Ansul FA Design Guide

ANSUL ®
Section 4
AutoPulse Design
Using the information gathered from the hazard analysis we As a general rule, clean environments such as computer
can now design the detection and control system. This will rooms, switch gear rooms, telecommunications, and similar
include detector selection and placement, alarm selection areas incorporating clean agent fire suppression systems use
and placement, and control unit selection and placement. smoke detection. Industrial applications such as dip tanks,
lube pits, printing presses, turbine generators, etc.,
DETECTOR SELECTION incorporating CO2 or dry chemical fire suppression systems
Detectors for fire protection systems continuously monitor use rate compensated heat detectors. Petrochemical
their environment and respond to changes caused by a fire. processes and handling, such as loading racks, storage
These environmental changes are referred to as the fire tanks, pumping stations, etc., requiring fast detection
signature and occur during the four stages of fire (see Figure incorporating dry chemical or foam fire suppression systems
4-1). If the fire is to be detected during the first two stages, use flame detection.
incipient and smoldering, smoke detectors would typically be
used. If the fire is to be detected during the flame stage,
flame detectors would be used and heat detectors will
respond to the heat generated by the fourth stage of a fire.
The speed of the fire growth will vary depending on the type
of fuel and environmental conditions.
THE FIRE SIGNATURE

4. HEAT STAGE – UNCONTROLLED HEAT
1. INCIPIENT STAGE – INVISIBLE 2. SMOLDERING STAGE – 3. FLAME STAGE – ACTUAL FIRE AND RAPIDLY EXPANDING AIR NOW
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION COMBUSTION PRODUCTS NOW EXISTS. APPRECIABLE COMPLETE THE DANGEROUS
GIVEN OFF. NO VISIBLE SMOKE, NOW VISIBLE AS SMOKE. HEAT STILL NOT PRESENT, COMBINATION.
FLAME OR APPRECIABLE HEAT FLAME OR APPRECIABLE BUT FOLLOWS ALMOST
YET PRESENT. HEAT STILL NOT INSTANTANEOUSLY.
PRESENT.
MAJOR
HAZARD
MODERATE
HAZARD
LOW
HAZARD
TIME IN MINUTES OR HOURS TIME IN MINUTES OR SECONDS
FIGURE 4-1
004029
4-1
SECTION 4 – DESIGN
DETECTOR SELECTION (Continued) Particle Size in Microns

Any detector selected for fire protection systems must be in RAIN FINE RAIN MIST WOOD SMOKE
compliance with the environment rating for the hazard area.
In addition, the type of detector, or combination of detectors CIGARETTE SMOKE
selected for a project must be determined after a thorough CONCENTRATED

PINE RESIN SMOKE
hazard analysis and consideration of the following: SULPHURIC
ACID MIST
1. ENVIRONMENT CARBON BLACK
The detector selected for the project must meet the rating PIGMENTS
of the environment.
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE FUME
Weather Proof – If the area is to be located outside, the
detector would need to be weather proof and a ZINC-OXIDE SMOKE
GAS
MOLECULES
specification may identify what enclosure rating is
required. The description “Weather Proof” carries little MAGNESIUM-OXIDE SMOKE
meaning without a rating included such as NEMA 4.
CHIMNEY SMOKE
Devices that are rated explosion proof are not necessarily
weather proof.
DUST IN GENERAL FACTORIES
Explosion Proof – In areas near flammable liquids the
detectors may need to be explosion proof or intrinsically DUST IN CLEAN AIR
safe. Again, the specifications should identify any special

POLLEN YELLOW SAND
requirements and should include the rating of the area
such as Division I, Class II, Groups C & D. Keep in mind, BACTERIA VIRUSES
explosion proof devices are not necessarily weather proof
so if a detector is intended for use outside in a hazardous BEAM DETECTOR
area it would need to be both explosion proof and
PHOTOELECTRIC SMOKE DETECTOR
weather proof.
IONIZATION SMOKE DETECTOR
Magnetic Fields – If the detector is to be located in an
area with strong magnetic fields, such as near MRI 1000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
Sweeps or CAT Scan equipment, they should not have P A R T I C L E S V I S I B L E
magnetic reed switches for testing the detector. Most TO NAKED EYE THROUGH THROUGH
smoke detectors incorporate these switches to allow MICROSCOPE ULTRAMICROSCOPE
easy testing of the detection circuit. When exposed to
strong magnetic fields the switch may transfer indicating FIGURE 4-2
an alarm. Smoke detectors without these magnetic reed Flame detectors must be selected according to the radi-
switches are available and may be special order items. ant energy that is emitted from the material that may
EMI/RFI – Areas exposed to electro-magnetic burn. Some materials emit Ultraviolet (UV) light while
interference or radio frequency interference need to be others emit Infrared (IR) light. Figure 4-3 shows the spec-
addressed and detectors properly grounded and trum of a typical flame for a gasoline fire and displays the
shielded. Wiring should be in conduit that is grounded to electromagnetic spectrum used by both UV and IR detec-
reduce the chance of induced signals in the detection tors. The “invisible” Ultraviolet and Infrared light created in
circuit. Adequate clearance must be observed when a gasoline fire is easily “seen” by a flame detector.
detectors are to be located in high voltage areas.
Spectrum of “Typical” Flame (Free-Burning Gasoline)
2. TYPE OF COMBUSTIBLES
0.75
VISIBLE
The response range for each detector should be matched 0.35
with the potential fire signature of the combustible ULTRA-
INFRARED
materials. VIOLET H2O/CO2

C-C
Smoke detectors react to a range of particles of CO2
combustion which could be extremely small or very large.
RELATIVE INTENSITY
The smoke generated from different types of burning C-H

material could be invisible to the naked eye or nearly CO
black. Ionization smoke detectors will typically respond
fastest to the extremely small, invisible products of NO, NO2, N2O
combustion while a photoelectric smoke detector typically

responds quickly to relatively large, black smoke.
Figure 4-2 shows the approximate particle size for
various materials and the relative sensitivity of ionization
and photoelectric smoke detectors to different size 0.1 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 220
WAVELENGTHS IN MICRONS, U
particles.
FIGURE 4-3
4-2
DETECTOR SELECTION (Continued)

False alarms may be caused by non-fire sources such as Flame detectors are considered to have the fastest type
arc welding, lightning, sunlight, radiant heat, X-rays, or jet of detection for flaming fires since the fire signature they
engine exhaust. To reduce the possibility of these respond to is the radiant energy (flames) produced during
unwanted (false) alarms, some flame detectors a fire. This gives a transport time equal to the speed of
incorporate both UV and IR principles, or use dual or light.
triple IR frequency sensors. Occasionally heavy black Heat detectors are generally less prone to false alarms,
smoke produced in a hydrocarbon fire can “blind” a flame but they are also usually slower than other types of
detector which may cause delays in detector response. detectors due partly to thermal lag. The temperature of
Heat detectors respond to the surrounding air the surrounding air will always be higher than the
temperature and do not have to “see” smoke particles or operating temperature of the device itself. This difference
flame. The detector will activate when the heat from a fire between the operating temperature of the device and the
causes the detector to reach a pre-selected temperature actual air temperature is commonly referred to as thermal
or the rate of temperature increase exceeds a pre-set lag and is proportional to the rate at which the
rate. The pre-selected temperature is usually 25 °F to temperature is rising. Both Rate-of-Rise (the fastest heat
125 °F (3.9 °C to 51.7 °C) above the maximum ceiling detector) and Rate Compensated heat detectors have
temperature. Determining the correct ceiling temperature incorporated features to reduce thermal lag.
will improve the responsiveness of the detector. Other fire Fixed-Temperature Heat Detectors will activate when
protection in the area (i.e. sprinklers) that may restrict the the temperature of the internal detection element reaches
heat from reaching the detectors should be considered its rated operating temperature. This means there will be
when selecting heat detectors. a slowing of response time (thermal lag) while the
3. SPEED OF RESPONSE element is heated. Depending on the type of fire (slow or
The time required for a detector to sense the specific fire fast) the surrounding air temperature may be much
signature it is designed to respond to is directly related to higher by the time the detector responds. For example, in
the time it takes the fire signature to reach the detector. a gradually increasing fire a detector rated for 135 °F
This is often referred to as the transport time. The speed (57 °C) will operate when its element reaches 135 °F
at which a fire grows will determine how quickly the fire (57 °C), but the air temperature may increase to 150 °F
signatures are introduced into the atmosphere (see (66 °C) while the element is heated.
Figure 4-4). Rate Compensated Heat Detectors are designed to
respond quicker to a fast temperature increase which
reduces thermal lag. Most rate compensated detectors
are rated for use in hazardous (explosion proof) areas.
This type is commonly used for industrial applications
operating fire suppression systems.
Rate-of-Rise Detectors respond to “changes” in the
temperature with typical ratings of 15 °F (8.4 °C) per
minute. This means the detector will respond if it is
exposed to a temperature increase of 15 °F (8.4 °C) in
FIRE
LOSS one minute, such as going from 75 °F to 90 °F (23.8 °C to
$ 32.2 °C) in one minute, or from 35 °F to 50 °F (1.6 °C to
HEAT
FLAME
10 °C) in one minute. Often rate-of-rise detectors will
SMOKE include a fixed temperature sensor so they can also
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 detect a slow growth fire. Rate-of-rise detectors are more
FIRE PROPAGATION TIME – MINUTES susceptible to unwanted alarms and, for this reason, are
SMOKE DETECTION
NOTE: IN A FAST-GROWING FIRE, SMOKE typically not used with fire suppression systems.
FLAME DETECTION PARTICLES MAY NOT REACH THE
HEAT DETECTION SMOKE DETECTOR BEFORE THE 4. OPERATING TEMPERATURE RANGE
FLAME AND HEAT STAGES BEGIN.
Selected detectors must be capable of performing
FIGURE 4-4 throughout the temperature range of the hazard location.
Smoke detectors will typically respond faster than heat Check the operating temperature range of the detector to
detectors, operating during the incipient stages of a fire be sure it is approved for the anticipated ambient range.
by responding to the particles of combustion (fire Smoke detectors are generally rated to operate in an
signature) being produced. Depending on the fire, ambient temperature range of 32 °F (0 °C) to 120 °F
ionization detectors typically respond quicker than the (48.9 °C).
photoelectric detectors. If there is a slow smoldering fire
that generates cold, or dark smoke with large particles of Flame detectors are available to operate at extreme
combustion the photoelectric detector may respond temperatures, for use outdoors.
faster. (Refer to Figure 4-2.) Heat detectors – Electronic Heat Detectors are generally
rated to operate in an ambient temperature range of
32 °F (0 °C) to 120 °F (48.9 °C).
4-3
DETECTOR SELECTION (Continued) 7. REPLACEMENT COST VS. COST OF DETECTION

Contact Closure Heat Detectors may be used in a wide One other factor to consider when making final detector
range of temperatures. If an area is exposed to rapid selection is the value of the property or items being
changes in temperature, such as next to a door way, protected. If the items or area has a high replacement
Rate-of-Rise detectors may have unwanted alarms. cost, has no back-up operations and would result in
Refer to Table 4-1 for recommended temperature costly down time with lost customers, etc., the initial cost
settings. for a fast responding detection system is easily justified.
TABLE 4-1 Temperature Selection For Thermal Detectors However, if cost of installation is a major factor and the
value of the property is low, a slower responding system
Maximum Ceiling Thermal Detector with lower cost detectors may be acceptable.
Temperature Range Temperature Setting Electronic heat detectors are typically the most cost
°F (° C) °F (° C) effective installation choice. Smoke detectors will be
0 - 100 (–17.7 - 37.7) 140 (66) slightly higher with flame detectors providing the fastest
101 - 120 (38.3 - 48.9) 160 (71) response at the highest cost. If a larger area is to be
121 - 150 (49.4 - 65.6) 190 (87.8) protected the total cost for the type of detector including
151 - 185 (66.1 - 85.0) 225 (107.2) installation should be considered. All detectors have
186 - 285 (85.6 - 140.6) 325 (162.8) spacing limitations according to type of detection and
286 - 410 (141.1 - 210.0) 450 (232) type of alarm or fire suppression system installed. As an
411 - 560 (210.5 - 293.3) 600 (315) example, a single flame detector, which is typically a high
561 - 685 (293.8 - 362.7) 725 (385) cost device, may not be significantly more expensive than
a large quantity of rate compensated heat detectors
5. CLEANLINESS required to cover the same area.
Dust and dirt in the area can have an adverse affect on All of the above factors have been considered in creating the
detectors. Although many detectors will operate when ANSUL recommendations in Table 4-2. This table may be
dirty their response time will be affected. used as a guide for making selections. Each hazardous
Smoke detectors exposed to high levels of dust, dirt, location must have a thorough analysis of all factors affecting
and smoke will either go into alarm when dirty or go to the final design. ANSUL detectors that are available for
sleep, which means they will not recognize a fire selection are listed by type in Table 4-3.
condition. Typically ionization detectors alarm when dirty
and photoelectric detectors go to sleep. To reduce the
chances of unwanted alarms photoelectric detectors are
often used in sub-floor areas.
UV flame detectors covered with oil will become blinded
and not “see” a fire. Large amounts of black smoke will
also blind some flame detectors.
Heat detectors covered with paint or grease will respond
slower than when they are clean.
! CAUTION
Grease may become hardened on heat detectors to

a point where they will be unable to respond to a fire.
A regular maintenance and cleaning schedule is
recommended in areas of potential grease build up.
6. AIR VELOCITY
Certain detectors, such as smoke detectors, can be
affected by air velocity. Determine the air velocity in the
area the detector is to be located and verify that the
detector can be installed in that air velocity.
4-4

