Wireless and Mobile Communication

Tutorial- 1
Mobile Propagation Models

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A base station is transmitting 100 W at 1200 MHz with an antenna gain of 10 dB.

1. Compute the received power in dBm at the mobile site assuming a two- ray
propagation model for the geometry shown below. The mobile antenna gain is 10
dB. L=2

Base station
mobile
30m 20 km 5m

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Solution 1.1:

1. Two Ray (Ground Reflection) Model

Wavelength (in m)  = c/f = 0.25m (c= 3 . 108 m/s) PG G h h

2 2

Gt = transmitter antenna gain = 10 dB = 10. Pr = t t r 4 t r

Gr = receiver antenna gain = 10 dB = 10. d
ht = transmitter height = 30m
100 10 10  (30)  (5)
hr = receiver height = 5m 2 2
d = transmitter-receiver separation distance = 20,000m Pr =
f = transmitter frequency = 1200 MHz (20,000)4

Pr = 1.40625x10 9W = 1.40625x10 6 mW
- -

 Pr = -58.52dBm
Check ?

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Problem 1-2:
A police car driving at a speed of 150 km/h on the highway is tracking a car
with mobile station transmitting at carrier frequency of 900 MHz. The police
receiver was able to measure a Doppler frequency shift of -75 Hz.
1. What is the speed of the tracked car?
2. When would the police radar lose connection to the tracked car if the radar
receiver sensitivity is –90 dBm and the first tracked signal power was –70
dBm at a distance of 100 m from the tracked car.
Assume that the following long distance path loss model is valid for this
propagation: Pr(d) = Pr(d0) (d0/d)2
Assume also that both cars have a constant speed all the time.

Police Radar Mobile station

Vp=150 Km/h
V=?

100m

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Solution 1-2:
1.  = 300/900 = 1/3 m, Doppler frequency shift f =v cos /  , =0 degree
Relative speed is v =  f = 1/3 x 75 = 25 m/s.
25 m/s = 25 x 10 –3 x 3600 = 90 km/h
As it is Moving away from the police car with a speed of 90 km/h
The followed car has then the speed of 150 + 90 = 240 km/h

2. Pr (d) = Pr (d0) (d0/d)2 ,

10 log Pr(d)= 10 log Pr(d0) + 20 log d0 – 20 log d

10 log Pr(d0) = -70 dBm, d0= 100 m

-90 dBm = -70 + 20 log 100 - 20 log d

-60 = - 20 log d => d = 1000 m

Time required to lose connection = 1000-100 m / 25 m/s = 36 seconds

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Wireless and Mobile Communication

Tutorial-2
The Cellular Concept
System Design Fundamentals

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 Cellular Design Fundamentals Summary
7 R R
D
6 2
7 1
6 2 7 5 3
1 6 2 7 4
Cluster size N = i2 + ij + j2
1 Where i, j are integers
5 3 6 2
1 Single cluster
4 5 3
Cluster size N=7
7 4 5 3 R: Cell radius
6 2 7 4
1
D Frequency reuse factor is 1/N
6 7
5 3 1 6 2 Frequency reuse distance D = R  3N
7 4 5 3 1
6 2 7 4 5 3 Co-Channel reuse ratio Q = D/R = 3N
1 6 2 7 4
5 3 1 6 2 Co-channel interference ratio S/I:
4 5 3 1 S/I = R-n /  Di–n
4 5 3 Simplified S/I = Qn / 6 = 1/6 (3N)n/2
First interference tier 4 => N = 1/3 (6 S/I)2/n

Network cell layout Approx. W.c. S/I

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 Problem 2.1:
If a total of 33MHz of bandwidth is allocated to a particular FDD cellular telephone system which
uses 25 kHz simplex channels to provide full duplex voice and control channels.
1. Compute the number of channels available per cell for a system cluster size N= 4, 7 and 12
cells
2. Compute the total channel capacity of the network if only 50 base stations are to be
installed.
3. Finde the frequency reuse distance D if the if an area of 250 square kilometer is to be
covered assuming the use of hexagonal cell shape.

Solution 1.1:
1. Channel bandwidth = 25 kHz x 2 simplex channels= 50 kHz/duplex channel
The total available channels= 33 000 /50 = 660 channels

For N=4  number of channels/cell = 660/4  165 channels

For N=7  number of channels/cell = 660/7  95 channels
For N=12  number of channels/cell = 660/12  55 channels

2. For N=4, 165 channels/cell x 50 = 8250 channels frequency reuse factor 1/N= ¼=0.25
For N=7, 95 channels/cell x 50 = 4750 channels frequency reuse factor 1/N= 1/7=0.14
For N=12, 55 channels/cell x 50 = 2750 channels frequency reuse factor 1/N= 1/12=0.08

3. Every base station covers 250/50 = 5 square kilometers  2.6 R2 = 5 => R = 1.39 km
Frequency resuse distance for N= 4  D = R  3N = 1.39  3x4 = 4.78 km
Frequency resuse distance for N= 7  D = R  3N = 1.39  3x7 = 6.32 km
Frequency resuse distance for N= 12  D = R  3N = 1.39  3x12 = 8.28 km
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Problem 2.2:
What is the number of RF channels per cell in the GSM network for the frequencyspectrum
allocation as shown below
1. Compute the cluster size N for GSM system if the required signal to interference ratio S/I is
14 dB and the path loss exponent n= 4.
2. What is the number of channels per cell in GSM under the given S/I condition?
3. What is the number of omnidirectional base stations having 2KM coverage radius for an
area of 312 square kilometer. Use the hexagonal cell layout model.
4. What is the maximum number of simultanious users in the network
5. What would be the maximum number of simultanious users in the network if the signal to
interference ratio S/I is reduced to 10 dB ?
6. Comput the frequency reuse distance for both S/I cases.

890-915 MHz for uplink (reverse) -> 25 MHz bandwidth

935-960 MHz for downlink (forward) -> 25 MHz bandwidth
200 KHz per digital channel
8 voice channels per digital channel

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Solution 1.2:
As shown in the above Figure, we have 25 000 KHz/200 KHz=125 channels, one of which
is reserved for guard band and 124 channels remain for users. On each channel 8 voice
channels are carried by using 8 time-multiplexing. Total number of voice channels=124 x 8
= 992 Co-channel interference ratio S/I:
S/I = R-n /  Di–n
1. Cluster size for a given S/I is : N = 1/3 (6 S/I)2/n Simplified S/I = Qn / 6 = 1/6 (3N)n/2
14 dB  S/I=25.11 => N = 1/3 (6 S/I)2/n
N = 1/3 (6 x 25.11)2/4  4.09 => N=4

2. Maximum number of simultaneous users per cell is:

124 (RF channels) x 8 users/channel = 248 voice channels per cell
4 Cells/cluster

3 Cell area is = 2.6 R2 = 2.6 x 22 = 10.4 KM2

Number of required base stations = 312/10.4 = 30 base stations

4. Maximum number of simultaneous users (channels) = 248 user/cell x 30 cells = 7440

channels

5. 10 dB  S/I=10, N = 1/3 (6 x 10)2/4  2.58 cells/cluster => N=3

124 (RF channels) x 8 users/channel = 330 channels per cell
3 Cells/cluster
Maximum number of system channels = 330 user/cell x 30 cells = 9900 channels
6. Co-channel distance D = R  3N = 2 KM  3x4 = 6.93 KM for N=4
Co-channel distance D = R  3N = 2 KM  3x3 = 6.0 KM for N=3 10