Name

NURZAWANAH AKMAR BINTI HASBULLAH

Course Code CHM420

Title of Experiment EXPERIMENT 3: TYPES OF CHEMICAL

Lecturers Name MADAM NURUL IZZA

Partners Name NURAFIQAH BT MOHD FAUDZI

OBJECTIVE

1.To investigate the general types of chemical reaction such as combination, decomposition,
single replacement and double replacement reactions.
2.To write balanced equations for each type of reaction mentioned above

INTRODUCTION

The six types of reaction are only one of many different ways to categorize
chemical reactions. For example, teacher may teach you things like redox reaction and
nuclear reaction as types of reaction. This isnt something you should concern yourself with
because it doesnt really matter. The real reason we learn about the types of reaction is that
it allows us to figure out what will happen in a chemical reaction. Whether you refer to a
synthesis reaction as being synthesis or redox, the main thing is that youre able to use
this label to do important stuff. As youve probably already figured out, its doesnt really
matter what you name something, as long as that naming scheme gives you useful
information.

In this experiment, youll learn about what are generally considered the six types of chemical
reaction. Though not particularly interesting, this will come in very handy when you start
learning about how to predict reaction products.

Reaction type 1: Combustion reaction
Combustion reactions take place when a compound containing carbon and hydrogen reacts
with oxygen to make water vapor, carbon dioxide, and heat.
This sounds annoying, I know, but its really not. Consider the general form of a combustion
reaction:
CH + 9 O 6 CO + 6 HO
Basically, if anything containing C and H reacts with oxygen gas, you end up with carbon
dioxide and water vapor. And lots of heat.
One example of combustion takes place when cyclohexane (which is present in crude oil) is
burned:
CH + 9 O 6 CO + 6 HO

Reaction type 2: Synthesis reaction
A synthesis reaction is a reaction in which simple compounds are combined to make a more
complex one. An analogue you might see in everyday life if that of making a turkey sandwich
you start with two slices of bread and a slice of turkey and end up with a sandwich. The
general form for a synthesis reaction reflects this:
A + B C
One specific example of this sort of reaction occurs when sodium and chlorine gas combine
to make sodium chloride:
2Na + Cl 2NaCl
For the reactions youll run into, its likely that the reagents will be fairly simple and the
products will be easy to predict. Keep in mind, however, that the real world doesnt work
that way.


Reaction type 3: Decomposition reaction
A decomposition reaction is one where a molecule breaks apart into simpler ones.
In the chemical world, the general form for a decomposition reaction is this:
C A + B
And an example of it occurs when hydrogen peroxide breaks apart to form oxygen gas and
water:
2 HO 2 HO + O

Reaction Type 4: Single displacement reaction
Also known as a single replacement reaction, this type of reaction occurs when a pure
element switches places with an element in a chemical compound. Essentially, two atoms
switch places, where one of the atoms isnt stuck to anything else. The general form of this
reaction is:
A + BC B + AC
In this case, the elements A and B switched places. This type of a reaction is also a very
common type of redox reaction. Many metals will melt when you place them into a strong
acid. For example, if you put magnesium into hydrochloric acid, youll get the following single
displacement reaction:
Mg + 2 HCl MgCl + H
Because hydrogen is a gas, bubbles can be seen during this reaction.

Reaction type 5: Double displacement reaction
Also called a double replacement reaction, this type of reaction occurs when the cations of
two chemical compounds switch places. The general form for this reaction is:
AB + CD CB + AD
In which you can see that A and C switched places. Adding hydrochloric acid to silver nitrate,
you would see the following double displacement reaction:
HCl + AgNO AgCl + HNO
Silver chloride will eventually degrade in light to form silver metal and chloride gas.

