HIGHER TECHNNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

TENTH OF RAMADAN CITY

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Communication (4)
(EEC 251)

Prepared by :
Dr. Eng. Eslam Samy EL-Mokadem
 Communication (4)
(EEC 251)

Lecture (4)
Channel Interference and Cellular
Network Design
 Cochannel Interference
Definition
❑ is occurred due to the same frequency is used by the two different radio
transmitters and the distance between them is less than reuse distance
that leading to a cross talk

Cochannel Interference Ratio

𝑺 𝑺
= 𝑵
𝑰 𝑰
σ𝑲=𝟏 𝑰𝑲
𝑰𝑲 the interference due to the kth interferer
𝑵𝑰 the number of interfering cells in the first tier
 Cochannel Interference

In a fully equipped hexagonal-shaped cellular system, there are always six

cochannel-interfering cells in the first tier (i.e., 𝑵𝑰 = 6)

Cochannel Interference Ratio

𝑺 𝟏 𝟏
𝑰
= σ𝟔𝑲=𝟏 𝑰𝑲
= 𝑫
σ𝟔𝑲=𝟏 [ 𝑲 ]−𝛾
𝑹

𝛾 isthe propagation path loss, where 2 ≤ 𝛾 ≤ 𝟓

𝑫𝑲 the distance between mobile and 𝑘𝑡ℎ interfering cell
R is the cell radius
If we assume 𝑫𝑲 is the same for the six interfering cells for simplification, or D = 𝑫𝑲 ,
then: 𝑺 𝟏 𝑸𝜸
= −𝜸 = where: Q = 𝑹
𝑫
Co−channel Reuse Factor
𝑰 𝟔(𝑸) 𝟔

𝐒 𝟏𝛄 𝟏 𝐒 𝟐𝛄
𝐐 = [𝟔 ( ) ] 𝑵 = [𝟔 ( ) ]
𝟑 𝐈
𝐈
 Example 1
Consider the advanced mobile phone system in which an S/I ratio of 18 dB is
required for the accepted voice quality. Assume 𝛾 = 4.

a) What should be the Cluster size for the system?

b) What will the Cluster size of the Global System of Mobile (GSM) system in
which an S/I of 12 dB is required?
b)
Solution 𝐒 𝐒
( )𝒅𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 ( )𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕
𝐈 𝐈
𝟏 𝐒 𝟐𝛄 𝐒
a) 𝑵 = [𝟔 ( ) ] 𝐒
( 𝐈 )𝒅𝑩 𝟏𝟐
𝟑 𝐈 ( )𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟖𝟓 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕
𝐈
𝐒 𝐒
( )𝒅𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 ( )𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕 𝟏 𝐒
𝟐
𝟏 𝟐
𝐈 𝐈
𝐒 𝑵𝑮𝑺𝑴 = [𝟔 ( ) ]𝛄
= 𝟏𝟓. 𝟖𝟓 ] = [𝟔 𝟒
( )𝒅𝑩
𝐈 𝟏𝟖 𝟑 𝐈 𝟑
𝐒
( 𝐈 )𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟔𝟑. 𝟎𝟗𝟔 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕 𝟑. 𝟐𝟓𝟏 ≅ 𝟒 𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒄𝒍𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒓
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝐒 𝟏
𝑵𝑨𝑴𝑷𝑺 = [𝟔 ( ) ]𝛄
= [𝟔
𝟔𝟑. 𝟎𝟗𝟔 ] = 𝟒
𝟑 𝐈 𝟑
𝟔. 𝟒𝟗 ≅ 𝟕 𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒄𝒍𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒓
 Example 2
Consider a cellular system with 395 total allocated voice channel frequencies

a) Calculate S/I ratio for cluster size equal to 4, 7, and 12 and total number of
channels available per cell . Assume omnidirectional antennas with six
interferers in the first tier and a slope for path loss of 40 dB/decade (𝛾 = 4).
b) Discuss the results
𝐒 𝐒
Solution ( )𝒅𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 ( )𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕
𝐈 𝐈

