Handouts History and Theories of Architecture

AN INTROD UCTION
Lecture 3
History and Theories of Architecture
Arc 231- First term 2022- 2023
WITH
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
HANAA MOOSA
WHAT WE'LL DISCUSS
Introduction
Pre-History
Pre-Dynastic
Organization
Design Elements
TODAY'S
TOPICS
ASSOC. PROFESSOR HANAA MOOSA
OUR CLASS TIME
Introduction
Ancient Egyptian
Civilization

INTRODUCTION
ANCIENT EGYPT
VS
MESOPOTOMIA

ANCIENT EGYPT
PRE HISTORY
LATE PALEOLITHIC
The Late Paleolithic

This period began around 30,000 BC
along the southern border near Wadi

Halfa.
Ancient, mobile buildings, capable of
being disassembled and reassembled

ANCIENT EGYPT
PRE HISTORY - LATE PALEOLITHIC
Aterian tool-making
industry reached Egypt
around 40,000 BCE, and
Khormusan industry began
between 40,000 and
30,000 BCE.

ANCIENT EGYPT
PRE HISTORY -MESOLITHIC
Halfan culture arose along

the Nile Valley of Egypt and
in Nubia between 18,000 and
15,000 BCE. They appeared
to be settled people,
descended from the
Khormusan industry people,
and spawned the Ibero-
Marusian industry. Material
remains from these people
include stone tools, flakes,
and rock paintings.
Barich, Barbara & Garcea, Elena & Giraudi, Carlo & Lucarini, Giulio & Mutri, Giuseppina. (2010). The latest research in the
Jebel Gharbi (Northern Libya): Environment and cultures from MSA to LSA and the first Neolithic findings. 5. 1-16.

ANCIENT EGYPT
PRE HISTORY - MESOLITHIC
The Qadan culture practiced wild-grain

harvesting along the Nile, and developed
sickles and grinding stones to collect and
process these plants. These people were
likely residents of Libya who were pushed
into the Nile Valley due to desiccation in the
Sahara. The Sebilian culture (also known as
Esna) gathered wheat and barley.

ANCIENT EGYPT
PRE HISTORY - MESOLITHIC The Harifian culture
migrated out of the Fayyum
and the Eastern deserts of
Egypt to merge with the Pre-
Pottery Neolithic B; this
created the Circum-Arabian
Nomadic Pastoral Complex,
who invented nomadic
pastoralism, and may have
spread Proto-Semitic
language throughout
Mesopotamia.
https://damienmarieathope.com/2017/01/prehistoric-egypt-40000-to-5150-years-ago-to-the-first-dynasty-date-5150-years-
ago/?v=32aec8db952d
ANCIENT EGYPT
PRE HISTORY - NEOLITHIC
Expansion of the Sahara desert forced more

people to settle around the Nile in a sedentary,
agriculture-based lifestyle. Around 6000 BCE,
Neolithic settlements began to appear in great
number in this area, likely as migrants from
the Fertile Crescent returned to the area.
Weaving occurred for the first time in this
period, and people buried their dead close to
or within their settlements.

ANCIENT EGYPT
The Merimde culture ‫مرمدة بني سالمة‬
(5000-4200 BCE) was located in

Lower Egypt. People lived in small
huts, created simple pottery, and
had stone tools. They had cattle,
sheep, goats, and pigs, and planted
wheat, sorghum, and barley. The Phillipps, Rebecca. (2012).
DOCUMENTING SOCIO-ECONOMIC
first Egyptian life-size clay head VARIABILITY IN THE EGYPTIAN
NEOLITHIC THROUGH STONE
comes from this culture. ARTEFACT ANALYSIS.
10.13140/RG.2.2.28425.65121.

The later level of the Classic
Merimde, considered the
period of occupation, is when
the settlement consisted of a
large village of mud huts and
workspaces in organized
groups of buildings laid out in
streets.
The high level of organisation in the

villages, indicated by numerous
subterranean silos or granaries, lined
with basketware and used to store
grain, are probably associated with
individual dwellings. The suggestion is
that by the later phases the population
consisted of economically
independent family groups in a
formalised village life.
ASSOC. PROFESSOR HANAA MOOSA https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/9/40/127292/Heritage/Ancient-
Egypt/Merimde-Beni-Salama-site-in-Delta-is-larger-than-w.aspx
ANCIENT EGYPT
The El Omari culture (4000-3100 BCE) lived near

modern-day Cairo. People lived in huts, and had
undecorated pottery and stone tools. Metal was
unknown.

