Chương 8

8
Conservation of Energy
CHAPTER OUTLINE
8.1 Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Energy)

8.2 Analysis Model: Isolated System (Energy)
8.3 Situations Involving Kinetic Friction
8.4 Changes in Mechanical Energy for Nonconservative Forces
8.5 Power
* An asterisk indicates a question or problem new to this edition.
ANSWERS TO OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
OQ8.1 Answer (a). We assume the light band of the slingshot puts equal
amounts of kinetic energy into the missiles. With three times more
speed, the bean has nine times more squared speed, so it must have
one-ninth the mass.
OQ8.2 (i) Answer (b). Kinetic energy is proportional to mass.
1/2
(ii) Answer (c). The slide is frictionless, so v = (2gh) in both cases.
(iii) Answer (a). g for the smaller child and g sin θ for the larger.
OQ8.3 Answer (d). The static friction force that each glider exerts on the other
acts over no distance relative to the surface of the other glider. The air
track isolates the gliders from outside forces doing work. The gliders-
Earth system keeps constant mechanical energy.
OQ8.4 Answer (c). Once the athlete leaves the surface of the trampoline, only
a conservative force (her weight) acts on her. Therefore, the total
mechanical energy of the athlete-Earth system is constant during her
flight: Kf + Uf = Ki + Ui. Taking the y = 0 at the surface of the
trampoline, Ui = mgyi = 0. Also, her speed when she reaches maximum
373
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374 Conservation of Energy
1 2
height is zero, or Kf = 0. This leaves us with Uf = Ki, or mgy max = mvi ,
2
which gives the maximum height as
y max
v2
= i =
( 8.5 m/s ) = 3.7 m 2
2g 2 ( 9.80 m/s 2 )
OQ8.5 (a) Yes: a block slides on the floor where we choose y = 0.
(b) Yes: a picture on the classroom wall high above the floor.
(c) Yes: an eraser hurtling across the room.
(d) Yes: the block stationary on the floor.
1 2
OQ8.6 In order the ranking: c > a = d > b. We have mv = µ k mgd so
2
d = v2/2µk g. The quantity v2/µk controls the skidding distance. In the
cases quoted respectively, this quantity has the numerical values: (a) 5
(b) 1.25 (c) 20 (d) 5.
OQ8.7 Answer (a). We assume the climber has negligible speed at both the
beginning and the end of the climb. Then Kf = Ki, and the work done by
the muscles is
Wnc = 0 + (U f − Ui ) = mg ( yf − yi )
= ( 70.0 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( 325 m )
= 2.23 × 105 J
The average power delivered is
Wnc 2.23 × 105 J
P= = = 39.1 W
Δt ( 95.0 min ) ( 60 s / 1 min )
OQ8.8 Answer (d). The energy is internal energy. Energy is never “used up.”
The ball finally has no elevation and no compression, so the ball-Earth
system has no potential energy. There is no stove, so no energy is put
in by heat. The amount of energy transferred away by sound is
minuscule.
OQ8.9 Answer (c). Gravitational energy is proportional to the mass of the
object in the Earth’s field.
Chapter 8 375
ANSWERS TO CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS

