Tutorial 5 CHM 256

1. Burette, pipette, volumetric flask

2.

End point Equivalence point

The point at which the reaction is The point at which the reaction is
observed to be completed complete
The end point frequently occurs at The point at which an equivalent or
point near the equivalence point which stoichiometric amount of titrant is
tells the analyst to stop adding added to the analyte
TITRANT and record the volume.
The selected indicator should change Theoretically at the equivalence point
color very near to the equivalent point. we can calculate the amount of
(physical change - observation) titrant that is required to react
EXACTLY with the amount of analyte
present.

3. A process in which a standard reagent is added to a solution of analyte until the reaction
between the two is judged to be complete

4. Sodium carbonate
Na2CO3+2HCl→2NaCl+CO2+H2O

5. (i) NaOH solution

(ii) 7
(iii) Phenolphthalein
(iv) colorless to light pink

6. A titration is where the concentration of an analyte is determined by reacting it with a known

amount of excess reagent. The remaining excess reagent is then titrated with another second
reagent.
The second reaction of titration results show how much of the excess reagent was used in the
first reaction and the original analyte concentration then can be calculated

7. Reaction is too slow

Sharp end point difficult to obtained.

8. (i) weak base-strong acid, NH3-HCl

(ii) weak acid-strong base, NaOH-CH3COOH
(iii) strong acid-strong base, HCl-NaOH
9.
Direct titration Back titration
single stage titration Double stage titration
1 reaction involved 2 reactions involved
Can calculate the no of moles of acid if the No. of moles of acid can be calculated using
molarity and volume of base is known. simple subtraction of the no of moles acid titrated
from the number of moles of acid started with

10. (a) strong acid-strong base, NaOH-HCl

(b) Burette: HCl, conical flask: NaOH
(c) cresol red, yellow to red

11.

12.
Step 1: Calculate the moles of HCl used in the titration:
Moles of HCl=Molarity×Volume
Moles of HCl=1.5M×30.4mL×(1L / 1000 mL)
Moles of HCl=0.0456 mol
Step 2: Determine the moles of Na2CO3 reacting with HCl:

Since the balanced chemical equation between Na2CO3 and HCl is 1:2, the moles of Na2CO3
is divided by 2 the moles of HCl:
Moles of Na2CO3=(1/2)×Moles of HCl
Moles of Na2CO3=(1/2)×0.0456 mol
Moles of Na2CO3=0.0228 mol
Step 3: Calculate the molar mass of Na2CO3:
Molar mass of Na2CO3=2×22.99 g/mol+12.01 g/mol+3×16.00 g/mol
Molar mass of Na2CO3=45.98 g/mol+12.01 g/mol+48.00 g/mol
Molar mass of Na2CO3=105.99 g/mol
Step 4: Calculate the mass of Na2CO3 in the sample:
Mass of Na2CO3=Moles of Na2CO3×Molar mass of Na2CO3
=0.0228 mol×105.99 g/mol
Mass of Na2CO3=2.4166 g
Step 5: Calculate the percentage of Na2CO3 in the sample:
Percentage of Na2CO3=(Mass of Na2CO3/Mass of sample)×100
Percentage of Na2CO3=(2.4166 g/ 2.66 g)×100
Percentage of Na2CO3=90.85%

13.
Step 1: Calculate moles of HCl used in the reaction with eggshell:
Moles of HCl=Molarity×Volume
Moles of HCl=1.074 M×25.0 mL×(1 L / 1000 mL)
Moles of HCl=0.02685 mol
Step 2: Calculate moles of NaOH reacting with excess HCl:
Moles of NaOH=Molarity×Volume
Moles of NaOH=0.248 M×22.5 mL×(1 L / 1000 mL)
Moles of NaOH=0.00558 mol
Step 3: Calculate the moles of CaCO₃ (considering excess HCl):
Moles of CaCO3=Initial moles of CaCO3−Moles of excess HCl
Moles of CaCO3=0.02685 mol−0.00558
Moles of CaCO3=0.02127mol
Step 4: Determine moles of CaCO₃ reacting:

Since the balanced equation is 1:2 for CaCO₃ to HCl, moles of CaCO₃ is half the moles of HCl:
Moles of CaCO3=1/2×Moles of HCl
Moles of CaCO3=1/2×0.02127 mol
Moles of CaCO3=0.010635 mol
Step 5: Determine mass of CaCO₃ reacted:

Mass of CaCO₃ = 0.010635 mol x (100g / 1 mol)

Mass of CaCO₃ = 1.0635 g

Step 6: Calculate the percent of CaCO₃ in the eggshell:

Percent of CaCO3= (Mass of CaCO3/Mass of eggshell)×100
Percent of CaCO3=(1.0635 g/1.13 g)×100
Percent of CaCO3 = 94.12%
14.
Step 1: Calculate moles of HCl reacted (from Eq 1):
Moles of HCl=Molarity×Volume
Moles of HCl=1.70 M×30.00 mL× (1 L / 1000 mL)
Moles of HCl=0.051 mol
Step 2: Calculate moles of NaOH used in titration (from Eq 2):
Moles of NaOH=Molarity×Volume
Moles of NaOH=2.75M×5.18mL×(1000mL1L)
Moles of NaOH=0.0142 mol
Step 3: Determine moles of HCl in excess:

Moles of HCl = mol initial – mol excess

Moles of HCl = 0.051 mol – 0.0142 mol
Moles of HCl = 0.0368 mol
Step 4: Determine moles of Mg(OH)₂ reacted (from Eq 1):
Since the balanced equation is 1:2 for Mg(OH)₂ to HCl, the moles of Mg(OH)₂ is half the moles
of excess HCl:
Moles of Mg(OH)2=1/2×Moles of excess HCl
Moles of Mg(OH)2=1/2×0.0368 mol
Moles of Mg(OH)2=0.0184 mol
Step 5: Calculate the mass of Mg(OH)₂:
Mass of Mg(OH)2=Moles of Mg(OH)2×Molar mass of Mg(OH)2
Mass of Mg(OH)2=0.0184 mol×58.32 g/mol
Mass of Mg(OH)2=1.0731 g
Step 6: Calculate the percentage (w/w) of Mg(OH)₂ in the tablet:
Percentage (w/w) of Mg(OH)2=(1.0731 g/2.5136 g)×100
Percentage (w/w) of Mg(OH)2= 42.69%
15. (a) Sodium hydroxide solution
(b) Alkaline
(c)

16. (a)pH=14−(−log(0.64M))
pH=13.81
(b) 2KOH+H2SO4→K2SO4+2H2O
VolumeofH2SO4=molarity/moles=0.64moles/0.75M
Volume of H2SO4=0.853 L
(c)

(d) phenolphthalein
17.

18.