ANCIENT EGYPT
The Maadi culture (also known as Buto Maadi) is

the most important Lower Egyptian prehistoric
culture. Copper was used, pottery was simple and
undecorated, and people lived in huts. The dead
were buried in cemeteries.

ANCIENT EGYPT - MAADI CULTURE

The appearance of mud-brick
architecture
Semisubterranean house at Maadi and detail of the mud-brick wall (Buto-

Maadi culture).
https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/archaeology-of-urbanism-in-ancient-egypt/origins-of-urban-
society/7827A646AACBAEEEFCC7CF442E904D2B
The appearance of mud-brick architecture

Semisubterranean house with stone wall
at Maadi (Buto-Maadi culture).
The appearance of mud-brick architecture

Entrance to the
subterranean
building at Maadi.
Order and Chaos
The homes of the Maadi were oval or rectangular

structures, but are quite distinct from the small
Maadi graves (Tristant & Midant-Reynes 2011, pp.
48-50).
Their grave goods were simple and did
not reflect the variety of goods used in daily life
(Savage 2001, p. 130).
Whilst there is evidence of a belief in the afterlife,
there is little current artefactual evidence to
suggest that the Dynastic
theme of order versus chaos was upheld by the
Maadi people.
Seawright, Caroline. (2013). ARC3RFC Essay: Tomb 100, Tomb U-J and Maadi South: Themes from Predynastic Egypt.
The graves were egalitarian in nature, showing no evidence for
kingship
Seawright, Caroline. (2013). ARC3RFC Essay: Tomb 100, Tomb U-J and Maadi South: Themes from Predynastic Egypt.
Location of some of the animal graves at Maadi
South)
Seawright, Caroline. (2013). ARC3RFC Essay: Tomb 100, Tomb U-J and Maadi
South: Themes from Predynastic Egypt.
https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Joukowsky_Institute/courses/historyofegyptone14/files/27147317.pdf
ANCIENT EGYPT

The Tasian culture (4500-

3100 BCE) produced a kind
of red, brown, and black
pottery, called blacktop-
ware. From this period on,
Upper Egypt was strongly
influenced by the culture of
Lower Egypt.
Tasian beaker, found in a Badarian grave at Qau; tomb 569, around 4000 BC; Upper
Egypt; British Museum.[8]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasian_culture#cite_note-
ANCIENT EGYPT
The Badarian culture (4400-4000 BCE) was similar to the

Tasian, except they improved blacktop-ware and used
copper in addition to stone.

ANCIENT EGYPT
The Amratian culture (Naqada I) (4000-3500 BCE) continued

making blacktop-ware, and added white cross-line-ware,
which featured pottery with close, parallel, white, crossed
lines. Mud-brick buildings were first seen in this period in
small numbers.

ANCIENT EGYPT-PRE HISTORY - NAQADA I

https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Joukowsky_Institute/courses/historyofegyptone14/files/27147317.pd
f

WALL &
GATEWAY

HOUSES 4000- 3500 BC

Hemamieh settlement plan with
later burials in green
https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/3d/hemamieh.html
HUTS, OVAL GRAVES

HUNTING, METAL ITEMS ARE RARE
BASALT VESSELS, STONE TOOLS
2016, ANTH.309: Egypt: Age of the Pyramids, Prehistory to

1550 BCE (lecture series by G. Mumford)
https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums- https://www.academia.edu/9928535/Anth_309_Ppt_lecture_5_Predynastic_Egypt_s
panning_Naqada_I_Amratian_Naqada_II_Gerzean_Naqada_III_Dyn_0_Semainian
static/digitalegypt/badari/hemamieh/plan.html _and_other_contemporary_cultures_including_the_foundations_of_pharaonic_cul
ture_Anth_309_Egypt_in_the_Age_of_the_Pyramids_by_G_Mumford_2016_
Food production
installations at HK 24B
(mid–Naqada I period) at
Hierakonpolis.
Photo by N. Shirai, and

plan by I. Takamiya and
N. Shirai, provided
courtesy of the
Hierakonpolis
Expedition.
ANCIENT EGYPT
PRE DYNASTIC
The Gerzean culture (Naqada II, 3500-3200 BCE) saw the

laying of the foundation for Dynastic Egypt. It developed out
of Amratian culture, moving south through Upper Egypt. Its
pottery was painted dark red with pictures of animals, people
and ships. Life was increasingly sedentary and focused on
agriculture, as cities began to grow. Mud bricks were mass-
produced, copper was used for tools and weapons, and silver,
gold, lapis, and faience were used as decorations. The first
Egyptian-style tombs were built.