TABLE 4-2 ANSUL Recommended Detector Selections
Ion – Ionization Smoke Detector Thermal – Thermal Detector UV – Ultraviolet Flame Detector
Photo – Photoelectric Smoke Detector IR – Infrared Flame Detector
P – Primary Choice S – Secondary Choice N/A – Not Acceptable
__ – Blank spaces indicate a possible selection depending on the hazard analysis.
Photo & UV &
Typical Hazard Ion Photo Thermal Thermal UV IR IR
AISS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
Archive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P P __ __ __ __ __
Art Galleries/Storage . . . . . . . . . . . P P __ __ __ __ __
Bag House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N/A N/A N/A P __ S __
Bank Vaults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
Battery Room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . __ P S S __ __ __
Blast Hole Drills . . . . . . . . . . . . . N/A N/A __ P __ __ __
Cable Floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
Cable Tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
CAD/Drafting Rooms . . . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
Clean Room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P S __ __ S S S
Coating Booth, Liquid . . . . . . . . . . N/A N/A N/A P S S S
Coating Booth, Powder . . . . . . . . . N/A N/A N/A S P P P

Compressor Room . . . . . . . . . . . . __ __ S P __ __ __
Computer Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
Control Cabinets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
Control Room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
Data Processing Rooms . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
Dental X-Rays and Files. . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
Diesel Generator Room. . . . . . . . . . __ __ __ P S S S
Dip Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N/A N/A N/A P S S S

Document Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
EDP Room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
Electric/Electronics Area . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
Emergency Generator . . . . . . . . . . __ __ __ P __ __ __
Engine Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . __ __ __ P S S S
Engine Test Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . __ __ __ S P P P
False Ceiling/Service Plenum . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
Film Storage/Archive . . . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
Fire Pump House . . . . . . . . . . . . . __ __ __ P __ __ __
Flammable Liquid Storage Rooms . . . . N/A __ S P P P P
Flight Simulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
Gas Turbine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . __ __ __ S P S P
Hospital Special Equipment Areas . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
Industrial Fryers . . . . . . . . . . . . . N/A N/A N/A P __ __ __
Instrument Vans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
Instrument/Control Rooms . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P P S __ S S S
Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
Locomotives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N/A N/A N/A P __ __ __
4-5

TABLE 4-2 ANSUL Recommended Detector Selections (Continued)
Ion – Ionization Smoke Detector Thermal – Thermal Detector UV – Ultraviolet Flame Detector
Photo – Photoelectric Smoke Detector IR – Infrared Flame Detector
P – Primary Choice S – Secondary Choice N/A – Not Acceptable
__ – Blank spaces indicate a possible selection depending on the hazard analysis.
Photo & UV &
Typical Hazard Ion Photo Thermal Thermal UV IR IR
Machinery Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . __ __ S P S S S
Magnetic Media Storage . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
Mechanical Switch Gear. . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
Medical Record Storage. . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
Microwave Relay Station . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __

Mobile MRI* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . __ P __ __ __ __ __
Modular Cell Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
MRI/CAT Scan* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . __ P __ __ __ __ __
Museums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P P __ __ __ __ __
Night Depositories . . . . . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
Offshore Platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . __ __ __ S S S P
Paint Mixing Room . . . . . . . . . . . . __ __ __ P S S S

Paint Storage Rooms . . . . . . . . . . . __ __ __ P P P P
Print Room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
Printing Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . __ __ __ P S S S
Process Control Rooms . . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __

Radio/TV Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
Rare Book Rooms. . . . . . . . . . . . . P P __ __ __ __ __
Record Storage Rooms . . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
Research Laboratories . . . . . . . . . . P P S __ S S S
Satellite Link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
Ship Machinery Spaces. . . . . . . . . . __ __ __ P S S S
Solvent Room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N/A __ __ P S S S
Spray Booth, Liquid . . . . . . . . . . . N/A N/A N/A P S S S

Spray Booth, Powder . . . . . . . . . . N/A N/A N/A S P P P
Studio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
Sub-Floors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
Sub-Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
Switch Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
Switch Room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
Telecommunications . . . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
Test Laboratories . . . . . . . . . . . . . P P S __ S S S
Transformer Rooms . . . . . . . . . . . __ S P S __ __ __
Transmitter Room . . . . . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
Turbines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . __ __ __ S P S P
UPS Room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __
Wave Solder Machines . . . . . . . . . N/A N/A N/A P __ __ __
* Detector must not have a magnetic read switch
4-6

TABLE 4-3 ANSUL Detectors Listed By Type
Type Name of Component Sheet

ANSUL Detector Page Number
Ion Ionization FSI-751 3-14.1
Smoke SIJ-24 3-17
Detectors 1451 3-20
Photo Photoelectric FSP-751 3-13
Smoke SLR-24 3-18
Detectors 2451 3-21
Thermal Thermal or FST-751 3-15
Heat FST-751R 3-15
Detectors Vertical Rate Comp. 3-24
Horizontal Rate Comp. 3-25
Photo & Combination FSP-75IT 3-12
Thermal Detectors SLR-24H 3-19
IR Infrared IR 20/20I “Sharp Eye” 3-30
Flame
Detectors
UV & IR Combination
Flame UV-IR 20/20LB “Sharp Eye” 3-29
Detectors
3-1-01 REV. 1
4-7
DETECTOR PLACEMENT BASED ON 250 SQ. FT. PER DETECTOR
To ensure a detector will provide the response expected, it 10.0

must be placed in an area that allows the fire signature to 12.0
reach the sensor in the time required. The rated spacing for
14.0
detectors has been determined by test for use in fire alarm
systems that notify the occupants of a fire so they can 15.8
evacuate the area and call the fire department. When
15.8
detectors are used to operate fire suppression systems the
response time should be shorter which requires reduced
20.0
18.9
17.4
detector spacing.
Smoke and Heat Detectors A A
Rated spacing for smoke and heat detectors is based on the B B

measurements of a perfect square (linear spacing) and the
C C
area of that square. If a detector is rated by “area coverage”
rather than “spacing,” the spacing can be determined by D D
taking the square root of the “area coverage.”
LISTED SPACING = 15.8 FT. X 15.8 FT. = 250 SQ. FT.; DIAGONAL DIMENSION = 22.4 FT.
The quantity and location of smoke and heat detectors must RECTANGLE A = 15.8 FT. X 15.8 FT. = 250 SQ. FT.; DIAGONAL DIMENSION = 22.4 FT.
RECTANGLE B = 17.4 FT. X 14.0 FT. = 244 SQ. FT.; DIAGONAL DIMENSION = 22.4 FT.
be determined based on the linear spacing. The area of most RECTANGLE C = 18.9 FT. X 12.0 FT. = 227 SQ. FT.; DIAGONAL DIMENSION = 22.4 FT.
protected spaces is not in increments of the actual square RECTANGLE D = 20.0 FT. X 10.0 FT. = 200 SQ. FT.; DIAGONAL DIMENSION = 22.4 FT.
foot coverage for detectors. If the hazard area divided by the
FIGURE 4-6
detector’s listed area coverage is used to calculate the 006034
quantity, there may not be enough detectors to properly
To determine the correct spacing and minimum number of
protect the area (see note at end of example problem on
detectors for a hazard area with a smooth ceiling and a
page 4-9). The only time this method should be used is when
maximum height of 10 ft. (3048 mm) perform the following
the room length and width are in increments that match the
steps.
actual listed spacing.
To maintain proper coverage NFPA allows the detector cov- ! CAUTION
erage, and related spacing, to take advantage of the fact that
actual spot type detector coverage is not a square, but a cir- Listed spacing for detectors must be reduced for
cle. Therefore, the practical description of the detectors linear automatic fire suppression systems, sloped ceilings,
limitation is a radius extending out from the detector. This beams, joists, air flow, etc. The percent of reduction must
radius is approximately 0.7 times the spacing, which is the be determined before spacing calculations are performed.
distance from the detector to the corner of the perfect square (See Restrictions starting on page 4-10.)
(see Figure 4-5). Since the radius is the actual limit, the spac-
ing can be extended in one direction if reduced in the other 1. Determine the Number of Rows by dividing the room
while keeping the diagonal dimension (corner to opposite length by the listed spacing. Round up all fractions to the
corner) equal to or less than twice the radius (see Figure 4- next whole number.
6). Although the square foot coverage of the detector is 2. Find the Actual Row Spacing by dividing the room length
reduced the sensitivity level of the detector is maintained by the Number of Rows (from step 1). (The row spacing
while offering variable length and width dimensions. will be equal to or less than the rated spacing.)
B
A C 3. Calculate the Maximum Spacing between detectors for
each row using the Actual Row Spacing (from step 2)
and the detector radius in the following formula:
_________________________
Maximum Spacing = √(2 x radius)2 - (Row Spacing)2
C A
0.7 X SPACING
(The result will be equal to or greater than the rated
spacing.)
B B
4. Determine the Number of Detectors per Row by dividing
A C the room width by the Maximum Spacing (from step 3).
All fractions must be rounded up to the next whole
number.
5. Find the Actual Spacing per Row by dividing the room
width by the Number of Detectors (from step 4).
C A
B
A DETECTOR WILL COVER ANY SQUARE LAID OUT IN THE CONFINES OF A CIRCLE
WHOSE RADIUS IS 0.7 TIMES THE LISTED SPACING. IF THE SQUARE IS 30 FT. X 30 FT.
(9.1 m X 9.1 m) THE RADIUS WILL BE 0.7 X 30 = 21 FT. (0.7 X 9.1 = 6.4 m).
FIGURE 4-5
3-1-01 REV. 1
4-8
DETECTOR PLACEMENT (Continued)

