SUBJECT CODE : CHM 420

EXPERIMENT : 2
TOPIC : WATER OF HYDRATION
DATE : 03/10/2014

NAME : NABILAH BINTI AMINUDDIN
MATRIC NO : 2014805292
I/C NO : 950320145006
GROUP : AS2301M1
LECTURER NAME : DR. ZURAIDA KHUSAIMI

EXPERIMENT 2

WATER OF HYDRATION

OBJECTIVE

To determine the percentage of water in an unknown hydrate qualitatively and quantitatively.

THEORY

In this experiment, the amount of water in the hydrated compound will determined qualitative
and quantatively. In the qualitative part, the behaviour of a hydrate will be observed when the
sample is heated. Meanwhile, in the quantitative part, amount of water driven off can be
determined by heating the sample to constant weight. From, the amount of mass lost, the
percebtage of water in the sample can be determined. This information will be used to
calculate the formula of the hydrate.

CHEMICALS AND APPARATUS

Finely ground copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate Analytical balance
CuS

. 5

O Crucible and cover
Unknown hydrated compounds: Clay triangle
NiC

Trippod stand
Bunsen burner
Tile
Test tube

METHODOLOGY

A. Qualitative determination of water.

1. A clean and dry test tube is obtained and the test tube is held with a clamp with its
mouth is 15-20 degrees above the horizontal. The mouth of the test tube is pointed
away from people.
2. A scoop of copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate is placed in the test tube. The bottom
of the test tube is heat gently to avoid spattering. Changes is observed and
recorded in DATASHEET 2.
3. The test tube and its content is allowed to cool to room temperature.
4. A few drops of water is added into the test tube. Observation is recorded.

B. Quantitative determination of water in a hydrate.

1. The name of the salt that is analyze is recorded.
2. Tap water is used to clean and distilled water is used to rinse a crucible and a
cover. The crucible and cover is placed on the clay triangle. The cover is slightly
opened to allow moisture to escape when the crucible is heated. The crucible and
cover is heated using a bunsen burner for five minutes. Then, the crucible is
allowed to cool to room temperature and its mass is determined. Touching the
crucible or cover with hand is avoided because the moisture from skin will add to
the crucible weight. The same balanced is used for the successive weighing of the
sample.
3. Between 1.000 g 1.500 g of the hydrated compound is placed into a weighed
crucible. The crucible and the content is covered and weighed. The cover is
adjusted so that it is slightly ajar. To avoid spattering, it is gently heated and the
intensity of the flame is increased after five minutes and for about five minutes
heat to redness.
4. The crucible is closed and cooling is allowed for five minutes after heating and the
mass is determined. The heating and weighing is repeated until the results of two
successive weighings agree to within 0.05g. this will ensure thatthat all the water
is completely driven out of the compound.

DATA / RESULLT

A. Qualitative determination of water.

Before heating During heating After heating
Colour of copper (II)
sulphate pentahydrate
Blue Light blue White
Describe the
appearance
Solid Solid Solid
A few drops of water
was added
White to blue

B. Quantitative determination of water in a hydrate.

Sample No: NiC

(Nickle)

1. Mass of crucible + cover = 72.1691g


2. Mass of crucible + cover + sample = 73.2600g

3. Mass of crucible + cover + sample = 72.7230g
(after 1
st
heating)
4. Mass of crucible + cover + sample = 72.6899g
(after 2
nd
heating)

5. Mass of original sample = 1.0909g


6. Total mass loss by sample after heating = 0.5701g


7. Percentage water in sample = 52.26%

CALCULATIONS

5. 73.2600g - 72.1691g = 1.0909g
6. 73.2600g - 72.6899g = 0.5701g

QUESTION

1.

+ heat

(anyhydrous)+ 5

2. Percentage of water in sample :

Mass of hydrated (

) = 73.2600g
Mass of dry compound (an hydrate)

= 1.0909g

Mass of

= 73.2600g - 72.6899g
= 0.5701g

Percentage of

100 %

=

100 %

= 52.26%

3. Formula of hydrate

Molar mass (g/mole) 58.71 + 2 (35.45)
= 129.61
2(1.00) +16.00
= 18.00
No of mole

= 8.4168

mole

= 31.67

mole

Moles of water per mole nickel (II) chloride :

= 4





DISCUSSION
For part A (Qualitative determination of water) the colour of copper (II)
sulphate pentahydrate is blue solid before heating. The blue colour indicates that copper (II)
sulphate is hydrated (attached to water molecule). Next, during heating, the colour of copper
(II) sulphate pentahydrate turn to light blue solid. This show that the copper (II) sulphate is
being hydrated. In addition, after heating, the colour of copper (II) sulphate turns to white
solid which means copper (II) sulphate is completely hydrated. When a few drop of water
was added to white solid copper (II) sulphate the solid turns colour from white to blue. This is
because solid copper (II) sulphate is hydrated once more.

For part B (Quantitative determination of water in a hydrate) the sample given is
NiC

. The compound was weighed and heated and this process is repeated until all the
water is completely driven out of the compound. The reason to this is that we want to know
the mass of water in the compound by comparing the mass of the compound before and after
heating. When the mass of water is known, we can determined the percentage of water in the
compound or sample given. Thus, the percentage of water obtained is 52.26%.

There are several errors done when conducting the experiment. Some of the error are
touching the the crucible and its cover with bare hands. This will add moisture to the crucible
and cover. Next, the crucible containing compounds are not completely cooled down when
weighed. This will affect the mass of the compound as the mass of the compound is not
accurate when it was taken during the crucible is hot. Moreover, when heating copper (II)
sulphate pentahydrate, the test tube is set up as the test tube mouth is in the way of there is
people. This will hurt people who are in front of the test tube mouth when the experiment is
conducted.

There are precaution steps that need to be taken so that errors can be avoided when
experiment is conducted. Wear gloves when you want to touch the crucible or its cover. Next,
wait until the crucible is completely cooled down before weighing it. In addition, set up the
apparatus as the test tube is slightly slanted and its mouth is pointed away from people.



CONCLUSION

The colour of copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate turns from blue to white when it is
heated.The percentage of water in NiC

is 0.78%.

REFFERENCE

Exploring Chemistry Laboratory Experiments for General Chemistry, Sharipah Ruzaini Syed
Aris, Kamariah Muda, Nesamalar Kantasamy,2010,University Publication Cetre (UPENA).

Chemistry 11
th
edition,Raymond Chang, Kenneth A. Goldsby,2014,Mc Graw Hill Education

Oxford Dictionary of Chemistry sixth edition ,John Daintith,2008,Oxford University Press