucleotides like AMP, GMP, CMP, and UMP. The document also discusses how purine and pyrimidine bases bind to pentose sugars through glycosidic bonds, and how nucleotides are formed through phosphate ester linkages. Finally, it describes some synthetic purine and pyrimid

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    Nucleic Acid 2

    Uploaded by

    Jamilu
    13 views3 pages
    The document discusses tautomerism in purines and pyrimidines, which are heterocyclic rings that make up nucleic acids. It also describes the sugars (pentoses) that are found in nucleic acids, such as ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA. The document defines nucleotides as composed of a pentose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. It provides examples of important nucleotides like AMP, GMP, CMP, and UMP. The document also discusses how purine and pyrimidine bases bind to pentose sugars through glycosidic bonds, and how nucleotides are formed through phosphate ester linkages. Finally, it describes some synthetic purine and pyrimid

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    Biochemistry

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    The document discusses tautomerism in purines and pyrimidines, which are heterocyclic rings that make up nucleic acids. It also describes the sugars (pentoses) that are found in nucleic acids, such as ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA. The document defines nucleotides as composed of a pentose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. It provides examples of important nucleotides like AMP, GMP, CMP, and UMP. The document also discusses how purine and pyrimidine bases bind to pentose sugars through glycosidic bonds, and how nucleotides are formed through phosphate ester linkages. Finally, it describes some synthetic purine and pyrimid

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    13 views3 pages

    Nucleic Acid 2

    Uploaded by

    Jamilu
    The document discusses tautomerism in purines and pyrimidines, which are heterocyclic rings that make up nucleic acids. It also describes the sugars (pentoses) that are found in nucleic acids, such as ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA. The document defines nucleotides as composed of a pentose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. It provides examples of important nucleotides like AMP, GMP, CMP, and UMP. The document also discusses how purine and pyrimidine bases bind to pentose sugars through glycosidic bonds, and how nucleotides are formed through phosphate ester linkages. Finally, it describes some synthetic purine and pyrimid

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    Tautomeric forms of purines and pyrimidines

    The existence of a molecule in a keto (lactam) and enol (lactim) form is known
    as tautomerism. The heterocyclic rings of purines and pyrimidines with oxo
    functional groups exhibit tautomerism as simplified below.

    Other biologically important bases


    The bases such as hypoxanthine, xanthine and uric acid (Fig.5.4) are present in
    the free state in the cells. The former two are the intermediates in purine
    synthesis while uric acid is the end product of purine degradation.

    Sugars of nucleic acids


    The five carbon monosaccharides (pentoses) are found in the nucleic acid
    structure. RNA contains D-ribose while DNA contains D-deoxyribose. Ribose
    and deoxyribose differ in structure at C2
    . Deoxyribose has one oxygen less at C2
    compared to ribose (Fig.5.5).

    Nomenclature of nucleotides
    The addition of a pentose sugar to base produces a nucleoside. If the sugar is
    ribose, ribonucleosides are formed. Adenosine, guanosine, cytidine and uridine are the
    ribonucleosides of A, G, C and U respectively. If the sugar is a deoxyribose,
    deoxyribonucleosides are produced.
    The term mononucleotide is used when a single phosphate moiety is added to
    a nucleoside. Thus adenosine monophosphate (AMP) contains adenine + ribose
    + phosphate.
    The principal bases, their respective nucleosides and nucleotides found in the
    structure of nucleic acids are given in Table5.1. Note that the prefix ‘d’ is used
    to indicate if the sugar is deoxyribose (e.g. dAMP).
    The binding of nucleotide components
    The atoms in the purine ring are numbered as 1 to 9 and for pyrimidine as 1 to 6
    (See Fig.5.1). The carbons of sugars are represented with an associated prime (′)
    for differentiation. Thus the pentose carbons are 1′ to 5′.
    The pentoses are bound to nitrogenous bases by β-N-glycosidic bonds. The N9
    of a purine ring binds with C1(1′) of a pentose sugar to form a covalent bond in the
    purine nucleoside. In case of pyrimidine nucleosides, the glycosidic linkage is
    between N1 of a pyrimidine and C′1 of a pentose.
    The hydroxyl groups of adenosine are esterified with phosphates to produce
    5′- or 3′-monophosphates. 5′-Hydroxyl is the most commonly esterified, hence
    5′is usually omitted while writing nucleotide names. Thus AMP represents
    adenosine 5′-monophosphate. However, for adenosine 3′-monophosphate, the
    abbreviation 3′-AMP is used.
    The structures of two selected nucleotides namely AMP and TMP are

    Purine, pyrimidine and nucleotide analogs


    It is possible to alter heterocyclic ring or sugar moiety, and produce synthetic
    analogs of purines, pyrimidines, nucleosides and nucleotides. Some of the
    synthetic analogs are highly useful in clinical medicine. The structures of
    selected purine and pyrimidine analogs are given in Fig.5.7

    The pharmacological applications of certain analogs are listed below


    1. Allopurinol is used in the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout (For details,
    Refer Chapter 17).
    2. 5-Fluorouracil, 6-mercaptopurine, 8-azaguanine, 3-deoxyuridine, 5-or 6-
    azauridine, 5-or 6-azacytidine and 5-idouracil are employed in the treatment
    of cancers. These compounds get incorporated into DNA and block cell
    proliferation.
    3. Azathioprine (which gets degraded to 6-mercaptopurine) is used to suppress
    immunological rejection during transplantation.
    4. Arabinosyladenine is used for the treatment of neurological disease, viral
    encephalitis.
    5. Arabinosylcytosine is being used in cancer therapy as it interferes with DNA
    replication.
    6. The drugs employed in the treatment of AIDS namely zidovudine or AZT (3-
    azido 2′,3′-dideoxythymidine) and didanosine (dideoxyinosine) are sugar
    modified synthetic nucleotide analog

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