7. Repeat steps 1 through 6 switching the length
Smoke and Heat Detectors (Continued)
and width dimensions.
6. Find the Total Number of Detectors by multiplying the
(1) 75 ft. ÷ 30 ft. = 3 rows (2.5 rounded up)
Number of Rows (from step 1) by the Number of
Detectors per Row (from step 4). (2) 75 ft. ÷ 3 = 25 ft. (7.62 m)
_________________
Note: The minimum number of detectors required may (3) √(2 x 21 ft.)2 - (25 ft.)2 = 33.75 ft. (10.29 m)
be less than calculated in Steps 1 through 6.
(4) 230 ft. ÷ 33.75 ft. = 7 detectors per row
Continue with step 7 to determine an alternate
(6.8 rounded up)
quantity of detectors.
(5) 230 ft. ÷ 7 = 32.9 ft. (10 m)
7. Calculate for an alternate Total Number of Detectors by
repeating steps 1–6 substituting room width for room (6) Total Number of Detectors = 3 x 7 = 21 detectors
length and room length for room width. 230 FT.
(70.1 m)
8. Select the smaller number of detectors determined in ROWS
steps 6 and 7 as the minimum detector quantity required.
Place the detectors in the center of the “actual spacing” 1
as calculated in steps 2 and 5 for the number of detectors
selected. 75 FT. 2
(22.9 m)
The following example is for a Fire Alarm System only. Listed
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3
spacing must be reduced for fire suppression systems.
Room length = 230 ft. (70.1 m) 7 DETECTORS PER ROW
25 FT.
32.9 FT. (7.6 m)
Room width = 75 ft. (22.9 m) (10 m)
Listed spacing of smoke detector FIGURE 4-8

for a Fire Alarm system = 30 ft. x 30 ft. (9.1 m x 9.1 m) 8. Comparing the number of detectors in step 6 with
Radius = 21 ft. (6.4 m) step 7 the minimum number of detectors required
is 21 (step 7). Place the detector in the center of
Step No. Calculations
the actual spacing which is 25 ft. x 32.9 ft. (7.6 m x
1. Number of Rows = 230 ft. ÷ 30 ft. 10 m) (from step 7, sub steps (2) and (5)).
= 8 rows (7.6 rounded up)
230 FT.
2. Actual Row Spacing = 230 ft. ÷ 8 rows (70.1 m)
= 28.75 ft. (8.76 m)
___________________
3. Maximum Spacing = √(2 x 21 ft.)2 - (28.75 ft.)2 D D D D D D D
= 30.6 ft. (9.33 m)
75 FT. D D D D D D D
4. Number of Detectors per Row = 75 ft. ÷ 30.6 ft. (22.9 m)
= 3 detectors per row (2.4 rounded up)
D D D D D D D
5. Actual Spacing per Row = 75 ft. ÷ 3
= 25 ft. (7.6 m) D = DETECTOR
25 FT.
32.9 FT. (7.6 m)
6. Total Number of Detectors = 8 x 3 (10 m)
= 24 detectors
FIGURE 4-9
230 FT.
(70.1 m) Note: If the area coverage had been used to determine the
number of detectors (as shown below) there would not
3 be enough detectors to properly protect the room. Area
DET.
1
PER coverage may only be used when the room measure-
ROW
ments are in increments that match the actual listed
75 FT. 2
(22.9 m)
spacing of the detector (other restrictions may apply).
3
230 ft. x 75 ft. = 17,250 sq. ft. (area of room)
30 ft. x 30 ft. = 900 sq. ft. (area of detector)
ROWS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 25 FT. 17,250 sq. ft ÷ 900 sq. ft = 20 detectors
(7.6 m)
28.75 FT. (19.2 rounded up)
(8.76 m)
The minimum number of detectors required to properly
FIGURE 4-7 protect the room is 21 as determined in step 8. The 24
detectors from step six is a surplus number adding to
the cost of the system, and the 20 detectors from the
area coverage calculation would not be enough.
4-9
RESTRICTIONS FOR HEAT DETECTOR SPACING

SPOT TYPE HEAT DETECTOR SPACING (BASED ON NFPA 72, 1996)
SPOT TYPE HEAT

DETECTOR
SPACING
CEILING
NO SLOPE JOIST/BEAM YES
LEVEL GREATER THAN GREATER THAN
CEILING 1 1/2 IN. (38 mm) 4 IN. (102 mm)
SPACING PER FOOT DEEP
(305 mm)
NO
YES
YES JOIST/BEAM
SLOPED CEILING – GREATER THAN
DETECTORS 3 FT. (914 mm)
NO
LOCATED AT OR SOLID GIRDER ON
WITHIN 3 FT. CENTER
CONSTRUCTION
(914 mm) OF THE
HIGHEST POINT.
SPACING BASED
ON HORIZONTAL
PROJECTION YES NO
JOIST
CONSTRUCTION
IF CEILING IS TOP OF
NO GIRDER TO
NOT ACTUALLY
LEVEL, USE SLOPE NO USE AVERAGE CEILING 4 IN.
MAXIMUM LESS THAN HEIGHT AS (102 mm) OR
HEIGHT AS 30° (REFER TO CEILING HEIGHT LESS
CEILING PAGE 4-14)
SMOOTH CEILING
HEIGHT
SPACING
YES
PARALLEL TO THE
JOISTS AND 1/2
YES SMOOTH CEILING
SPACING
GIRDER IS
PERPENDICULAR
CONSIDERED
TO THE JOISTS
USE HEIGHT AT EQUAL TO BEAM
PEAK FOR CONSTRUCTION
CEILING HEIGHT
END
CEILING
HEIGHT NO LISTED
GREATER THAN SPACING SMOOTH
10 FT. APPLIES CEILING
(3048 mm) SPACING
BEAM
YES CONSTRUCTION
END
REDUCE SPACING
PER TABLE 4-4 ON
PAGE 4-12
SMOOTH CEILING
SPACING
PARALLEL TO THE
BEAMS AND 2/3
SMOOTH CEILING
SPACING
PERPENDICULAR
TO THE BEAMS
CONTINUED ON
NEXT PAGE
FIGURE 4-10
4-10
RESTRICTIONS FOR HEAT DETECTOR SPACING (Continued)
FROM PREVIOUS
PAGE NFPA 72 1996
NFPA 72 1996
NFPA 72 1996 BODY
APPENDIX A
BEAM
GREATER RATIO
THAN 18 IN. OF BEAM DEPTH
NO NO
(457 mm) DEEP AND (D) TO CEILING
GREATER THAN 8 HEIGHT (H)
FT. (2438 mm) ON GREATER THAN
CENTER 0.10 (D/H)
YES
YES
EACH BAY
FORMED BY THE
BEAMS SHALL BE RATIO
TREATED AS A OF BEAM
SEPARATE AREA SPACING (W) TO NO
CEILING HEIGHT
(H) GREATER
THAN 0.40
(W/H)
YES
EACH BAY
FORMED BY THE INSTALL HEAT
BEAMS SHALL BE DETECTOR ON
TREATED AS A BOTTOM OF BEAM
SEPARATE AREA
AFTER REVIEW OF BOTH

NFPA BODY AND APPENDIX A
REQUIREMENTS, THE RESULT
REQUIRING THE MOST
DETECTORS SHOULD
BE USED
END
4-11
RESTRICTIONS FOR HEAT DETECTOR SPACING For example, to install detectors in a room with a 20 ft.
(6.1 m) ceiling the listed spacing should be reduced by 64%.
(Continued)
If the listed spacing is 30 ft. x 30 ft. (9.14 m x 9.14 m) the
Ceiling Height – As the heat from a fire rises it cools, which reduced dimensions would be 64% of 30 ft. (9.14 m) which
reduces the reaction time of a heat detector. In order to equals 19.2 ft. x 19.2 ft. (5.8 m x 5.8 m).
maintain the same reaction time the detector spacing must
When using detectors to operate fire suppression systems,
be reduced for ceilings higher than 10 ft. (3048 mm). The
the percent reduction is smaller since the actual spacing has
reductions in NFPA 72 for high ceilings (see Table 4-4) is
already been reduced (see Table 4-5 and Figure 4-11). The
based on a percentage of the listed spacing.
resulting spacing must not exceed the reduction from the
TABLE 4-4 NFPA Heat Detector – Linear Spacing listed spacing.
Reductions
TABLE 4-5 ANSUL Linear Spacing Reductions For Fire
Ceiling Height Percent of Suppression Systems
feet (m) Listed Spacing
Ceiling Distance Area
Up to (Up to)
Height Spacing to Wall Coverage
10 (3.05) 100
feet (m) feet (m) feet (m) sq. ft. (m2)
12 (3.66) 91
14 (4.27) 84 Up to
16 (4.88) 77 14 (4.2) 15 x 15 (4.6 x 4.6) 7.5 (2.3) 225 (20.9)
18 (5.49) 71 20 (6.1) 13 x 13 (3.9 x 3.9) 6.5 (2.0) 169 (15.7)
20 (6.10) 64 24 (7.3) 11 x 11 (3.4 x 3.4) 5.5 (1.6) 121 (11.2)
22 (6.71) 58 28 (8.5) 9x9 (2.7 x 2.7) 4.5 (1.4) 81 (7.5)
24 (7.32) 52 30 (9.1) 8.5 x 8.5 (2.6 x 2.6) 4.25 (1.3) 72.25 (6.7)
26 (7.92) 46
28 (8.53) 40
30 (9.14) 34
HEAT DETECTOR HIGH CEILING SPACING

50.00 FT.
45.00 FT.
40.00 FT.
35.00 FT.
30.00 FT.
SPACING
50 FT. SPACING
25.00 FT.
25 FT. SPACING
15 FT. SPACING
20.00 FT.
15.00 FT.
15 X 15
13 X 13
10.00 FT. 11 X 11
9X9
8.5 X 8.5
5.00 FT.
0.00 FT.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET

FOR METRIC MEASUREMENTS 1 FT. = 0.3048 m
FIGURE 4-11
4-12

For example: If H = 12 ft., D = 18 in., and W = 6 ft., then the
ratio of D/H is 0.125 (greater than 0.10) and the ratio of W/H
(Continued)
is 0.5 (greater than 0.40). Therefore the detectors should be
Joists/Beams – Solid joists and beams will trap the heat placed in the pockets formed by the beams.
rising from a fire and keep it from reaching a detector.
If either the ratio of beam depth to ceiling height (D/H) is less
Therefore, the listed spacing measured at right angles to the
than 0.10 or the ratio of beam spacing to ceiling height (W/H)
solid joists (depth greater than 4 in. (102 mm) with spacing of
is less than 0.40, heat detectors should be installed on the
3 feet ( 914 mm) or less) shall not exceed 50% of the smooth
bottom of the beams.
ceiling spacing.
For example: If H = 12 ft., D = 18 in., and W = 3 ft., then the
For beams not exceeding 4 in. (102 mm) in depth, the
ratio of D/H is 0.125 (greater than 0.10) and the ratio of W/H
spacing is unchanged. For beams greater than 4 in. (102
is 0.25 (less than 0.40). Therefore detectors should be placed
mm) deep, the spacing at right angles to the beams shall not
on the bottom of the beams. If the dimensions are H = 12 ft.,
exceed two-thirds (66%) of the smooth ceiling spacing. If the
D = 10 in., and W = 6 ft., then the ratio of D/H is 0.07 (less
beams are more than 18 in. (457 mm) deep and more than 8
than 0.10) and the ratio of W/H is 0.5 (greater than 0.40). The
ft. (2438 mm) on center, each bay formed by the beams shall
detectors should be placed on the bottom of the beams.
be treated as a separate area (see Figure 4-12).
Ceiling Construction – If the ceiling is peaked, a row of
detectors shall be spaced at, or within 3 ft. (914 mm) of the
OVER 4 IN. (102 mm) –
SPACING AT RIGHT ANGLES peak (see Figure 4-14). The spacing of detectors at right
MAXIMUM 4 IN. SHALL NOT EXCEED 2/3 OF angles to the peak shall be based on the horizontal projection
(102 mm) – SMOOTH CEILING SPACE 18 IN.
SPACING (457 mm) of the ceiling (see Figure 4-15).
REMAINS THE
SAME
OVER 18 IN. (457 mm) AND

GREATER THAN 8 FT. (2438 mm) 3 FT. 3 FT.
ON CENTER – TREAT EACH BAY (914 mm) (914 mm)
AS A SEPARATE AREA
FIGURE 4-12
PLACE DETECTOR AT PEAK OR WITHIN 3 FT. (914 mm)
If solid girders are used to support the joists or beams, they
might interfere with heat transport to the detector. If the girder FIGURE 4-14
is solid and the distance from the top of the girder is 4 in.
(102 mm) or less to the ceiling, it should be considered a INCORRECT: PARALLEL
beam and the heat detector spacing adjusted accordingly. PROJECTION OF THE
CEILING – DO NOT USE.
15 .57
The ceiling height where beams are located will also affect
(4
FT m
. )
the detector placement. If the ratio of beam depth (D) to
ceiling height (H) (D/H) is greater than 0.10 and the ratio of
beam spacing (W) to ceiling height (H) (W/H) is greater than
0.40, heat detectors should be located in each beam pocket 10 FT.
(3.05 m)
(see Figure 4-13).
CORRECT: HORIZONTAL PROJECTION OF THE
CEILING. USE FOR SPACING DETECTORS.
FIGURE 4-15
FIGURE 4-13
4-13

For ceilings with a slope of less than 30 degrees, all detectors
shall be spaced using the height at the peak. For ceilings
(Continued)
having a slope greater than 30 degrees, the average slope
Ceiling Construction (Continued) height shall be used to determine spacing for all detectors
Sloped ceilings having a rise greater than 1 ft. (305 mm) in other than those located in the peak (see Figure 4-18).
8 ft. (2438 mm) horizontally (see Figure 4-16) shall have a
row of detectors located on the ceiling within 3 ft. (914 mm) of
the high side (refer to Figure 4-17). The spacing of the
detectors at right angles to the first row shall be based on the
horizontal projection of the ceiling. 4 FT. 7 1/2 IN.
(1410 mm)
1 FT. IN 8 FT.
1 FT.
(305 mm IN 2438 mm)
(305 mm) 30°
8 FT.
(2438 mm)
1 1/2 IN. IN 1 FT. 8 FT.
(38 mm IN 305 mm) (2438 mm)
12 IN.
(305 mm)
1 1/2 IN. 12 IN.
(38 mm) (305 mm)
7 IN.
FIGURE 4-16 (177 mm)
ROW OF DETECTORS ON HIGH SIDE