a) 𝐒
(1) For N = 4 ( 𝐈 )𝒅𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟒 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟖 𝒅𝑩
𝟏 𝐒 𝟐𝛄 For N = 4
𝑵 = [𝟔 ( ) ]
𝟑 𝐈
𝟐 𝟐
total number of channels available per
𝟏 𝐒 𝟏 𝐒 𝟏𝟒𝟒
4= [𝟔 ( ) ]𝛄 = [𝟔 ] =
𝟒 = 𝟐𝟒 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕 cell (K) = 𝟑𝟗𝟓 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟕𝟓 ≅ 99
𝟑 𝐈 𝟑 𝐈 𝟔 𝟒
Channels/cell
𝐒 𝟏𝟒𝟒
( )𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕 = = 𝟐𝟒 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕
𝐈 𝟔
 Con. Solution for EX.2
a) (2) For N = 7 (3 )For N = 12
𝟏 𝐒 𝟐𝛄
𝟏 𝐒 𝟐𝛄 𝑵 = [𝟔 ( ) ]
𝑵 = [𝟔 ( ) ] 𝟑 𝐈
𝟑 𝐈 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝐒 𝟏 𝐒
𝟏 𝐒
𝟐
𝟏 𝐒 𝟐 12= [𝟔 ( ) ]𝛄 = [𝟔 ]
𝟒
𝟑 𝐈 𝟑 𝐈
7= [𝟔 ( ) ]𝛄 = [𝟔 ]
𝟒
𝟑 𝐈 𝟑 𝐈

𝐒 𝟒𝟒𝟏 𝐒 𝟏𝟐𝟗𝟔
( )𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕 == = 𝟕𝟑. 𝟓 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕 ( )𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕 == = 𝟐𝟏𝟔 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕
𝐈 𝟔 𝐈 𝟔

𝐒 𝐒
𝐒 𝐒 ( )𝒅𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 ( )𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕
( )𝒅𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 ( )𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕 𝐈 𝐈
𝐈 𝐈

𝐒
𝐒 ( 𝐈 )𝒅𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟏𝟔 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟑𝟓 𝒅𝑩
( )𝒅𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 𝟕𝟑. 𝟓 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟔𝟔 𝒅𝑩
𝐈

total number of channels available

𝟑𝟗𝟓
total number of channels available per cell (K) = 𝟕 = 𝟑𝟗𝟓
per cell (K) = 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟗 ≅ 33
𝟓𝟔. 𝟒𝟑 ≅ 57 Channels/cell Channels/cell
 Con. Solution for Ex.2
b) Discuss the results

N Voice channel /cell 𝐒

( )𝒅𝑩
𝐈

4 99 13.8
7 56 18.66
12 33 23.35
 Example 3

If a total Of 33 MHz Of bandwidth is allocated to a particular FDD

cellular telephone system which uses two 25 kHz simplex channels
to provide full duplex voice and control channels, compute the
number Of channels available per cell if a system uses :

(a) 4-cell reuse (b) 7-cell reuse (c) 12-cell reuse.

 Solution

Channel bandwidth = 25 kHz x 2 simplex channels = 50 kHz-duplex channel

total bandwidth 𝟑𝟑 𝑴𝑯𝒛

Total available channels (S) = = = 660 channels
𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐥 bandwidth 𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑯𝒛
(a) For N = 4
𝟔𝟔𝟎
total number of channels available per cell (K) = = 165 Channels.
𝟒
(b) For N = 7
𝟔𝟔𝟎
total number of channels available per cell (K) = = 95 channels.
𝟕
(c) For N = 12
𝟔𝟔𝟎
total number of channels available per cell (K) = = 55 channels.
𝟏𝟐
 Example 4
Design a cellular network that will cover an area of at least 2800 k𝒎𝟐
The total available voice channels are 300 channel. Design is required
to support at least 100 concurrent calls in each cell. If the co-channel
cell center distance is required to be 9 km, how many base stations
will you need in this network?
 (Solution)
Design a cellular network that will cover an area of at least 2800 k𝒎𝟐
The total available voice channels are 300 channel. Design is required
to support at least 100 concurrent calls in each cell. If the co-channel
cell center distance is required to be 9 km, how many base stations
will you need in this network?

Solution ❑ Cell Area = 𝟑 𝟐𝟑 * 𝑹𝟐 = 23.38 K 𝒎𝟐

S= 300 ,K= 100, D=9 Km ❑ No of Base stations required =
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟎k𝒎𝟐
S=k*N Cell Area
=
23.38 K 𝒎𝟐
= 119.76
≅ 𝟏𝟐𝟎 Base Station
𝑺
N= = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 = 3
𝑲 𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝑫= 𝟑𝑵 ∗R
𝑫
R= = 𝟗 𝑲𝒎 = 𝟑 Km
𝟑𝑵 𝟑∗𝟑
 Example 5

Assume a system of 32 cells with a cell radius of 1.6 km, a total of 32 cells has a
total frequency bandwidth that supports 336 traffic channels, and a reuse factor
of N = 7. If there are 32 total cells.
a) what geographic area is covered ?
b) How many channels are there per cell ?
c) What is the total number of concurrent calls that can be handled?
d) Repeat for a cell radius of 0.8 km and 128 cells.
 Solution
a) what geographic area is covered ?
Cell Area = 𝟑 𝟑 * 𝑹𝟐= 𝟑 𝟑 * (𝟏. 𝟔 𝒌𝒎)𝟐= 𝟐. 𝟓𝟗𝟖 ∗ 𝟐. 𝟓𝟔 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟓 𝒌𝒎𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
Total geographical Area covered = Cell Area * Total number of cells
= 𝟔. 𝟔𝟓 𝒌𝒎𝟐 * 32 = 212.8 ≅ 213 𝒌𝒎𝟐
b) How many channels are there per cell ?