CQ8.1 (a) No. They will not agree on the original gravitational energy if they
make different y = 0 choices. (b) Yes, (c) Yes. They see the same change
in elevation and the same speed, so they do agree on the change in
gravitational energy and on the kinetic energy.
CQ8.2 The larger engine is unnecessary. Consider a 30-minute commute. If
you travel the same speed in each car, it will take the same amount of
time, expending the same amount of energy. The extra power available
from the larger engine isn’t used.
CQ8.3 Unless an object is cooled to absolute zero, then that object will have
internal energy, as temperature is a measure of the energy content of
matter. Potential energy is not measured for single objects, but for
systems. For example, a system comprised of a ball and the Earth will
have potential energy, but the ball itself can never be said to have
potential energy. An object can have zero kinetic energy, but this
measurement is dependent on the reference frame of the observer.
CQ8.4 All the energy is supplied by foodstuffs that gained their energy from
the Sun.
CQ8.5 (a) The total energy of the ball-Earth system is conserved. Since the
system initially has gravitational energy mgh and no kinetic energy, the
ball will again have zero kinetic energy when it returns to its original
position. Air resistance will cause the ball to come back to a point
slightly below its initial position. (b) If she gives a forward push to the
ball from its starting position, the ball will have the same kinetic
energy, and therefore the same speed, at its return: the demonstrator
will have to duck.
CQ8.6 Yes, if it is exerted by an object that is moving in our frame of
reference. The flat bed of a truck exerts a static friction force to start a
pumpkin moving forward as it slowly starts up.
CQ8.7 (a) original elastic potential energy into final kinetic energy
(b) original chemical energy into final internal energy
(c) original chemical potential energy in the batteries into final
internal energy, plus a tiny bit of outgoing energy transmitted by
mechanical waves
(d) original kinetic energy into final internal energy in the brakes
(e) energy input by heat from the lower layers of the Sun, into energy
transmitted by electromagnetic radiation
(f) original chemical energy into final gravitational energy
CQ8.8 (a) (i) A campfire converts chemical energy into internal energy,
within the system wood-plus-oxygen, and before energy is
transferred by heat and electromagnetic radiation into the
surroundings. If all the fuel burns, the process can be 100%
efficient.
(ii) Chemical-energy-into-internal-energy is also the conversion
as iron rusts, and it is the main conversion in mammalian
metabolism.
(b) (i) An escalator motor converts electrically transmitted energy
into gravitational energy. As the system we may choose
motor-plus-escalator-and-riders. The efficiency could be, say
90%, but in many escalators a significant amount of internal
energy is generated and leaves the system by heat.
(ii) A natural process, such as atmospheric electric current in a
lightning bolt, which raises the temperature of a particular
region of air so that the surrounding air buoys it up, could
produce the same electricity-to-gravitational energy
conversion with low efficiency.
(c) (i) A diver jumps up from a diving board, setting it vibrating
temporarily. The material in the board rises in temperature
slightly as the visible vibration dies down, and then the board
cools off to the constant temperature of the environment. This
process for the board-plus-air system can have 100%
efficiency in converting the energy of vibration into energy
transferred by heat. The energy of vibration is all elastic
energy at instants when the board is momentarily at rest at
turning points in its motion.
(ii) For a natural process, you could think of the branch of a palm
tree vibrating for a while after a coconut falls from it.
(d) (i) Some of the energy transferred by sound in a shout results in
kinetic energy of a listener’s eardrum; most of the
mechanical-wave energy becomes internal energy as the
sound is absorbed by all the surfaces it falls upon.
(ii) We would also assign low efficiency to a train of water waves
doing work to shift sand back and forth in a region near a
beach.
(e) (i) A demonstration solar car takes in electromagnetic-wave
energy in sunlight and turns some fraction of it temporarily
into the car’s kinetic energy. A much larger fraction becomes
internal energy in the solar cells, battery, motor, and air
pushed aside.
Chapter 8 377
(ii) Perhaps with somewhat higher net efficiency, the pressure of

light from a newborn star pushes away gas and dust in the
nebula surrounding it.
CQ8.9 The figure illustrates the relative amounts of the
forms of energy in the cycle of the block, where the
vertical axis shows position (height) and the
horizontal axis shows energy. Let the gravitational
energy (Ug) be zero for the configuration of the
system when the block is at the lowest point in the
motion, point (3). After the block moves
downward through position (2), where its kinetic ANS. FIG. CQ8.9
energy (K) is a maximum, its kinetic energy
converts into extra elastic potential energy in the spring (Us). After the
block starts moving up at its lower turning point (3), this energy
becomes both kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy, and
then just gravitational energy when the block is at its greatest height
(1) where its elastic potential energy is the least. The energy then turns
back into kinetic and elastic potential energy as the block descends,
and the cycle repeats.
CQ8.10 Lift a book from a low shelf to place it on a high shelf. The net change
in its kinetic energy is zero, but the book-Earth system increases in
gravitational potential energy. Stretch a rubber band to encompass the
ends of a ruler. It increases in elastic energy. Rub your hands together
or let a pearl drift down at constant speed in a bottle of shampoo. Each
system (two hands; pearl and shampoo) increases in internal energy.
SOLUTIONS TO END-OF-CHAPTER PROBLEMS
Section 8.1 Analysis Model: Nonisolated system (Energy)

P8.1 (a) The toaster coils take in energy by electrical transmission. They
increase in internal energy and put out energy by heat into the air
and energy by electromagnetic radiation as they start to glow.
ΔEint = Q + TET + TER
(b) The car takes in energy by matter transfer. Its fund of chemical
potential energy increases. As it moves, its kinetic energy
increases and it puts out energy by work on the air, energy by
heat in the exhaust, and a tiny bit of energy by mechanical waves
in sound.
ΔK + ΔU + ΔEint = W + Q + TMW + TMT
(c) You take in energy by matter transfer. Your fund of chemical

potential energy increases. You are always putting out energy by
heat into the surrounding air.
ΔU = Q + TMT
(d) Your house is in steady state, keeping constant energy as it takes