}
FIGURE 4-18
3 FT.
(914 mm)
SLOPED CEILING – GREATER THAN

1 FT. (305 mm) IN 8 FT. (2438 mm)
FIGURE 4-17
4-14

RESTRICTIONS FOR SMOKE DETECTOR SPACING
SPOT TYPE SMOKE DETECTOR SPACING (BASED ON NFPA 72, 1996)
SPOT TYPE
SMOKE
DETECTOR
SPACING
CEILING
SLOPE GREATER NO
THAN 1 1/2 IN.
PER FOOT (1 IN.
RISE IN 8 FT.)
JOIST/
BEAM NO
SOLID GIRDER NO
GREATER
THAN 4 IN. CONSTRUCTION YES
(102mm)
DEEP
SLOPED CEILING –
DETECTORS LOCATED
AT OR WITHIN 3 FT.
USE SMOOTH (914 mm) OF HIGHEST
YES
CEILING POINT SPACING
YES
SPACING BASED ON
HORIZONTAL
PROJECTION
TOP OF
GIRDER TO NO
CEILING 4 IN. CEILING
(102 mm) OR HEIGHT IS THE
LESS AVERAGE
HEIGHT OVER
THE SLOPE
YES
YES
JOIST/
GIRDER IS BEAM
CONSIDERED NO
RUNNING
EQUAL TO BEAM
CONSTRUCTION PARALLEL
(UP) THE
SLOPE
YES
CEILILNG DETECTORS
LOCATED ON
HEIGHT 12 FT. NO SLOPE
CEILING IN SPACING FOR
(3658 mm) OR EVERY BEAM GREATER NO
LESS AND BEAM FLAT (LEVEL)
POCKET. USE THAN 10°
DEPTH 12 IN. BEAMED
SMOOTH (REFER TO
(305 mm) OR CEILING CEILINGS
PAGE 4-17)
LESS SPACING.
YES YES
DETECTORS MAY BE END

SMOOTH CEILING LOCATED AT 1/2 THE
SPACING PARALLEL SPACING FROM THE
TO THE BEAMS AND LOW END CAN BE
1/2 SMOOTH CEILING OMITTED. SPACING
SPACING MEASURED
PERPENDICULAR HORIZONTALLY.
TO THE BEAMS
APPENDIX A
DETECTORS SPACING PARALLEL
MAY BE TO THE BEAM CAN
LOCATED BE TWICE SMOOTH
EITHER ON THE CEILING SPACING
BEAM OR ON
THE CEILING
END
FIGURE 4-19
4-15

RESTRICTIONS FOR SMOKE DETECTOR SPACING For ceilings heights 12 ft. (3658 mm) or less AND beam
(Continued) depths of 1 ft. (305 mm) or less smooth ceiling spacing can
Spot type smoke detectors shall be located on the ceiling not be used in the direction parallel to the run of the joists/beams,
less than 4 in. (102 mm) from a sidewall to the near edge or, if however, the spacing perpendicular to the run of the
on a sidewall between 4 in. (102 mm) and 12 in. (306 mm) down joists/beams must be reduced to 1/2 the smooth ceiling
from the ceiling to the top of the detector (see Figure 4-20). spacing. Detectors can be mounted either on the bottom of
4 IN. (102 mm) the joist/beam or on the ceiling (see Figure 4-21).
1/2 PERPENDICULAR SPACING
CEILING
4 IN.
BEST HERE
(102 mm)
NEVER HERE
12 IN.
ACCEPTABLE (305 mm)
HERE (BUT NOT LESS LESS THAN
RECOMMENDED) THAN AND 12 IN. (305 mm)
12 FT.
(3658 mm)
SIDE WALL
FIGURE 4-20
Stratification – As air containing smoke particles rises it
cools. When the temperature of this air equals the
DETECTORS LOCATED EITHER ON CEILING OR BOTTOM OF BEAM
surrounding air temperature the smoke stops rising causing
stratification and the smoke does not reach the detector. This FIGURE 4-21
condition is more likely to occur in rooms with tall ceilings. If If the beam depth exceeds 1 ft. ( 305 mm) OR the ceiling is
stratification is a possibility a portion of the detectors should greater than 12 ft. (3658 mm) high, detectors shall be located
be installed a minimum of 3 ft. (914 mm) below the ceiling. on the ceiling in each pocket (see Figure 4-22).
Projected beam detectors may prove to be more appropriate
in areas where stratification may occur. When using
projected beam smoke detectors, a single detector is
considered a row of spot type smoke detectors when
determining spacing.
Ceiling Construction – If the ceiling is peaked, a row of
GREATER GREATER THAN
detectors shall be spaced at, or within 3 ft. (914 mm) of the THAN OR 12 IN. (305 mm)
peak. The spacing of the detectors at right angles to the peak 12 FT.
(3658 mm)
shall be based on the horizontal projection of the ceiling.
Refer to Figures 4-14 and 4-15.
Sloped ceilings having a rise greater than 1 ft. (305 mm) in
8 ft. (2438 mm) horizontally shall have a row of detectors
located on the ceiling within 3 ft. (914 mm) of the high side.
Refer to Figures 4-16 and 4-17. The spacing of the detectors
at right angles to the first row shall be based on the horizontal FIGURE 4-22
projection of the ceiling.
Joists/Beams on Level Ceilings – As the smoke rises, it
becomes trapped in the space created by solid joists and
beams. Joists and beams with depths less than 4 in.
(102 mm) are not considered an obstruction and the ceiling
can be considered smooth.
If solid girders are used to support the joists or beam, they
might interfere with smoke transport to the detector. If the
girder is solid and the distance from the top of the girder is
4 in. (104 mm) or less to the ceiling, it should be considered a
beam and the smoke detector spacing adjusted accordingly.
4-16

RESTRICTIONS FOR SMOKE DETECTOR SPACING The following example, using a level ceiling room 100 ft. x 75
(Continued) ft. x 10 ft. high (30.1 m x 22.9 m x 3.05 mm) for an
Joists/Beams on Sloped Ceilings – Joists and beams with INERGEN® application, demonstrates the restrictions for
depths less than 4 in. (102 mm) are not considered an Joists and Beams:
obstruction and the ceiling can be considered smooth. 1. The 18 in. (457 mm) deep beams (see Figure 4-25) will
If the joists/beams greater than 4 in. (102 mm) deep are require that each bay be treated as a separate area.
running parallel to (up) the slope (see Figure 4-23), the
75 FT.
spacing for the level beamed ceilings shall be used. The (22.9 m)
ceiling height shall be taken as the average over the slope. If
the slope is greater than 10 degrees*, the detectors located
half the spacing from the low end can be omitted. Spacing is
measured horizontally not parallel to the slope. 18 IN.
(457 mm)
100 FT.
*NOTE: 10 degrees = 1 ft. 5 in. rise in 8 ft., or 2 1/8 in. rise BEAMS
(30.5 m)
per foot (432 mm rise in 2438 mm, or 54 mm rise in
305 mm)
FIGURE 4-25
2. Since the cross-joists are 10 in. (254 mm) deep (see
Figure 4-26), the normal detector spacing perpendicular
to the beams will be reduced by 1/2 and the detectors will
be located either on the ceiling or on the bottom of the
joist .
10 IN.
(254 mm)
JOIST
2 FT.
(610 mm)
PARALLEL TO THE SLOPE
FIGURE 4-23
If the joist/beams greater than 4 in. (102 mm) deep are
running perpendicular to (across) the slope (see Figure 4-24),
the spacing for the level beamed ceilings shall be used. The
ceiling height shall be taken as the average over the slope
FIGURE 4-26
3. For INERGEN fire suppression systems, the typical area
coverage for a single smoke detector is 250 sq. ft. (23.2
m2). Taking the square root of the area coverage the
spacing will be 15.8 ft. (4.82 m).
15.8 FT.
(4.82 m)
250 FT.2
(23.2 m2)
15.8 FT.
(4.82 m)
11.1 FT.
(3.38 m)
PERPENDICULAR TO THE SLOPE
FIGURE 4-24
FIGURE 4-27
4. The effective radius of the detector is 0.7 times the
spacing per NFPA 72. This results in an 11.1 ft. (3.38 m)
radius for the detector.
4-17

RESTRICTIONS FOR SMOKE DETECTOR SPACING Room Partitions – The detector spacing must be reduced
(Continued) when the top of a room partition is closer than 18 in. (457
5. Since the bay is 25 ft. (7.62 m) wide, two rows of mm) to the ceiling. Room partitions that are lower than 18 in.
detectors will be used. This results in a spacing running (457 mm) from the ceiling do not interfere with the travel of
parallel to the joists of 12.5 ft. (3.81 m). smoke and do not affect detector spacing (see Figure 4-30).
6. With each detector having a width of 12.5 ft. (3.81 m) and
a radius of 11.1 ft. (3.38 m), the resulting spacing, before
reduction, running perpendicular to the beams is 18.3 ft.
(5.58 m). (Using the formula in step 3 on page 4-8.)
12.5 FT.
(3.81 m)
11.1 FT.
(3.38 m)
15.8 FT. 18.3 FT.

(4.82 m) (5.58 m)
> 18 IN. OK; < 18 IN. REDUCE SPACING
11.1 FT. FIGURE 4-30

(3.38 m)
Air Flow/Ventilation – In spaces served by air-handling
systems, detectors shall not be located where air from supply
15.8 FT.
(4.82 m) diffusers could dilute smoke before it reaches the detectors.
FIGURE 4-28 Spot type smoke detectors should not be located closer than
3 ft. (914 mm) from any air supply diffuser and should not be
7. Reducing this spacing by 1/2 results in an acceptable located in the direct air stream (see Figure 4-31).
spacing of 9.15 ft. (2.79 m) perpendicular to the joist. SUPPLY AIR 3 FT.
(914 mm) DETECTOR
AIR CONDITIONING
DIFFUSER
18.3 FT.
9.15 FT. (5.58 m)
(2.79 m)
12.5 FT. CORRECT

(3.81 m)
FIGURE 4-31
FIGURE 4-29
If the hazard area has a perforated ceiling, the ceiling should
8. With a 100 ft. (31.1 m) length in the bay and 9.15. ft. be sealed for a 1.5 ft. (0.46 m) radius or 9 sq. ft. (0.84 m2)
(2.79 m) detector spacing, we will need 11 detectors per around the detector. This seal will minimize the air blanket
row (100 ÷ 9.15) and two rows per bay for a total of a 66 effect, yet have little or no effect on the normal air distribution
detectors. within the hazard (see Figure 4-32).
SEALED AREA
AIR
MOVEMENT
BLANKET EFFECT SOLUTION
FIGURE 4-32
4-18
DETECTOR AREA VS. AIR CHANGES PER HOUR

FOR METRIC CONVERSIONS: 1 SQ. FT. = 0.0929 m2
RESTRICTIONS FOR SMOKE DETECTOR SPACING 900
(Continued)
When return air openings are present detectors should be 800
located to intercept the air flow (see Figure 4-33). However,

700
SQUARE FEET PER DETECTOR

consideration should be given to the increased exposure to
air born dust and the need for more frequent cleaning. It is 600
not acceptable to place detectors only near air returns, these
detectors may be in addition to the detectors required based 500
on spacing considerations.
RETURN AIR 400
DETECTOR
300
AIR
CONDITIONING
GRILL 200
100
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
AIR CHANGES PER HOUR
FIGURE 4-34
DETECTOR AREA VS. MINUTES PER AIR CHARGE
FOR METRIC CONVERSIONS: 1 SQ. FT. = 0.0929 m2
CORRECT
900
FIGURE 4-33
800
In areas with high air flow, including subfloors, the detector
SQUARE FEET PER DETECTOR
700
spacing should be reduced. The reduction in spacing is
based on the number of air changes per hour or the minutes 600
per air change. If the CFM (cubic feet per minute) is known
500
the minutes per air change can be calculated using the
following formula: 400
Minutes/AC = Hazard Volume ÷ CFM 300