Al-Amrah House
• rectilinear house with

curved roof
• door with jambs and a lintel
• two back windows with
ledge and lintel
• two bak windows with ledge
and lintel set high in wall
Pre-Dynastic model house, El-Amra, Naqada IIC until 3200 BCE,

British Museum EA35505
2016, ANTH.309: Egypt: Age of the Pyramids, Prehistory to 1550 BCE (lecture series by G. Mumford)
Potter's House
• floor sunken 50 cm into ground

• mud mortar wattle and daub walls-roof .
• oven in mud platform
• store jar sunk in floor
• reed & post animal pens nearby
• donley bones
ANCIENT EGYPT-PRE HISTORY - NAQADA II

MINSHAAT ABU

OMAR TOMB
2016, ANTH.309: Egypt: Age of the Pyramids, Prehistory to 1550 BCE (lecture series by G.
Mumford)
HIERAKONPOLIS

FIRST EVIDENCE OF
MUMMIFICATION
Mumford)
Ceremonial Centre Naqada IIcd
3,400 BC
Façade -4 massive wooden columns

3-room shrine inside
•Shallow furrows in structure indicate
a three room shrine
Ovoid courtyard in front (
• Multiple mud plaster pavings
• Hole for post/pillar
• Posts & bricks enclosing court
• Two posts & gate opposite shrine
• Square structure in court (robing room?)
• Fauna: many newborn/young sheep and
goats (all parts found: = butchery!)
4. Workshops around courtyard area
• Raw materials and finished products
(luxury items); also flint debitage.
5. Deposit of pottery at north end of court
dates to Narmer/Protodynastic
ANCIENT EGYPT • Cult centres

• Towns
• Elite burials
• Expansion northwards
PRE DYNASTIC • Small polities
Protodynastic Period (Naqada III) (3200 – 3000 BCE)

During this period, the process of state formation, begun in Naqada II, became clearer. Kings
headed up powerful polities, but they were unrelated. Political unification was underway,
which culminated in the formation of a single state in the Early Dynastic Period. Hieroglyphs
may have first been used in this period, along with irrigation. Additionally, royal cemeteries
and serekhs (royal crests) came into use.

HIERAKONPOLIS

• broader range of grave and tomb types
• -simple avoid pits still used by many persons
• Mud brick lined rectilinear pits appearing
reflecting the adoption of rectilinear houses.
• (houses for living- similar one for dead)
• Multiple chambered brick structures in pits
• social atratification in both life and death
Mumford)
Rectangular houses and graves
are
continuing and increasing at
Naqada.

- Social stratification is
increasing, and
emulation of the elite by less
affluent.
- Cast-hammered copper tools
continue and diversify even
more.
The first full outline of a rectangular

mud-brick building is visible in
Phase IIId, which dates to the
Naqada IIIA period at about 3200
BCE
At least four rooms can be
distinguished, the largest one being
2.8 m wide and 7.6 m long
2016, ANTH.309: Egypt: Age of the
Pyramids, Prehistory to 1550 BCE (lecture
series by G. Mumford)
no evidence of its use
https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/archaeology-of-urbanism-in-ancient-egypt/origins-
of-urban-society/7827A646AACBAEEEFCC7CF442E904D2B
Plan of Phase I at HK 29

(Naqada IIA period) at
Hierakonpolis.
By G. Marouard, after
M. A. Hoffman, “A
Rectangular Amratian
House from
Hierakonpolis and Its
Significance for
Predynastic Research,
Some animal interments as well

a. Domestic animal burials:
Dogs; donkeys; sheep/goats; cattle;
pig.
b. Wild animal burials:
Auroch (buffalo); baboons; crocodiles;
elephants; gazelles; hares; hartebeest;
hippopotamus; wild cats.
https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/archaeology-of-urbanism-
in-ancient-egypt/origins-of-urban-
Mud-brick building, Phase
IIId (Naqada IIIA period), at
Buto.
After T. Von der Way, Tell el-