Reaction type 6: Acid-base reaction
If you combine an acid with a base, youll get water and salt, depends on the situation too.
Depending on your definition of an acid and base, in any case, acid-base reactions are pretty
much the same thing as double displacement reactions, except that water is one of the things
that is produced:
HA + BOH BA + HO
As you can see, the H and B switched places, which is where the water came from. Aside from
that, its the same thing as a double displacement reaction.
One example of an acid-base reaction occurs when nitric acid is neutralized with sodium
hydroxide:
HNO + NaOH NaNO + HO






CHEMICALS AND APPARATUS

Magnesium ribbons
Sand paper
Copper
Iron nail
Zinc
Litmus paper
KClO3 (s)
Na2CO3 (s)

1.0M CuSO4
1.0M FeSO4
1.0M HCl
1.0M Pb(NO3)2
1.0M K2CrO4
1.0M NaOH
1.0M H2SO4
0.1M AgNO3

Crucible and cover
Bunsen burner
Tripod stand
Clay triangle
Test tubes
Wooden splint






METHOD
A. Combination Reactions
a. Crucible and a cover was obtained.
b. A cleaned piece of magnesium ribbon was cleaned(using sand paper) and
folded it until it formed a piece that small enough to fit on the bottom of the
crucible, but with enough space for air to get in between the folds. It was very
important to have as much magnesium ribbon as possible in contact with the
bottom of the crucible, as this would be the hottest part of the crucible and
the magnesium needs to get really hot.
c. The crucible and contents was heated at first with brushing motion, then
heated to redness for 3 minutes.
d. The gas burner was switched off when the reaction has completed.



B. Decomposition Reactions
a. A small amount of potassium chlorate (KClO3) was placed in a clean, dry test tube and
was heated gently.
b. After one minute of heating, the wooden splint was heated. The flame was blown out
and the glowing splint quickly inserted into the mouth of the test tube as the reaction
is still occurring. The compound released oxygen and hence the glowing splint would
ignite again. Heat was stopped and the test tube was observed.

C. Single Replacement Reactions
a. Five clean test tubes were cleaned and placed in a test tube rack and labelled with
number. 1ml of 1.0M CuSO4 was putted in Test tube 1, 1 ml of 1.0M FeSO4 in Test
tube 2, 1ml of 0.1M AgNO3 in Test tube 3, 1ml of 1.0M HCl in each test tube 4 and 5.
b. An iron nail was scrubbed with sandpaper and placed it in test tube 1. Three pieces of
copper was also scrubbed then placed them in test tube 2,3 and 4. A piece of zinc was
scrubbed and placed in test tube 5. The test tubes were left aside for 10 minutes. At
the end of the time, we observed the test tubes by removing the nail in it and examine
it.

D. Metathesis or Double Replacement Reactions
a. Precipitation reaction
In a clean test tube, 1ml of 1.0M Pb(NO3)2 solution was mixed with 1ml of 1.0M
K2CrO4 solution. The mixture was stirred.
b. Acid-base neutralization
3ml of 1.0M NaOH solution was putted in a clean test tube. Next, 3 ml of 1.0M H2SO4
was carefully added.
c. Formation of a gas
5ml of 1.0M H2SO4 was mixed with solid Na2CO3 in a clean test tube. A bubbling in
the test tube was observed that shows a gas is formed.



















DATA

Experiments Observations
A: Combination Reaction Burn to redness until it becomes white dust
B: Decomposition Reaction KClO3 becomes solid again




Experiment Observations
C: Single Test tube 1: Test tube 2: Test tube 3: Test tube 4: Test tube 5:
Replacement CuSO4 + Fe FeSO4 + Cu AgNO3 + Cu HCl + Cu HCl + Zn
Reaction -Grey nail No reaction Colourless No reaction Gas bubble
turns brown AgNO3 formed
-The solution
temperature turns blue
increase




Experiment D: Metathesis Observations/Chemical Equations
1. Precipitation Reaction Yellow precipitate formed

Pb(NO3)2 + K2CrO4 KNO3 + PbCrO4
2. Acid-base neutralization -Temperature increase
-No observation change

NaOH + H2SO4 H2O + Na2SO4
3. Formation of a gas -Carbon dioxide is formed
-Blue litmus paper changes to red
-Does not form precipitate when react with
Na2CO3

H2SO4 + Na2CO3 CO2 + H2O + Na2SO4











RESULTS, CALCULATION & QUESTIONS
1. Write balanced chemical equation for the reactions involved.

