CHM 432

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

EXPERIMENT 5: PHASE
EQUILIBRIUM : FREEZING POINT
DEPRESSION AND MOLAR MASS
DETERMINATION

NAME NUR SHAFFI’AH AQIELAH

GROUP AS2532A3

MATRIX NO 2019291586

LECTURER’S NAME DR. HAMIZAH MD RASID

OBJECTIVE
To study the adsorption isotherm of acetic acid by activated carbon
INTRODUCTION
Adsorption is a process that occurs when a gas or liquid solute accumulates on a solid or
liquid (adsorbent) surface, forming a film of molecules or atoms (the adsorbent). The matter
that attracts the surface is called adsorbate and it is called adsorbent the matter that attracts or
adheres to certain matters. This is distinct from the absorption, through which a substance
diffuses to form a solution into a liquid or solid. The word sorption encompasses all
processes, while the opposite process is desorption.

The adsorption is a consequence of surface energy, analogous to surface tension. For

a bulk substance, all the bonding properties of the constituent atoms of the material (whether
ionic, covalent, or metallic) are filled in by other atoms in the sample. Atoms on the
adsorbent surface, however, are not completely surrounded by other adsorbent atoms, and can
therefore attract adsorbents. The exact type of the bonding depends on the species specifics
involved, but the process of adsorption is usually known as physisorption (characteristic of
the weak forces of Vander Waals) or chemisorption (characteristic of covalent bonding).

APPARATUS AND ATERIALS

Conical flask, beaker, burette, pipette, measuring cylinder, filter funnel, retort stand, parafilm,
activated charcoal (carbon), 0.4M acetic acid, CH3COOH, 0.1M sodium hydroxide, NaOH,
phenolphthalein indicator.

PROCEDURE
1.5 g of activated charcoal were weighed into each of the six-dry glass-stoppered flasks. A
series of acetic acid of various concentrations according to table 8.1 were prepared. A 100cm3
measuring cylinder was used to measure the required amount of 0.4M acetic acid and then it
was diluted with distilled water to exactly the 100 cm3 mark. The prepared acetic acid
solution was poured into each of glass-stoppered conical flask containing charcoal. The flask
was swirled vigorously. The conical flasks were let stand for two weeks. The solutions were
filtered. A suitable volume of the filtrate with standard 0.1M NaOH was titrated with
phenolphthalein as indicator. Pipette was used to measure accurately the required liquid. The
titration was repeated three times for each sample.
RESULT

1. Data sheet for Experiment 8:

Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6
Mass of activated
1.5004 1.5005 1.5009 1.5027 1.5087 1.5090
carbon (g)
Titration:
Volume of NaoH
(cm3)
Trial 1 35.50 25.80 16.30 18.80 5.60 3.00
Trial 2 35.30 26.10 16.40 17.90 5.60 2.90
Trial 3 35.40 25.90 16.70 17.90 5.50 2.95
Average volume of
35.40 25.93 16.46 18.20 5.57 2.95
NaOH (cm3)

Calculation:
Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6
Initial
concentratio M2 = M2 = M2 = M2 = M2 = M2 =
n of diluted 0.4(100)/10 0.4(75)/100 0.4(50)/100 0.4(25)/100 0.4(10)/100 0.4(5)/100 =
acetic acid 0 = 0.4 = 0.3 = 0.2 = 0.1 = 0.04 0.02
(mol dm-3) (c)
Final
concentratio Ma = Ma = Ma = Ma = Ma = Ma =
n of diluted 0.1(35.4)/10 0.1(25.93)/1 0.1(16.46)/1 0.1(18.2)/2 0.1(5.57)/2 0.1(2.95)/40
acetic acid = 0.354 0 = 0.259 0 = 0.165 5 = 0.073 5 = 0.022 = 0.007
(mol dm-3)
Concentratio
n of acetic
acid
(adsorbed) in 0.4 - 0.354 =
0.041 0.035 0.027 0.018 0.013
equilibrium 0.046
with the
adsorbent
(mol dm-3)
Amount in 100cm3 =
0.1dm3 0.041 0.027 0.018
mole of 0.035 (0.05)/ 0.013(0.005)
(0.075)/ (0.025)/ (0.01)/
adsorbed 1.5009 = / 1.5090 =
0.046 (0.1)/ 1.5005 = 1.5027 = 1.5087 =
acetic acid 1.166x10-3 4.307x10-5
1.5004 = 2.049x10-3 4.492x10-4 1.193x10-4
per g mol/g mol/g
3.066x10-3 mol/g mol/g mol/g
charcoal (y) mol/g
Log c - 0.398 -0.523 -0.699 -1 -1.398 -1.699
Log y - 2.513 -2.688 -2.933 -3.347 -3.923 -4.366
c/y 130.46 146.41 171.53 222.62 335.29 464.36
 Lecturer’s /
Graph of log y against log c Instructor’s
-2.5 signature:
-2.7
-2.9
-3.1
-3.3
-3.5
-3.7
-3.9
-4.1
-4.3
-4.5

hamizahrasid
Date: 23 Jun 2020
DISCUSSION

This experiment was conducted in order to study the activated carbon adsorption isotherm
from acetic acid. Activated charcoal with 0.4 M of acetic acid was used to titrate 0.1 M of
sodium hydroxide, NaOH with indicator of phenolphthalein. Adsorption is the adhesion to
the surface of atoms, ions , or molecules from a gas , liquid or dissolved solid. A molecule
that undergoes adsorption is referred to as the adsorbate, the solid is the adsorbent.

Chemisorption is the mechanism generally known as surface-to - surface bond formation.

Physical adsorption involves low adsorption heat and is improved by lowering the
temperature, while chemical adsorption involves higher adsorption heat and is improved by
temperature rise. The adsorption is a consequence of surface energy, analogous to surface
tension.

The factors that determine the amount of material that can be adsorbed to the activated
charcoal are adsorbent and adsorbent design, adsorbent surface area, adsorbent activation,
and experimental conditions such as temperature. The cycle of adsorption is studied by
graphs called isotherm adsorption. In this experiment, Langmuir equation is used to estimate
the surface area of activated charcoal sample.

Langmuir derived an equation that explained the relationship between the number of active
surface sites subjected to adsorption and pressure. The potential errors that occur during this
experiment are that the direction of the eye will not be perpendicular to the meniscus line,
which causes the amount of sodium hydroxide titrated to be incorrect and affects the overall
result. In addition, the quantity of charcoal being applied is more than required and not
uniformly spread over the solution.

CONCLUSION

From this experiment, the adsorption of acetic acid in charcoal follows the Langmuir
adsorption isotherm theory which shows that the adsorption decreases as the acetic acid
solution concentration decreases.