Fara’in –Buto I. Ergebnisse
zum frühen Kontext.
https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/archaeology-of-
urbanism-in-ancient-egypt/origins-of-urban-
Abydos Cemetery U - Tomb Uj of a ruler

https://www.odysseyadventures.ca/articles/mastabas/abydos.html
Abydos Cemetery U - Tomb Uj of a ruler

Though all of the architectural
structures of a Naqada, or Early
Dynastic temple at Koptos are
destroyed, finds, including the
Koptos lions (today in the Petrie
Museum) and three monumental
statues (now in Cairo and Oxford),
dating to this period demonstrate
the importance Qift at this time
http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/qiftkoptos.htm
Cult center of Min of Kotos (Fertility deity)

The northern most temple is that of
Min and Isis, built during the reign
of Ptolemy II, with later additions
added under Ptolemy IV, Ptolemy
VII and the Roman emperors
Caligula and Nero. Nevertheless, this
temple was never fully decorated.
Blocks from a gateway that was
almost certainly connected to this
temple, discovered on its north side,
have relatively recently been
reassembled in the Boston Museum
of Fine Arts. The temple was
originally excavated by Petrie, but
apparently it was already heavily
damaged by then.
https://books.openedition.org/cdf/5247
Mortuary Architecture: Housing for the Dead
Naqada III period: ca. 3,200 – 3,000 BC
El-Kab grave-85: Naqada IIIA2 (Protodyn.)
Rising social stratification

Riverine port and embarkation
point for overland and
expeditions into wadi Hammamat
for:
• stone quarrying
• gold mining
• Red Sea ventures to Punt
https://isiopolis.com/2014/09/07/isis-min/
2016, ANTH.309: Egypt: Age of the Pyramids, Prehistory to 1550 BCE (lecture
series by G. Mumford)
THEORIES TIME
Design
Elements
of students continue studying history
from theories point of view

Design Elements
Form Composition
Regular & Irregular Forms

Francis D.k Ching , Architecture Form , space and order
Design Elements
Form Composition
The Transformation of Form

Dimensional
Transformation
Design Elements
Form Composition

Subtractive
Transformation

Design Elements
Form Composition

Addidtive
Transformation

Design Elements
Form Composition
Formal Transformation - Dimensional

Formal
Transformation -
Dimensional

Design Elements
Form Composition

gwathmey residence amagansett new york 1967
charles gwathmey/ gwathmey siegel
http://news.yale.edu/sites/default/files/imagecache/video_photo_main/10-Gwathmey_Residence_2nd_Floor_axon_0.jpg
Design Elements
Form Composition

• Cumulative composition
• Additive form
• A rather easy type
• Picturesque, full of
movement
• Can be completely
disciplined by
classification and
hierarchy
http://www.urbipedia.org/images/thumb/3/32/Casas_la_roche-jeanneret-
Francis D.k Ching , Architecture Form , space and order planta_primera.jpg/363px-Casas_la_roche-jeanneret-planta_primera.jpg
Design Elements
Form Composition

SUBTRACTIVE FORM
VERY GENEROUS
ON THE EXTERIOR AN
ARCHITECTURAL WILL IS
CONFIRMED
ON THE INTERIOR ALL
FUNCTIONAL NEEDS ARE
SATISFIED (LIGHT PENETRATION ,
CONTINUITY , CIRCULATION)
VERY EASY
(CONVENIENT
COMBINING)

Design Elements
Form Composition
Formal Transformation - Additive

Design Elements
Form Composition
Formal Transformation - Subtractive

Design Elements
Form Composition

Centralized Forms
Consist of a number of
secondary forms clustered
about dominant , central
parent-forms.
Linear Forms
Consist of forms arranged
sequentially in a row.
Radial Forms
Are compositions of linear
forms that extend outward
from central forms in a radial
manner

Design Elements
Form Composition

Clustered Forms
Consist of forms that are
grouped together by
proximity or the sharing of a
common visual trait.
Grid Forms
Are modular forms whose
whose relationships are
regulated by three –
dimensional grids.