A. Combination Reaction :
2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(s)

B. Decomposition Reaction :
KClO3(aq) 2KCl(aq) + 3O2

C. Single Replacement Reaction :
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Cu(s) + AgNO3(aq) Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + 2Ag(s)
Cu(s) + HCl(aq) No reaction
Zn(s) + 2HCl (aq) ZnCl2 (aq) + H2(g)

D. Double Replacement Reaction :
Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + K2CrO4(aq) PbCr2O4(aq) +2KNO3 (aq)
2NaOH (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) Na2SO4 (aq) + H2O(g)
Na2SO3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O(l)

2. Which test is used to identify carbon dioxide gas?

Test using litmus paper. The carbon dioxide gas produced in reaction will turn blue limus
paper to red because it is an acidic gas.

3. How can you tell whether a chemical reaction has occurred?

A chemical reaction has occurred when one or more of the reactions happen:
There is color change inside the reaction flask.
A gas was formed. Usually we know a gas has formed when we see bubbles.
A solid was formed. Some solid material has formed when we see a sludgy or cloudy
deposit, or crystals forming.

All the signs above are visual, or recorded by sight. That means we can see them with our
naked eyes. Other senses can also help to say whether or not there is a chemical reaction:
Some chemical changes can be smelled, for instance when a new material is formed,
it has a strong smell.
Other chemical changes can be felt, for example when the reaction produces heat.
Some chemical changes can be heard. Example: when an explosion takes place.






DISCUSSION

In this experiment, we are expected to study the general types of chemical reaction and
in this experiment we focused on combination, decomposition, displacement and double
replacement reaction. In combination reaction, the magnesium ribbon was burned to
redness, it reacts with oxygen, hence producing a single product which is MgO(white dust).
For the decomposition, we can see that when potassium chlorate was heated using the
bunsen burner, it liquefies and gas bubbles formed. It produces two simpler substance; KCl
and oxygen gas which ignites the glowing splint. Furthermore, in single replacement reaction,
there was 5 reaction that we conducted, first is when CuSO4 reacts with Fe, the grey nail turns
brown because Cu was deposited on the surface of the nail and the solution formed was
FeSO4. In test tube 2, when FeSO4 reacts with Cu, no reaction occurs because Cu cannot
displace FeSO4. Next in test tube 3, when AgNO3 reacts with Cu, the Cu replaced AgNO3
forming Cu(NO3)2. The colourless AgNO3 solution turns blue. In test tube 4, when HCl is
reacted with Cu, no reaction occurs due to only those metals whose standard reduction
potentials are lower than that of hydrogen react with non-oxidising acids like HCl and diluted
H2SO4, and displaced hydrogen from them. Copper has higher reduction potential (more
positive) than hydrogen, and it does not react with HCl acid. Lastly, in test tube 5, When Zn
reacts with HCl, zinc metal displaces the hydrogen to form hydrogen gas and zinc chloride, a
salt. Zinc reacts quickly with the acid to form bubbles of hydrogen.

Furthermore, we also managed to write a balanced equation for every type of reactions to
make sure that the products formed is right. The chemical equation needs to be balanced so
that it follows the law of conservation of mass. A balanced chemical equation occurs when
the number of the different atoms of elements in the reactants side is equal to that of the
products side. Balancing chemical equations is a process of trial and error.


CONCLUSION

In conclusion, we had successfully conducted all of the experiments and identify which type
of reaction occurred in this experiment. Next, we had also write balanced chemical equations
for each type of reactions.


REFERENCE

1.Chemical Reactions,
https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Inorganic_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Chemical_React
ions

2. Difference Between Physical and Chemical Changes,
http://www.mstworkbooks.co.za/natural-sciences/gr8/gr8-mm-03.html

3. Allan Blackman, Mauro Mocerino, Uta Wille, 19 May 2015, Chemistry (3rd Edition) John
Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd.



DATASHEET


JOTTER