(Metric formula: Minutes/AC = Hazard Volume ÷ m3/minute)
200
Refer to Table 4-6, and Figures 4-34 and 4-35 for area
100
coverage reductions relating to air changes. (The spacing in
Table 4-6 is calculated as the square root of the area
coverage.) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MINUTES/AIR CHANGE
TABLE 4-6 Area Coverage Reductions Per Air Changes
FIGURE 4-35
Minutes per Air Changes Sq. Ft. Area Spacing
Subfloors – Subfloors typically have high air movement
Air Change per Hour per Detector in feet
which should be taken into consideration when determining
1 60 125 11.18 detector spacing. Detectors should be installed horizontally
2 30 250 15.81 facing down directly under the drop in floor tile or vertically
3 20 375 19.36 mounted to a floor support. Detectors must not be installed
4 15 500 22.36 horizontally on the bottom of the subfloor facing up (see
5 12 625 25 Figure 4-36).
6 10 750 27.38
RAISED FLOOR RAISED FLOOR
7 8.6 875 29.58
8 7.5 900* 30*
9 6.7 900* 30*
10 6 900* 30*
RECOMMENDED FLOOR ACCEPTABLE FLOOR
For metric measurements 1 sq. ft. = 0.0929 m2 and 1 ft. = 0.3048 m RAISED FLOOR
* Standard detector rating should not be exceeded
FLOOR
UNACCEPTABLE
FIGURE 4-36
4-19

Each flame detector has a cone of vision. This cone defines
Flame Detectors
the angular displacement away from the optical axis. A cone
Spacing and placement of flame detectors is based on the of vision of 90 degrees means the detector can see 45° from
detector’s range, cone of vision and sensitivity versus angular each side of its optical axis (see Figure 4-38).
displacement curve. Flame detectors are “Line Of Sight”
devices which means the sensing element must “see” the fire
LINE OF SIGHT
to detect it. In addition, the detector has different response
OPTICAL AXIS
levels depending on the type of fuel it is monitoring.
The range for a flame detector is determined by testing and is
typically the distance on the optical axis of the detector to a 45°
one square foot gasoline fire that will cause the detector to
respond. If the potential fire will be larger or smaller than one
square foot the range could be increased or decreased
90° CONE
accordingly. The new distance to maintain the listed OF VISION
sensitivity can be closely approximated by using the following
formula: FIGURE 4-38
________________
New
Distance =
New
Fire ÷
Size
√
Rated
Fire
Size
x Rated
Distance
The sensitivity of the detector is typically reduced as the
angular displacement increases from the optical axis. In other
words a specific size fire viewed on the optical axis will be
If the distance is known the minimum detectable fire size can detected at a greater distance than if the same size fire were
be closely approximated by rearranging the previous formula 45° off the optical axis. Each detector has a curve that relates
as shown: the angular displacement to the reduction in sensitivity. As
the angular displacement increases from the optical axis the
New Rated
Fire =
Size ( New
Distance
÷
Rated
Distance ) 2
x Fire
Size
curve intersects a line indicating the percentage of reduction
of range. Figure 4-39 is the curve for a detector with a range
of 50 ft. (15.2 m) based on a one square foot (0.093 m2)
gasoline fire. At 30° off the optical axis (note x in Figure 4-39)
Figure 4-37 shows the relationship between fire size and the
maximum distance a flame detector should be located. For the maximum distance for detection of a one square foot
example, using the formulas a detector with a range of 50 ft. (0.093 m2) gasoline fire is 65% of the 50 ft. (15.2 m) range or
(15.2 m) to detect a one square foot (0.093 m2) gasoline fire 32.5 ft. (9.9 m). Refer to Figure 4-40.
(NORMAL)
will detect a two square foot (0.186 m2) gasoline fire at 70.7 0 ANGLE OF
15 INCIDENCE WITH
ft. (21.5 m); a 0.5 sq. ft. (0.046 m2) fire at 35.4 ft. (10.8 m); 15
RADIANT POWER
30 30
and a 9 sq. ft. (0.836 m2) fire at 150 ft. (45.7 m) CONSTANT
45 45
16
15
60 60
14
13
12
11 1.0 .75 .50 .25 .25 .50 .65 .75 1.0

DISTANCE FROM DETECTOR
10 SENSITIVITY VS. ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT
FIRE SIZE IN SQ. FT.
9
DISTANCE/SIZE CRITERIA FIGURE 4-39
8 FOR APPLICATION SHOULD 1 SQ. FT. FIRE
FALL IN SHADED AREA
7
6 1 SQ. FT.
FIRE
5
3 50 FT.
30° (15.2 m)
2
1 32.5 FT.
(9.9 m)
1X 2X 3X 4X
DISTANCE BETWEEN DETECTOR AND FIRE
X = RATED DISTANCE OF DETECTOR
FOR METRIC CONVERSIONS 1 SQ. FT. = 0.0929 m2
FIGURE 4-37 FIGURE 4-40
4-20

Flame Detectors (Continued) Coded Signal – An audible or visible signal conveying several
Each detector manufacturer will be able to provide data on discrete bits or units of information (such as numbered
the range, cone of vision, and sensitivity versus angular strokes of an impact type appliance or numbered flashes of a
displacement curve for various fuels. The hazard analysis visible appliance).
should determine which potential fuel the detector will be Textual Signal – An audible or visible signal conveying a
monitoring. When selecting the quantity and location for stream of information (such as a voice message).
flame detectors the cone of vision, reduced sensitivity, and Public Operating Mode – Audible or visible signaling to
obstacles that could obstruct the line of sight must be taken occupants or inhabitants of the area protected by the fire
into consideration. alarm system.
Detector Placement for Local Application Fire Sup- Private Operating Mode – Audible or visible signaling only to
pression Systems those persons directly concerned with the implementation
Fire suppression systems designed for local application bring and direction of emergency action initiation and procedure in
different challenges to placing the detector. In these systems the area protected by the fire alarm system.
the intent of the detector is to operate the fire suppression When determining public or private operating modes the
system directly over the specific hazard area. Since the local factors in Table 4-7 should be considered:
application fire suppression system design has determined
TABLE 4-7 Factors To Consider
what and where the hazard is, the detectors must be located
to detect a fire within that area. I Operating Mode Public Private
Smoke detectors are not generally used with local II Area Corridor Corridor
application, but may be used in an enclosed cabinet. If using Non-Sleeping Non-Sleeping
smoke detectors check air flow patterns to ensure smoke is Sleeping Sleeping
able to reach the detector and air velocities to be sure they
are within the range acceptable to the detector. III Governing
Performance UL 1971 UL 1638
Flame detectors are located so the optical axis of the detector Standard
is aimed at the hazard. Multiple detectors may be required if
obstructions are encountered. IV Federal Law ADA N/A
75 cd (1-3 Hz)
Heat detectors are placed above the hazard. Depending on
the ceiling height, a heat detector might be located below the V Governing NFPA 72 NFPA 72
ceiling, closer to the hazard. In these situations a heat trap Installation Chapter 6 Chapter 6
should be used to contain the heat rising to the ceiling. A heat Standard ANSI 117.1 ANSI 117.1
trap is generally constructed from sheet metal. The size is
usually a 2 ft. (609 mm) or 3 ft. (914 mm) square with 2 in.
Types of Notification Appliances
(51 mm) or 3 in. (76 mm) side walls extending down from the
edges. Place the heat detector in the center of the trap and AUDIBLE NOTIFICATION APPLIANCES
suspend it from the ceiling. Audible notification appliances include bells, horns, buzzers,
chimes, and sirens. Electronic tone generating appliances
ALARM SELECTION
(tone generator, amplifiers, and speakers) can be
Notification appliances (alarms) are used with both fire alarm programmed to produce different warning tones. Audibility
and fire suppression systems. They alert persons in a facility must be considered for the particular place where the
that a fire condition exists so that evacuation of the area and appliance is installed. The sound level of an installed audible
emergency control measures may be performed. Various notification appliance shall be adequate to perform its
types of audible, visual, and olfactory signals can be used as intended function.
notification methods for alarm, supervisory, and trouble
Bells – Bells may be either single-stroke, continuous
signals. When fire alarm only and fire suppression systems
vibrating, or motor driven types. Normally single-stroke types
are in the same area, the sounds used for alarm should be
are used for coded audible signals and the vibrating, and
distinctly different.
motor driven types are used for noncoded continuous-ringing
Classification of Notification Appliances audible signals. Bells should only be used where they have a
distinctive sound and will not be confused with other
Notification appliances are classified as noncoded, coded, or
notification devices in the area (e.g., a school where bells are
textual with audible and visible characteristics, and as public
common). The most common size bells are available with 6
or private operating modes.
in. and 10 in. gongs.
Definitions for these classifications are listed below:
Horns – Horns can be either continuous vibrating or motor-
Noncoded Signal – An audible or visible signal conveying driven types. Horns usually produce louder, more distinctive
one discrete bit of information (such as one stroke of an signals than bells. Continuous vibrating horns can be used
impact type appliance or the continuous operation of an for either coded or noncoded audible signals and motor-
appliance that is either continuously energized i.e., Noncoded driven horns are used for continuous audible signals.
Perceptually Constant; or interrupted at a continuous uniform
rate i.e., Noncoded Perceptually Repetitious).
4-21
ALARM SELECTION (Continued)

Types of Notification Appliances (Continued) OLFACTORY NOTIFICATION APPLIANCES
Chimes, Buzzers, and Sirens – Chimes are used where Olfactory alarms are a type that alerts of an alarm condition
panic and undesirable actions might occur if louder audible by smell. This smell should be a distinctive smell. As an
signals are utilized. An example would be a hospital where example, oil of wintergreen is commonly used for carbon
chimes may be used at nurses’ stations as a notification dioxide system discharges.
signal. Buzzers are used primarily for trouble conditions.
Sirens are typically used outside or where the ambient sound COMBINATION NOTIFICATION APPLIANCES
level is extremely high. Siren signals, because of the Combination audible/visible notification appliances combine
oscillation of the frequency, have a tendency to be heard both light and sound. The light localizes that a particular
when continuous frequency ambient sound levels are alarm is operating when ambient noise level may be covering
present. the audible signal. The light can also alert the hearing
Electronic Sounders – Electronic sounders are used for impaired to the alarm condition.
primary and secondary signaling in life safety systems.
Characteristics of Notification Appliances
Electronic sounders can supply a variety of different warning
tones and can also be equipped with a strobe suitable for Disabled occupants should be considered when choosing the
primary signaling in public mode. Electronic sounders type of audible and visible notification appliance to be utilized.
generally create less electrical noise than continuous Pulsing audible and visible signals can cause confusion or
vibrating or motor-driven types. distress to the disabled. All relations between audible and
visible signals and the disabled should be considered.
VISIBLE NOTIFICATION APPLIANCES
The notification appliances must also be suitable for the
Visible notification appliances are incandescent, strobe or environmental conditions where they will be installed, such as
quartz halogen types in the form of lamp annunciators, strobe explosion-proof, weather-proof, and intrinsically safe
lights, and lamps. These appliances employ two methods of requirements.
visible signaling: direct viewing of the illuminating appliance,
or the illumination of the surrounding area. AUDIBLE CHARACTERISTICS
Visible notification appliances are effective in areas where Audible notification appliances need to be distinct from
there may be deaf occupants, high ambient sound levels, background noise and distinct from other audible signals
and where direction to the light source can supply additional present. Their decibel rating must be louder than the ambient
information. The visible alarms are most effective when used noise level.
in a flashing application. Annunciators, strobes, LED’s, and Audible signal notification appliances intended for operation
quartz halogen lamps are examples of the types of visible in the public mode should have a sound level of not less than
notification appliances available. 75 dBA at 10 ft. (3.05 m) or more than 130 dBA at the
Annunciators – Annunciators identify the area or zone minimum hearing distance from the audible appliance. To
where the alarm originated by illuminating lamps or light ensure the audible appliance will be clearly heard, the sound
emitting diodes (LEDs). The color of the lamp or LED is an level should be a least 15 dBA above the ambient sound
indication as to the type of condition annunciated. Red is level of the area, or 5 dBA above the maximum sound level
normally the color used for alarm, amber or yellow for trouble, of the area having a duration of at least 60 seconds,
and green or white for power. A graphic annunciator is an whichever is greater, measured 5 ft. (1.52 m) above the floor
example of identifying conditions related to a map or floor in the protected area. (Refer to Table 4-8 for typical sound
plan. This type of annunciator provides an easy means of levels.) Temporary sound sources not normally found in the
identifying the area or zone of the alarm condition. occupied area need not be considered in measuring the
maximum sound level. A visible signal notification appliance
Strobes – Strobes produce a high intensity, short duration
is required if the average sound level is greater than 115
flash of light which is very effective as an attention getting
dBA.
device. The strobe is suitable for primary signaling in public
mode for life safety applications and should comply with the
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and the demanding
requirements of the UL 1971 Standard for the Hearing
Impaired.
Lamps – Lamps can be incandescent, LED, quartz halogen
or fluorescent. Incandescent lamps can be used for coded or
noncoded visible indication. Quartz halogen lamps are
effective for rotating reflector flashing indicators. Fluorescent
lamps are used for diffused back lighting in continuous
warning signals.
LED indicators are widely used because of their low current,
high reliability, and adaptability to solid state energizing
circuits. They are also available in a variety of colors.
4-22
ALARM SELECTION (Continued)