Design Elements
Form Composition
Linear Forms

Design Elements
Form Composition
Linear Forms

runcorn new town housing 1967 james stirling

Design Elements
Radial Forms

Design Elements
Form Composition
Formal Transformation – Centralized Form

Design Elements
Clustered Forms

Design Elements
Grid Forms

conceptual diagram : gunma prefectural museum of fine arts 1974 arata
isozaki
Design Elements
Grid Forms

nakagin capsule building tokyo 1972 kisho kurokawa
http://www.ideaonline.co.id/var/gramedia/storage/images/idea2013/eksterior/fa
sad/fasad-unik-berbentuk-mesin-cuci/16283282-1-ind-ID/Fasad-Unik-Berbentuk-
Francis D.k Ching , Architecture Form , space and order Mesin-Cuci.jpg
Design Elements
Formal Collisions Of Geometry

Design Elements
Circles & Squares

Murray house : Cambridge Massachusetts 1969 MLTW/ Moore - turnbull

Design Elements
Rotated Grids

Design Elements
Rotated Grids

plan for an ideal city by Filarete 1464

Design Elements
The Articulation of Form

palacio guell : Barcelona 1885-9 antoni Gaudi
Francis D.k Ching , Architecture Form , space and order https://c1.staticflickr.com/3/2738/4498024255_78ca0f0711_b.jpg

Design Elements
Surface Articulation

palazzo medici riccardi : florence 1444-60 michelozzo
Francis D.k Ching , Architecture Form , space and order http://test.classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/606/flashcards/83606/jpg/aic_350036.jpg

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AN INTROD UCTION

Arc 231- First term 2022- 2023

ASSOC. PROFESSOR HANAA MOOSA

ASSOC. PROFESSOR HANAA MOOSA

The Late Paleolithic

along the southern border near Wadi

ASSOC. PROFESSOR HANAA MOOSA

PRE HISTORY - LATE PALEOLITHIC

ASSOC. PROFESSOR HANAA MOOSA

Halfan culture arose along

ASSOC. PROFESSOR HANAA MOOSA

PRE HISTORY - MESOLITHIC

The Qadan culture practiced wild-grain

ASSOC. PROFESSOR HANAA MOOSA

PRE HISTORY - NEOLITHIC

Expansion of the Sahara desert forced more

ASSOC. PROFESSOR HANAA MOOSA

The Merimde culture ‫مرمدة بني سالمة‬

(5000-4200 BCE) was located in

ASSOC. PROFESSOR HANAA MOOSA

The high level of organisation in the

PRE HISTORY - NEOLITHIC

The El Omari culture (4000-3100 BCE) lived near

ASSOC. PROFESSOR HANAA MOOSA

PRE HISTORY - NEOLITHIC

The Maadi culture (also known as Buto Maadi) is

ASSOC. PROFESSOR HANAA MOOSA

ASSOC. PROFESSOR HANAA MOOSA

Semisubterranean house at Maadi and detail of the mud-brick wall (Buto-

The appearance of mud-brick architecture

ASSOC. PROFESSOR HANAA MOOSA

The appearance of mud-brick architecture

ASSOC. PROFESSOR HANAA MOOSA

ASSOC. PROFESSOR HANAA MOOSA

ASSOC. PROFESSOR HANAA MOOSA

The Tasian culture (4500-

PRE HISTORY - NEOLITHIC

The Badarian culture (4400-4000 BCE) was similar to the

ASSOC. PROFESSOR HANAA MOOSA

PRE HISTORY - NEOLITHIC

The Amratian culture (Naqada I) (4000-3500 BCE) continued

ASSOC. PROFESSOR HANAA MOOSA

ASSOC. PROFESSOR HANAA MOOSA

ASSOC. PROFESSOR HANAA MOOSA

ASSOC. PROFESSOR HANAA MOOSA

ASSOC. PROFESSOR HANAA MOOSA

HUTS, OVAL GRAVES

2016, ANTH.309: Egypt: Age of the Pyramids, Prehistory to

Photo by N. Shirai, and

The Gerzean culture (Naqada II, 3500-3200 BCE) saw the

ASSOC. PROFESSOR HANAA MOOSA

• rectilinear house with

ASSOC. PROFESSOR HANAA MOOSA

Pre-Dynastic model house, El-Amra, Naqada IIC until 3200 BCE,

• floor sunken 50 cm into ground

ASSOC. PROFESSOR HANAA MOOSA

ASSOC. PROFESSOR HANAA MOOSA

ASSOC. PROFESSOR HANAA MOOSA

ASSOC. PROFESSOR HANAA MOOSA