in energy by electrical transmission to run the clocks and, we
assume, an air conditioner. It absorbs sunlight, taking in energy
by electromagnetic radiation. Energy enters the house by matter
transfer in the form of natural gas being piped into the home for
clothes dryers, water heaters, and stoves. Matter transfer also
occurs by means of leaks of air through doors and windows.
0 = Q + TMT + TET + TER
P8.2 (a) The system of the ball and the Earth is isolated. The gravitational
energy of the system decreases as the kinetic energy increases.
ΔK + ΔU = 0
⎛1 2 ⎞
⎜⎝ mv − 0⎟⎠ + ( −mgh − 0 ) = 0 → mv = mgy
1 2
2 2
v= 2gh
(b) The gravity force does positive work on the ball as the ball moves
downward. The Earth is assumed to remain stationary, so no
work is done on it.
∆K = W
⎛1 2 ⎞ 1 2
⎜⎝ mv − 0⎟⎠ = mgh → mv = mgy
2 2
v= 2gh
Chapter 8 379
Section 8.2 Analysis Model: Isolated system (Energy)

P8.3 From conservation of energy for the block-spring-
Earth system,
Ugf = Usi
or
( 0.250 kg )( 9.80 m/s2 ) h
⎛ 1⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ ( 5 000 N/m ) ( 0.100 m )
2
⎝ 2⎠ ANS. FIG. P8.3
This gives a maximum height, h = 10.2 m .

P8.4 (a) ΔK + ΔU = 0 → ΔK = −ΔU
1 2 1 2
2
mv f − mvi = − mgy f − mgy i
2
( )
1 2 1 2
mvi = mvi + mgy f
2 2
We use the Pythagorean theorem to express the original kinetic
energy in terms of the velocity components (kinetic energy itself
does not have components):
⎛1 1 2⎞ ⎛1 ⎞
⎜⎝ mvxi + mvyi ⎟⎠ = ⎜⎝ mvxf + 0⎟⎠ + mgy f
2 2
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1
mvxi + mvyi = mvxf2 + mgy f
2 2 2
Because vxi = vxf , we have
1 vyi2
mvyi = mgyf → yf =
2
2 2g
so for the first ball:
[(1 000 m/s)sin 37.0°]

2
vyi2
yf = = = 1.85 × 10 4 m
2g 2 ( 9.80 m/s ) 2
and for the second,
yf =
( 1 000 m/s )
2
= 5.10 × 10 4 m
2 ( 9.80 m/s 2
)
(b) The total energy of each ball-Earth system is constant with value
Emech = K i + Ui = K i + 0
( 20.0 kg ) ( 1 000 m/s ) = 1.00 × 107 J

1 2
Emech =
2
P8.5 The speed at the top can be found from the
conservation of energy for the bead-track-
Earth system, and the normal force can be
found from Newton’s second law.
(a) We define the bottom of the loop as
the zero level for the gravitational
potential energy.
Since vi = 0,
Ei = Ki + Ui = 0 + mgh = mg(3.50R)
The total energy of the bead at point

A can be written as
ANS. FIG. P8.5
1
EA = K A + U A = mv A2 + mg(2R)
2
Since mechanical energy is conserved, Ei = EA, we get
1 2
mg(3.50R) = mv A + mg(2R)
2
simplifying,
v A2 = 3.00 gR
v A = 3.00gR
(b) To find the normal force at the top, we construct a force diagram
as shown, where we assume that n is downward, like mg.
Newton’s second law gives ∑ F = mac , where ac is the centripetal
acceleration.
mv 2
∑ Fy = may : n + mg =
r
⎡ v2 ⎤
n = m ⎢ − g ⎥ = m ⎡⎢ − g ⎤⎥ = 2.00mg
3.00gR
⎣R ⎦ ⎣ R ⎦
n = 2.00 ( 5.00 × 10−3 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 )
= 0.098 0 N downward
Chapter 8 381
P8.6 (a) Define the system as the block

and the Earth.
∆K + ∆U = 0
⎛1 ⎞
⎜⎝ mvB − 0⎟⎠ + ( mghB − mghA ) = 0
2
2
ANS. FIG. P8.6
1
mvB2 = mg ( hA − hB )
2
vB = 2g ( hA − hB )
vB = 2 ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( 5.00 m − 3.20 m ) = 5.94 m/s
Similarly,
vC = 2g ( hA − hC )
vC = 2g ( 5.00 − 2.00 ) = 7.67 m s
(b) Treating the block as the system,
mvC − 0 = ( 5.00 kg ) ( 7.67 m/s ) = 147 J