Characteristics of Notification Appliances (Continued) In dark environments such as theaters and cocktail lounges,
direct visible signal notification appliances should be used.
TABLE 4-8 Typical Ambient Sound Levels Indirect visible signal notification appliances should not be
used where the average illuminance is less than 1.0 lumens
Estimated Recommended
per sq. ft. (0.093 m2).
Sound Alarm Sound
Location Level (dBA) Level (dBA) The unique lens/reflector design of ANSUL strobes maintains
a consistent light dispersement pattern at 15 or 75 candela
Business Occupancies . . . . . 45 60
light intensities while flashing at the ADA minimum of 1 flash
Computer Rooms* . . . . . . . 60 75
per second. Both 15 and 75 candela strobes are available to
Educational Occupancies . . . 45 60
meet the light intensity requirements for the space being
Industrial Occupancies . . . . . 80 95
protected.
Institutional Occupancies. . . . 50 65
Mechanical Equipment Room* . 85 100 Visible signal notification appliances intended for operation in
Mercantile Occupancies . . . . 40 55 the private mode should be adequate for the intended
Piers and Water-Surrounded purpose. (See Table 4-9.)
Structures . . . . . . . . . . . 40 55
TABLE 4-9 Minimum Requirements For Public Or Private
Places of Assembly . . . . . . 40 55
Operating Modes
Residential Occupancies . . . . 35 50
Storage Occupancies . . . . . 30 45 Operating Mode Public Private
Thoroughfares, High Density
Intensity 75 cd* 0.3 cd
Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 85
Thoroughfares, Medium Flash Rate 1 Hz (60/min.) 1/3 Hz (20/min.)
Density Urban. . . . . . . . . 55 70 Spacing 100 ft. (30.5 m) Not defined
Thoroughfares, Rural and Between devices
Suburban . . . . . . . . . . . 40 55
Tower Occupancies . . . . . . 35 50 Placement Lower of 80 in. Not specified.
Underground Structures and (2032 mm) above Check local
Windowless Buildings. . . . . 40 55 floor, 6 in. codes.
Vehicles and Vessels . . . . . 50 65 (15.2 mm)
*Added to NFPA list. below ceiling
Basis for Number Per room size or Per room size or
Note: If an audible notification appliance does not meet the of Devices corridor length* corridor length*
recommended decibel level ANSUL recommends a Required
visible notification device be added to the system.
Mounting Wall mount only Wall or ceiling
Audible signal notification appliances intended for operation mount
in the private mode should have a sound level of not less
* Refer to Alarm Placement.
than 45 dBA at 10 ft. (3.05 m) or more than 130 dBA at the
minimum hearing distance from the audible appliance. A
visible signal notification appliance is required if the average ALARM PLACEMENT
sound level is greater than 115 dBA. Audible Notification Appliances
Audible signal notification appliances for sleeping areas shall Wall-mounted audible notification appliances shall be
be the maximum of 15 dBA above average ambient sound or mounted so the top of the appliance is not less than 90 in.
a minimum of 70 dBA. (2286 mm) above the finished floor (ceiling permitting), and
VISIBLE CHARACTERISTICS not less than 6 in. (152 mm) below the finished ceiling.
The visible notification appliance shall be of the type, size, CEILING
intensity, and number as required and shall be located so the MINIMUM 6 IN. TOP
(152 mm)
appliance can be seen by the intended viewer, regardless of
the viewer’s orientation. AUDIBLE NOTIFICATION APPLIANCE
The flash rate of visible signal notification appliances
intended for operation in the public mode should not exceed
three flashes per second nor be less than one flash every MINIMUM
90 IN.
three seconds. (See Table 4-9.) The maximum pulse (2286 mm)
duration shall be 0.2 seconds with a maximum duty cycle of CEILING
PERMITTING
40 percent. The light source color should be clear or white.
The light source should not exceed 1000 candela.
FLOOR
FIGURE 4-41
4-23
ALARM PLACEMENT (Continued) CEILING
Visible Notification Appliances

Wall-mounted visible notification appliances shall be mounted
so the bottom of the appliance is not less than 80 in. (2032 VISIBLE NOTIFICATION APPLIANCE
mm) above the finished floor (ceiling permitting), and no

higher than 96 in. (2438 mm). Supplementary visible
notification appliances shall be permitted to be located less BOTTOM
MINIMUM
than 80 in. (2032 mm) above the floor. The visible notification 80 IN.
appliance shall be of the type, size, intensity, and number as (2032 mm)
required and shall be located so the appliance can be seen MAXIMUM
96 IN.
by the intended viewer, regardless of the viewer’s orientation. (2438 mm)
Refer to Table 4-10 for a summary of the visible notification
appliance requirements. FLOOR
TABLE 4-10 Visible Signaling Appliance Requirements FIGURE 4-42
Area to be
Requirement protected ADA UL 1971 ANSI 117.1 NFPA 72
Light Distribution All Areas No specific “Polar” Per UL 1971 Per UL 1971
requirement1 Distribution2
Non-Sleeping 75 cd 15 cd Minimum7 15 cd Minimum7 15 cd Minimum7

Area (50 ft. (15.2 m)
spacing)6
Intensity Sleeping Area 75 cd 110 cd (wall)3 110 cd (signaling 110 cd (wall)3
(50 ft. (15.2 m) 177 cd (ceiling) appliance) 177 cd (ceiling)
spacing)6 177 cd (combination
smoke detector/strobe)
Corridor Area 75 cd 15 cd 15 cd (100 ft. 15 cd (100 ft.
(50 ft. (15.2 m) (30.5 m) spacing) (30.5 m) spacing)
spacing)6
Flash Rate All Areas 1 to 3 Hz4 1/3 to 3 Hz5 1/3 to 3 Hz5 1/3 to 3 Hz5
Non-Sleeping Lower of 80 in. No specific Wall: 80 to 96 in. Wall: 80 to 96 in.

and (2032 mm) above requirement (2032 to 2438 mm) (2032 to 2438 mm)
Corridor Area floor or 6 in. (152 above floor above floor with 6
mm) below ceiling in. (152 mm) min.
below ceiling
(Ceiling less than
30 ft. (9.1 m))
Mounting Sleeping Area Lower of 80 in. 110 cd required Visible signaling 110 cd required if
and (2302 mm) above if greater than appliance: wall, 80 greater than 24 in.
Placement above floor or 6 in. 24 in. (610 mm) to 96 in. (2032 to (610 mm) below
(152 mm) below below ceiling 2438 mm) above ceiling;
ceiling 177 cd required floor; 177 cd required if
if less than 24 in. Combination smoke less than 24 in.
(610 mm) below detector/strobe: (610 mm) below
ceiling wall, 4 to 12 in. ceiling
(102 to 305 mm)
below ceiling
Placement Wall only Wall or ceiling Wall only Wall or ceiling
NOTES:
1 UL 1638 DOES NOT STIPULATE A MINIMUM LIGHT OUTPUT REQUIREMENT “ON-AXIS” (DIRECTLY IN FRONT OF DEVICE).
2 UL 1971 REQUIRES SPECIFIC LIGHT INTENSITIES AT VIEWING ANGLES RANGING FROM 0 TO 90 DEGREES OFF AXIS. POLAR REFERS TO THE WAY THE STANDARD MEASURES
LIGHT INTENSITY – BOTH HORIZONTALLY AND VERTICALLY – AT VIEWING ANGLES RANGING FROM 0 TO 180 DEGREES. DISTRIBUTION REQUIREMENTS FOR THE WALL
MOUNTED UNITS ARE SHOWN IN FIGURE 4-43.
3 IF DETECTOR AND VISIBLE DEVICE ARE IN SAME SLEEPING ROOM, INTENSITY IS REQUIRED TO BE 177 CD.
4 1 HZ EQUALS 60 FLASHES PER MINUTE; 3 HZ EQUALS 180 FLASHES PER MINUTE.
5 1/3 HZ EQUALS 20 FLASHES PER MINUTE.
6 ADA DOES NOT CATEGORIZE BY AREA TO BE PROTECTED; ADA REQUIRES 75 CD IN ALL AREAS OF PUBLIC ACCOMMODATION.
7 INTENSITY DEPENDENT UPON ROOM SIZE (SEE TABLE 4-11).
4-24
ALARM PLACEMENT (Continued)

CORRECT – SQUARE COVERS ENTIRE ROOM
Visible Notification Appliances (Continued)
WALL MOUNT – WALL MOUNT –
VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION
10 FT.
0° 0° (3.05 m)
90°
75 cd
W W STROBE
A A 44 FT.
L L 40 FT. (13.4 m)
L L (12.2 m)
90° FLOOR FLOOR
PERCENT PERCENT
DEGREES OF RATING DEGREES OF RATING
0 100 0 100 22 FT.
5-30 90 5-25 90 (6.7 m)
35 65 30-45 75
40 46 50 55
45 34 55 45
50 27 60 40 INCORRECT – PORTION OF ROOM NOT COVERED
55 22 65 35 10 FT. (3.05 m)
60 18 70 35
65 16 75 30
70 15 80 30
75 13 85 25
80 12 90 25
85 12
90 12 15 cd 20 FT.
STROBE (6.1 m)
FIGURE 4-43
40 FT.
For rooms, a maximum separation between appliances shall (12.2 m)
not exceed 100 ft. (30.5 m). The location of wall-mounted
visible notification appliances for square rooms is based on
15 cd 20 FT.
positioning the alarm at the center point of the wall. Refer to STROBE (6.1 m)
Figure 4-44. In rooms where the appliance is not centered or
the room is not square the room shall be subdivided into
multiple squares or the square room that will entirely
22 FT.
encompass the room shall be used. Refer to Figure 4-45. (6.7 m) AREA NOT COVERED
50 X 50 FT. (15.2 X 15.2 m)

44 X 44 FT. (13.4 X 13.4 m) Maximum Spacing for 75 cd Strobe
FIGURE 4-45
40 X 40 FT. (12.2 X 12.2 m)
30 X 30 FT. (9.1 X 9.1 m)
The effective room size shall be determined by maximum
20 X 20 FT. (6.1 X 6.1 m) Maximum Spacing for 15 cd Strobe room size dimensions obtained either by the distance to the
farthest wall or by double the distance to the farthest adjacent
wall, whichever is greater.
The candela rating and room size must comply with ADA,
NFPA, and/or the authority having jurisdiction. See Tables
4-10, and 4-11 for minimum requirements and recommenda-
tions. Do not use a room size that is too large for the candela
rating of the visible device.
FIGURE 4-44
4-25

TABLE 4-11 Minimum Required Light Output Per ADA and NFPA
ADA – 0.0300 lumens of light NFPA 72 - 0.0375 lumens of light
per square foot at 50 ft. (15 m) per square foot at 20 ft. (6.1 m)***
Room Size Lumens times One Light Lumens times One Light Two* Lights Four** Lights
in ft. area of square room (cd) area of square room (cd) (cd) (cd)
20 x 20 0.030 x 400 12 0.0375 x 400 15 — —
22 x 22 0.030 x 484 15
30 x 30 0.030 x 900 27 0.0375 x 900 30 15 —
40 x 40 0.030 x 1600 48 0.0375 x 1600 60 30 15
44 x 44 0.0375 x 1936 75
50 x 50 0.030 x 2500 75 0.0375 x 2500 95 60 30
60 x 60 0.030 x 3600 108 0.0375 x 3600 135 95 30
70 x 70 0.030 x 4900 147 0.0375 x 4900 185 110 60
80 x 80 0.030 x 6400 192 — 140 60
90 x 90 0.030 x 8100 243 — 180 95
100 x 100 0.030 x 10000 300 — — 95
* Located on opposite walls

** One light per wall as shown in Figure 4-46
*** Meets minimum non-sleeping requirements
NOTE: Ratings in Bold type are standard ANSUL strobes
When there are two appliances in one room install the
second device on the opposite wall. Four appliances in a
room should have one alarm on each wall placed in
appropriate locations to completely cover the room (see
Figure 4-46). In all cases ensure the entire area is protected
by the visible notification appliances.
CORRECT – ROOM SPACING ALLOCATIONS INCORRECT – CORNERS OF ROOM NOT IN COMPLIANCE
VISIBLE APPLIANCE
15 cd
VISIBLE APPLIANCE 15 cd
VISIBLE APPLIANCE 15 cd
40 FT.
(12.2 m)
40 FT. 20 FT.
(12.2 m) (6.1 m)
20 FT.
(6.1 m)
VISIBLE APPLIANCE 20 FT.