the total no of available channel in cluster (S) = 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒐 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒍𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍* 𝒄𝒍𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒛𝒆
S= K * N
𝑺 𝟑𝟑𝟔
K= = = 48 channel /cell
𝑵 𝟕
c) What is the total number of concurrent calls that can be handled?

total number of concurrent calls that can be handled (system capacity)

= no of channels per cell * total no of cells
= 48*32 = 1536 call
Or
system capacity (C)= M*K*N
M= 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒐 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒔
𝒄𝒍𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒛𝒆
= 32/7 = 4.57143
C= 4.57143* 48 * 7 = 1536 call
 Example 6

consider a cellular system in which total available voice channels to

handle traffic are 1000. The area of each cell is 5k𝒎𝟐 and the total
coverage area of the system is 2500 k𝒎𝟐 calculate :
a) The system capacity if the cluster size N is 4
b) The system capacity if the cluster size N is 7
c) How many times would a cluster of size 4 have to be replicated to
cover the entire cellular system?
d) Does decreasing N increases system capacity ?explain.
 Solution
a) N=4
Area of cluster = N x cell Area= 4 x 5 =20 k𝒎𝟐
Number of clusters for total coverage area( M )= total coverage Area=
𝐜𝐥𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐫 Area
2500 k𝒎 =125 cluster
𝟐

20 k𝒎𝟐
Number of channels per cell( K ) = 𝐒 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎=250 channel /cell
𝐍 𝟒
System capacity (C)= M x S = 125 x 1000=125000 channels
b) N= 7

Area of cluster =7x 5=35 k𝒎𝟐

Number of clusters for total coverage area( M )=2500/35=71.43≅71
Number of channels per cell( K ) = 𝐒 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 =142.8≅143channels/cell
𝐍 𝟕
System capacity=71 x 1000=71000 channels

d) Note: when we decrease N from 7 to 4 we increase system capacity

from 71000 to125000 channels, So decreasing N increases system capacity
 Example 7

Assume a cellular system has the following characteristics: cluster size = 7, uniform
cell size (circular cells), user density = 100 users/sq. Km, allocated frequency
spectrum = 900-949 MHz, bit rate required per user = 10 Kbps uplink and 10 Kbps
downlink, and modulation code rate = 1 bps/Hz.
a) if FDMA/FDD is used.
1- How much bandwidth is available per cell using FDD?
2. How many users per cell can be supported using FDMA?
3. What is the cell area?
4. What is the cell radius assuming circular cells
b) If the available spectrum is divided in to 35 channels and TDMA is employed
within each channel:
1. What is the bandwidth and data rate per channel?
2. How many time slots are needed in a TDMA frame to support the required number of
users?
3. If the TDMA frame is 10ms, how long is each user slot in the frame?
4. How many bits are transmitted in each time slot?
 Solution
A) Using FDMA/FDD

1. How much bandwidth is available per cell using FDD?

Bandwidth is available per cell= frequency spectrum = 49 MHz/7 = 7 MHz/cell
cluster size
7 𝑀𝐻𝑧
Bandwidth is available per cell for FDD = = 3.5 MHz/cell for uplink or downlink
2
2. How many users per cell can be supported using FDMA?
Number of users per cell=Bandwidth is available per cell for FDD = 𝟑.𝟓 𝐌𝐇𝐙
⇒ 350 users/cell
bit rate required per user 10 Kbps
3. What is the cell area?
Number of users per cell 350 users/cell
cell area = user density = 100 users/sq km ⇒ 3.5 Sq km/cell
4. What is the cell radius assuming circular cells

Area for a circular cells= 𝝅𝑹𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟓 Sq km/cell

R= 1.0558 Km
 Solution
B) If the available spectrum is divided in to 35 channels and
TDMA is employed within each channel:
1. What is the bandwidth and data rate per channel?
Channel bandwidth for each channel = Bandwidth isno
available per cell for FDD =
of channels
3.5 MHz/35 = 100 kHz/Channel = 100 kbps

2. How many time slots are needed in a TDMA frame to support the required
number of users?
10 kbps/user ⇒ 10 users/channel
No of time slots= Bandwidth is available for each channels = 100 kbps/10kbps = 10 time
bit rate required per user
slots

3. If the TDMA frame is 10ms, how long is each user slot in the frame?

10 ms/10 = 1ms

4. How many bits are transmitted in each time slot?

1 ms x 100 kbps = 100 b/slot
Thank You