(TYPICAL) 15 cd (6.1 m)
15 cd VISIBLE APPLIANCE 15 cd
20 FT.
40 FT. (6.1 m)
(12.2 m) 40 FT.
(12.2 m)
VISIBLE APPLIANCES IMPROPERLY LOCATED
SHADED AREAS NOT COVERED
FIGURE 4-46
4-26

For square rooms Table 4-12 offers a selection of choices
according to room size. If there is anything in the room that
may block visibility additional strobes should be added.
TABLE 4-12 ANSUL Recommendations for Square Rooms
Strobe Selections
(Choose One of the 3 Columns)
Maximum Room Size For Each Room Size)
Combinations of
ft. (m) ft. (m) 15 cd 75 cd 15 cd and 75 cd
20 (6.1) x 20 (6.1) 1 1 —
40 (12.2) x 40 (12.2) 4 1 2 and 1
44 (13.4) x 44 (13.4) NA 1 —
64 (19.5) x 64 (19.5) NA 4 2 and 2
88 (26.8) x 88 (26.8) NA 4 NA
NA – Not applicable except as supplemental lighting or in combination

with 75 cd strobes as indicated.
For rectangular rooms a combination of the maximum square
coverage is used. Table 4-13 has recommendations for
different size rectangular rooms. For sizes of rooms other
than in the table multiples of the length dimensions may be
used.
4-27

TABLE 4-13 ANSUL Recommendations for Rectangular Rooms
Strobe Selections
(Choose One of the 3 Columns)
Side A Side B For Each Room Size)
Up To Greater Than Up To Combinations of
ft. (m) ft. (m) ft. (m) 15 cd 75 cd 15 cd and 75 cd
20 (6.1) 0 (0) – 20 (6.1) 1 1 0 and 1
20 (6.1) – 40 (12.2) 2 1 0 and 1
40 (12.2) – 44 (13.4) 3 1 0 and 1
44 (13.4) – 60 (18.3) 3 2 1 and 1
60 (18.3) – 64 (19.5) 4 2 1 and 1
64 (19.5) – 80 (24.4) 4 2 2 and 1
80 (24.4) – 84 (25.6) 5 2 0 and 2
84 (25.6) – 88 (26.8) 5 2 0 and 2
40 (12.2) 0 (0) – 20 (6.1) 2 1 0 and 1
20 (6.1) – 40 (12.2) 4 1 0 and 1
40 (12.2) – 44 (13.4) 6 1 0 and 1
44 (13.4) – 60 (18.3) 6 2 2 and 1
60 (18.3) – 64 (19.5) 6 2 2 and 1
64 (19.5) – 80 (24.4) 8 2 4 and 1
80 (24.4) – 84 (25.6) 10 2 0 and 2
84 (25.6) – 88 (26.8) 10 2 0 and 2
44 (13.4) 0 (0) – 20 (6.1) 3 1 0 and 1
20 (6.1) – 40 (12.2) 6 1 0 and 1
40 (12.2) – 44 (13.4) NA 1 0 and 1
44 (13.4) – 60 (18.3) NA 2 0 and 2
60 (18.3) – 64 (19.5) NA 2 0 and 2
64 (19.5) – 80 (24.4) NA 2 0 and 2
80 (24.4) – 84 (25.6) NA 2 0 and 2
84 (25.6) – 88 (26.8) NA 2 0 and 2
60 (18.3) 0 (0) – 20 (6.1) 3 1 0 and 1
20 (6.1) – 40 (12.2) 6 1 0 and 1
40 (12.2) – 44 (13.4) NA 2 0 and 2
44 (13.4) – 60 (18.3) NA 4 2 and 2
60 (18.3) – 64 (19.5) NA 4 2 and 2
64 (19.5) – 80 (24.4) NA 4 0 and 4
80 (24.4) – 84 (25.6) NA 4 0 and 4
84 (25.6) – 88 (26.8) NA 4 0 and 4
64 (19.5) 0 (0) – 20 (6.1) 4 2 1 and 1
20 (6.1) – 40 (12.2) 8 2 2 and 1
40 (12.2) – 44 (13.4) NA 2 0 and 2
44 (13.4) – 60 (18.3) NA 4 1 and 3
60 (18.3) – 64 (19.5) NA 4 1 and 3
64 (19.5) – 80 (24.4) NA 4 2 and 3
80 (24.4) – 84 (25.6) NA 4 2 and 3
84 (25.6) – 88 (26.8) NA 4 3 and 4
88 (26.8) 0 (0) – 20 (6.1) 5 2 0 and 2
20 (6.1) – 40 (12.2) 10 2 0 and 2
40 (12.2) – 44 (13.4) NA 2 0 and 2
44 (13.4) – 60 (18.3) NA 4 1 and 4
60 (18.3) – 64 (19.5) NA 4 1 and 4
64 (19.5) – 80 (24.4) NA 4 0 and 4
80 (24.4) – 84 (25.6) NA 4 0 and 4
84 (25.6) – 88 (26.8) NA 4 0 and 4
NA – Not applicable except as supplemental lighting or in combination with 75 cd strobes as indicated.
4-28

Visible Notification Appliances (Continued) STRAIGHT CORRIDOR
For rooms with dimensions that exceed the coverage of

20 FT.
strobes on opposing walls (greater than 88 ft. (26.8 m)) (6.1 m)
coverage can be obtained by mounting strobes on columns
located in the room. 100 FT.
(30.5 m)
When placing strobes in corridors less than 20 ft. (6.1 m) 20 FT. (6.1 m)
wide, refer to Table 4-14. When corridors are greater than

20 ft. (6.1 m) wide they must be designed using the room
requirements.
TABLE 4-14 Corridor Spacing for Wall-Mounted 15 cd
Strobes
Corridor Number of Required
Length in feet (Length in meters) 15 cd strobes
0 – 30 (0 – 9.1) 1
31 – 130 (9.4 – 39.6) 2
VISIBLE
131 – 230 (39.9 – 70.1) 3 APPLIANCE
231 – 330 (70.4 – 100.5) 4

331 – 430 (100.8 – 131.1) 5
INTERRUPTED VIEWING PATHS
431 – 530 (131.4 – 161.5) 6
MAXIMUM
15 FT.
VISIBLE
Visible notification appliances shall not be rated less than 15 (4.57 m)
APPLIANCE
cd. The visible notification appliance shall be located no more
than 15 ft. from the end of the corridor with a separation no
greater than 100 ft. Corridors with an interrupted viewing 20 FT.
(6.1 m)
path, fire doors, elevation change, and any other obstruction
shall be considered a separate corridor. See Figure 4-47.
FIGURE 4-47
For sleeping areas refer to the proper NFPA
recommendations and all state and local codes.
4-29
AUTOPULSE CONTROL UNIT SELECTION

When selecting a Control Unit for Fire Alarm or Fire AUTOPULSE Control Units
Suppression applications, the following features and options
AUTOPULSE Four: The AUTOPULSE Four is a field
should be considered.
programmable, microprocessor based control unit which
Maximum Circuit Capabilities can be used for Fire Suppression or Fire Alarm
applications. The field programming capabilities of the
Input Circuits: The maximum number of compatible two AUTOPULSE Four allows the user to customize the
wire smoke detectors allowable on a circuit. control unit to fit the application. The AUTOPULSE Four
Output Circuits: The maximum output power available offers four programmable supervised Input/Output circuits
for operating Notification Appliances and Release devices. and four programmable relays.
Auxiliary 24VDC: The maximum output power available AUTOPULSE 442R: The AUTOPULSE 442R is a
for operating Auxiliary Devices such as Notification microprocessor based Fire Suppression control unit. The
Appliances, Release Devices, Optical Flame detectors, AUTOPULSE 442R offers Cross Zone or Single Zone
Graphic Annunciators, Control Relays, etc. detection with programmable time delays and abort
capabilities. The 442R consists of two Detection circuits,
Battery Back Up: The maximum Ampere Hour battery
dedicated Abort and Manual Pull Station circuits, two
capacity that the Control Unit is capable of supporting is
Alarm circuits and two Release circuits.
important to verify, especially in applications that require
long periods (60 or 90 hours) of standby battery power. AUTOPULSE 442D: The AUTOPULSE 442D is a
Power calculations need to be performed prior to selecting microprocessor based Fire Suppression control unit. The
a Control Unit. AUTOPULSE 442D offers Cross Zone or Single Zone
detection with programmable time durations and abort
Relays capabilities. The 442D consists of two Detection circuits,
The number of relays, the contact rating, and the function of two Alarm circuits, two Release circuits, one dedicated
the relays provided with the base unit is important in Waterflow input circuit and one Tamper switch circuit.
determining the control unit’s capability of performing AUTOPULSE IQ-301: The AUTOPULSE IQ-301 is a field
auxiliary functions such as equipment shutdown, signaling of programmable, microprocessor based Analog
other control units, etc. Addressable control unit which can be used for Fire
Suppression or Fire Alarm applications. The field
Multiple Hazard Capabilities programming capabilities of the AUTOPULSE IQ-301
A multiple Hazard Control Unit can provide protection for a allows the user to customize the control unit to fit the
number of hazards which will provide savings on hardware application. The Addressable feature allows for the
and installation costs. identification of each individual addressable device and its
status.
Modular Design
AUTOPULSE IQ-396X: The AUTOPULSE IQ-396X is a
A modular design will allow for customizing the Control Unit field programmable, microprocessor based Analog
to fit the needs of the application and will allow for future Addressable control unit which can be used for Fire
expansion. Suppression or Fire Alarm applications. The IQ-396X is of
modular design which allows the system to be expanded
Field Programmability as the users needs change. The field programming
Field programmability will allow for customizing the Control capabilities of the AUTOPULSE IQ-396X allows the user
Unit to fit the needs of the application and will allow future to customize the control panel to fit the application. The
programming changes to be made in the field. Addressable feature allows for the identification of each
individual Addressable device and its status.
Analog/Addressable
Tables 4-15 and 4-16 include additional information to assist
The Analog feature will allow smoke detectors to initiate pre- with the selection of a control unit.
alarm signals, maintenance warnings, smoke detector
sensitivity adjustment, and smoke detector sensitivity testing.
Other analog features may also be available.
The Addressable feature will allow individual identification of
each addressable detector and addressable module when in
Alarm and Trouble conditions. Field wiring to the Addressable
devices can be T-tapped, thus reducing the amount of wiring
needed for installation.
4-30
AUTOPULSE CONTROL UNIT SELECTION (Continued)

AUTOPULSE Control Units (Continued)
TABLE 4-15 AUTOPULSE Panel Selection
AUTOPULSE
FEATURE FOUR 442R 442D IQ-301 IQ-396X
Panel Maximum Total Power Capability (AMPS) 2 2.25 2.25 5.00* 6.00*
Max. Number of Independent Hazards w/Suppression Systems 1 1 2** 4** 10**
Modular Design (Field Expandable) X
Fully Field Programmable X X X
Cross Zone Detection X X X X X
Counting Zone Detection X X X
Single Zone Detection X X X X X
Relays Provided with Base Panel 5 2 2 3 4
Optional Relay Board Available X X X X
Abort Options X X X X
Discharge Time Delay X X X X
Analog / Addressable X X
RS232 Interface for PC Programming X X X
Auxiliary Monitor Interface X X
Detector Sensitivity Adjustment X X
History Buffer X X X
F.M.R.C. Approved Pre-Action/Deluge X X X
Power Limited I/O Circuits X X X X
Printer Interface X X
*Can be increased with optional power supply **Number may vary, dependent on application and programming
TABLE 4-16 AUTOPULSE Circuit Operation

AUTOPULSE
CIRCUIT FUNCTION FOUR 442R 442D IQ-301 IQ-396X
Panel Maximum Total Power Capability (AMPS) 2.00 2.25 2.25 5.00* 6.00*
Alarm Output Circuit Capability (AMPS) 0.75 1.50 1.50 2.50 2.50
Release Circuit Capability (AMPS) 0.75 1.50 1.50 2.50 2.50
4 Wire Smoke Detector Output Power (AMPS) 0.75 0.20 0.20 0.50 0.50
Optional Power Supply, Added Output Circuit Power X X
3 Level Pulsing Alarm Circuit X
2 Alarm Circuits Required with Cross Zone Operation X
Base Panel Relay Contact Ratings @ 30VDC (AMPS) 5.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
Optional Relay Board Contact Ratings @ 30VDC (AMPS) 2.00 2.00 6.00 5.00
Time Delay on Dedicated Manual Pull X
Style D (Class A) Input Circuit Capability X** X X X X
Style Y (Class A) Alarm Circuit Capability X** X X X X
Silenceable Predischarge Alarm X X X
Release Circuit Short Detection X X X
* Can be increased with optional power supply ** Requires optional Style D/Z module
4-31
AUXILIARY POWER
Battery Charger Height: Locate the display and/or keypad of the control
unit approximately five (5) feet (1.5 m) above the floor.
The FCPS-24 Remote Power Supply battery charger can
support a maximum battery capacity of 7.0 AH. However, an Corners: When locating the control unit near a corner,
NR45-24 Automatic Float Charger, which can support make certain it is far enough from the adjacent wall to
batteries of 20 AH to 55 AH, can be connected to the FCPS- allow for the opening of the control unit door.
24 and the IQ-301 for battery backup power. Note: The AUTOPULSE Four requires a minimum of
12 in. (304.8 mm) clearance on the right side of
Remote Power
the control unit to allow the outer door to swing
The AVPS-24 Power Supply used with the AUTOPULSE IQ- open wide enough for the inner door to open.
301 and the AUTOPULSE 396X supplies an additional
Flush Mounting: Install conduit and pull wires prior to the
maximum of 3.0 Amps to the notification appliances
installation of the drywall. Remove the circuit board(s) and
connected to TB-2, circuits 3 and 4 (terminals 5, 6, 7, and 8).
control unit door(s). Package the circuit boards in anti-
This power is separate from the power supplied to TB-2,
static packaging and place in a safe location. Once box
circuits 1 and 2 (terminals 1, 2, 3, and 4).
has been securely installed replace circuit board(s) and
AUTOPULSE CONTROL UNIT PLACEMENT door(s).
When selecting a location for installing your AUTOPULSE Vibration: Avoid areas where vibration is present.
Control Unit, several items need consideration prior to the Vibration can loosen mechanical and electrical
final placement. Environment and location are two important connections and fatigue components. The control unit
factors. Extreme temperatures, humidity, water and dust can shall be installed so that accidental failure or operation
create problems for control units and their components. cannot be caused by vibration or jarring.
Locations in high traffic areas may subject the control unit to
POWER CALCULATIONS
damage. Proper planning prior to installation of the control
unit can prevent future problems and improve the reliability of Power calculations must be performed to determine Battery
your AUTOPULSE Control System. back-up power requirements and Power Supply require-
ments for every control system.
Environment The AUTOPULSE Control systems can automatically switch
Temperature: The control unit should be installed in an to operate on back-up battery power in the event that main
environment with a temperature range between 32 °F AC power is lost. The amount of battery back-up power
(0 °C) to 120 °F (48.8 °C). The optimum temperature needed will be dependent on the application and must be
range is 60 °F (15.5 °C) to 80 °F (26.6 °C). Extreme calculated for each control system.
temperatures can effect the life of the control unit back-up U.L. Standard 864 and NFPA 72 require Fire Protective
batteries and electronic components. Signaling Systems to have a secondary power source
Enclosure: The control unit enclosures are rated as capable of operating the control system for 24 hours in a
NEMA 1. NEMA 1 rated enclosures are intended for standby mode of operation and for 5 minutes in a full Alarm
indoor use and provide a degree of protection for the mode of operation. Lead acid gel cell rechargeable batteries
components inside the enclosure. are the most commonly used secondary power source.
Outdoor installation: Outdoor installations should be Factory Mutual requires a control system used with Pre-
avoided when possible. If an outdoor installation is Action and Deluge Systems to have the capability of
necessary, the complete AUTOPULSE Control Unit must operating on battery back up power for 90 hours of standby
be mounted inside a NEMA 4, 4X, or 6 enclosure. A operation and for 15 minutes of operation in a full Alarm
ventilation kit must be installed to allow for the venting of mode.
gases emitted by the charging of the back up batteries.
Auxiliary Power Requirements
Humidity: The maximum humidity is 85%, per NFPA 72.
If the control unit is to be mounted on an exterior wall, the The Auxiliary power required to operate auxiliary devices
use of a vapor barrier can help protect the control unit such as 4 wire Smoke detectors, 4 wire Flame detectors,
from humidity and condensation. Graphic Annunciators, and Auxiliary Relays must be included
in the power calculations. Make certain sufficient battery
Location back-up power is provided and the control system has the
AUTOPULSE Control Units should be installed in a capabilities to supply the auxiliary power. It also is important
convenient location which is acceptable to the Authority to take into consideration the “In Rush Current” of devices
Having Jurisdiction. Avoid installing your AUTOPULSE connected to the Auxiliary power. The total current of all
Control Unit in secluded areas such as closets, and small devices must be used to make certain the control system can
unoccupied areas. Occupants must be able to hear the provide sufficient power.
control unit Alarm and Trouble buzzers. When selecting the
control unit location, allow sufficient room for installation and
maintenance.
4-32
POWER CALCULATIONS (Continued)
Output Circuit Power Requirements Example Power Calculation

The control system output circuits have a maximum rated The example power calculation is for a system consisting of:
output. Calculations need to be performed to make certain Quantity Item
the total current draw of the system does not exceed the
1 AUTOPULSE 442R
output circuits capabilities.
1 Relay Module (4XZM)
Total Control System Power Requirements 15 Ionization Smoke Detectors
15 Photoelectric Smoke detectors
The control system power supply has a maximum rated 1 INERGEN Solenoid
output. Calculations need to be performed to make certain 2 Alarm Bells, 6 inch
the total current draw of the system does not exceed the 2 75 Candela Horn/Strobes
power supply capabilities.
EXAMPLE POWER CALCULATIONS – AUTOPULSE 442R
Basic Control Panel: 88
If using a 4XZM Relay Module, (1) x 8 mA = 8
If using a 4XTM Transmitter Module, add 11 mA 0
If using Reverse Polarity Alarm output add 5 mA: 0

If using Reverse Polarity Trouble output add 5 mA: 0
If using an 4XLM/RZA-4X Driver/Annunciator combination:

( ) x 19 mA = 0
If using a 4XMM Meter Module, add 1 mA 0
If using the Notif-Fire 911A DACT, add 30 mA 0
Number Device Total

In Use Current Current
a. Two-Wire Detector Heads 30 .045 mA 1.35 mA
b. Four-Wire Detector Heads 0 0 0
c. End of Line Relays 0 25.0 mA 0

d. Total: 1.35 mA
Detector Subtotal: 1.35 mA
TOTAL STANDBY CURRENT REQUIRED 97.35 mA
Standby Battery Current: Standby Time

0.0974 Amps x 24 hours 2.34 Standby Amp/Hours Required
Enter 0.25 for 5 minutes in alarm or 0.25 Alarm Amp/Hours*

0.5 for 10 minutes in alarm
Add Standby and Alarm Amp/Hours 2.59 Total Amp/Hours Required

*Alarm Amp/Hours assumes maximum system current draw of
3 Amps in alarm for 5 minutes.
(0.083 hours x 3 Amps = 0.25 Amp/Hours)
4-33
POWER CALCULATIONS (Continued)
Power Calculation Notes

AUTOPULSE IQ-301
The Standby current (100 mA) given for this unit includes
Addressable smoke detectors and some addressable
modules. Do not add addressable detectors as part of the
calculation. The MMX-101, MMX-1 and ISO-X modules are
included in the Standby current of the IQ-301 and do not
need to be included in the power calculations.
The CMX-2 and MMX-2 modules are not included in the
Standby current and must be added to the calculations. In a
standby mode of operation the CMX-2 module draws 3 mA
and the MMX-2 module draws 7 mA. Do not exceed the
maximum number detectors allowed by the IQ-301
and/or the MMX-2 module.
Optional modules are not included as part of the panels
standby current and must be added to the calculations.
AUTOPULSE 442R
The Standby current (88 mA) given for this unit includes the
unit operation of the System Trouble LED and the unit
audible trouble sounder. Standby current for compatible
two wire smoke detectors must be included in the power
calculations. Do not exceed the maximum number of
compatible two wire smoke detectors as listed in the ANSUL
Device Compatibility Document (Ansul Part No. 418021).
See previous page for an example power calculation.
AUTOPULSE FOUR
The Standby current (130 mA) given for this unit includes the
unit operation of the System Trouble LED and the unit
audible trouble sounder. Compatible two wire smoke
detectors must be calculated separately. Do not exceed the
maximum number of compatible two wire smoke detectors as
indicated in Section 6 – Appendix of the AUTOPULSE Four
Installation, Operation and Maintenance Manual.
4-34

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ANSUL ®

THE FIRE SIGNATURE

DETECTOR SELECTION (Continued) Particle Size in Microns

selected for a project must be determined after a thorough CONCENTRATED

safe. Again, the specifications should identify any special

materials. VIOLET H2O/CO2

The smoke generated from different types of burning C-H

combustion while a photoelectric smoke detector typically

DETECTOR SELECTION (Continued)

DETECTOR SELECTION (Continued) 7. REPLACEMENT COST VS. COST OF DETECTION

Grease may become hardened on heat detectors to

DETECTOR SELECTION (Continued)

Coating Booth, Powder . . . . . . . . . N/A N/A N/A S P P P

Dip Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N/A N/A N/A P S S S

DETECTOR SELECTION (Continued)

Microwave Relay Station . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __

Paint Mixing Room . . . . . . . . . . . . __ __ __ P S S S

Process Control Rooms . . . . . . . . . . P P S __ __ __ __

Spray Booth, Liquid . . . . . . . . . . . N/A N/A N/A P S S S

DETECTOR SELECTION (Continued)

Type Name of Component Sheet

DETECTOR PLACEMENT BASED ON 250 SQ. FT. PER DETECTOR

To ensure a detector will provide the response expected, it 10.0

Smoke and Heat Detectors A A

Rated spacing for smoke and heat detectors is based on the B B

DETECTOR PLACEMENT (Continued)

Listed spacing of smoke detector FIGURE 4-8

DETECTOR PLACEMENT (Continued)

RESTRICTIONS FOR HEAT DETECTOR SPACING

SPOT TYPE HEAT

DETECTOR PLACEMENT (Continued)

RESTRICTIONS FOR HEAT DETECTOR SPACING (Continued)

AFTER REVIEW OF BOTH

DETECTOR PLACEMENT (Continued)

HEAT DETECTOR HIGH CEILING SPACING

CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET

DETECTOR PLACEMENT (Continued)

OVER 18 IN. (457 mm) AND

DETECTOR PLACEMENT (Continued)

ROW OF DETECTORS ON HIGH SIDE

SLOPED CEILING – GREATER THAN

DETECTOR PLACEMENT (Continued)

DETECTORS MAY BE END

DETECTOR PLACEMENT (Continued)

DETECTOR PLACEMENT (Continued)

DETECTOR PLACEMENT (Continued)

15.8 FT. 18.3 FT.

11.1 FT. FIGURE 4-30

12.5 FT. CORRECT

BLANKET EFFECT SOLUTION

DETECTOR AREA VS. AIR CHANGES PER HOUR

located to intercept the air flow (see Figure 4-33). However,

SQUARE FEET PER DETECTOR

Minutes/AC = Hazard Volume ÷ CFM 300

* Standard detector rating should not be exceeded

DETECTOR PLACEMENT (Continued)

11 1.0 .75 .50 .25 .25 .50 .65 .75 1.0

DETECTOR PLACEMENT (Continued)

ALARM SELECTION (Continued)

ALARM SELECTION (Continued)

Microwave Relay Station . . . . . . . . . P P S

Paint Mixing Room . . . . . . . . . . . . __ P S S S

Process Control Rooms . . . . . . . . . . P P S