1 2 1
= ΔK =
2
Wg
A→C 2 2
P8.7 We assign height y = 0 to the table top. Using
conservation of energy for the system of the Earth
and the two objects:
(a) Choose the initial point before release and the
final point, which we code with the subscript
fa, just before the larger object hits the floor.
No external forces do work on the system and
no friction acts within the system. Then total
mechanical energy of the system remains ANS. FIG. P8.7
constant and the energy version of the
isolated system model gives
(KA + KB + Ug)i = (KA + KB + Ug)fa
At the initial point, KAi and KBi are zero and we define the
gravitational potential energy of the system as zero. Thus the total
initial energy is zero, and we have
1
0 = (m1 + m2 )v 2fa + m2 gh + m1 g(–h)
2
Here we have used the fact that because the cord does not stretch,
the two blocks have the same speed. The heavier mass moves
down, losing gravitational potential energy, as the lighter mass
moves up, gaining gravitational potential energy. Simplifying,
1
(m1 – m2 )gh = (m1 + m2 )v 2fa
2
2 ( m1 − m2 ) gh 2 ( 5.00 kg − 3.00 kg ) g ( 4.00 m )

v fa = =
( m1 + m2 ) ( 5.00 kg + 3.00 kg )
= 19.6 m/s = 4.43 m/s
(b) Now we apply conservation of energy for the system of the

3.00-kg object and the Earth during the time interval between the
instant when the string goes slack and the instant at which the
3.00-kg object reaches its highest position in its free fall.
ΔK + ΔU = 0 → ΔK = −ΔU
1 v2
0− m2 v 2 = −m2 gΔy → Δy =
2 2g
Δy = 1.00 m
y max = 4.00 m + Δy = 5.00 m
P8.8 We assume m1 > m2. We assign height y = 0 to the table top.

(a) ∆K + ∆U = 0
ΔK 1 + ΔK 2 + ΔU1 + ΔU2 = 0
⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1 ⎤
⎢⎣ 2 m 1 v − 0 ⎥⎦ + ⎢⎣ 2 m 2 v − 0 ⎥⎦ + ( 0 − m 1 gh ) + ( m 2 gh − 0 ) = 0
2 2
1
( m 1 + m 2 ) v 2 = m 1 gh − m 2 gh = ( m 1 − m 2 ) gh
2
2 ( m1 − m2 ) gh
v=
m1 + m2
(b) We apply conservation of energy for the system of mass m2 and

the Earth during the time interval between the instant when the
string goes slack and the instant mass m2 reaches its highest
position in its free fall.
ΔK + ΔU = 0 → ΔK = −ΔU
1 v2
0 − m2 v = −m2 g Δy → Δy =
2
2 2g
Chapter 8 383
The maximum height of the block is then

2 ( m1 − m2 ) gh ( m − m2 ) h
y max = h + Δy = h + = h+ 1
2g ( m1 + m2 ) m1 + m2
y max =
( m1 + m2 ) h + ( m1 − m2 ) h
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
2m1 h
y max =
m1 + m2
P8.9 The force of tension and subsequent force of

compression in the rod do no work on the ball,
since they are perpendicular to each step of
displacement. Consider energy conservation of
the ball-Earth system between the instant just
after you strike the ball and the instant when it
reaches the top. The speed at the top is zero if
you hit it just hard enough to get it there. We
ignore the mass of the “light” rod.
∆K + ∆U = 0:
⎛ 2⎞
⎜⎝ 0 − mvi ⎟⎠ + [ mg ( 2L ) − 0 ] = 0
1
2 ANS. FIG. P8.9
vi = 4gL = 4 ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( 0.770 m )
vi = 5.49 m/s
P8.10 (a) One child in one jump converts chemical energy into mechanical
energy in the amount that the child-Earth system has as
gravitational energy when she is at the top of her jump:
mgy = (36 kg)(9.80 m/s2) (0.25 m) = 88.2 J
For all of the jumps of the children the energy is
12 ( 1.05 × 106 ) ( 88.2 J ) = 1.11 × 109 J
(b) The seismic energy is modeled as

⎛ 0.01 ⎞
⎝ 100 ⎟⎠ (
E=⎜ 1.11 × 109 J ) = 1.11 × 105 J
making the Richter magnitude
log E − 4.8 log ( 1.11 × 10 ) − 4.8 = 5.05 − 4.8 = 0.2

5
=
1.5 1.5 1.5
P8.11 When block B moves up by 1 cm, block A moves down by 2 cm and

the separation becomes 3 cm. We then choose the final point to be
h v
when B has moved up by and has speed A . Then A has moved
3 2
2h
down and has speed vA:
3
ΔK + ΔU = 0
(K A + K B + Ug ) − (Kf
A + K B + Ug) i
=0
(K A + KB + U ) = (K
g
i
A + KB +U ) g
f
2
1 1 ⎛v ⎞ mgh mg2h
0 + 0 + 0 = mvA2 + m ⎜ A ⎟ + −
2 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 3 3
mgh 5
= mvA2
3 8
8gh
vA =
15
Section 8.3 Situations Involving Kinetic Friction

P8.12 We could solve this problem using Newton’s second law, but we will
use the nonisolated system energy model, here written as −fkd = Kf − Ki,
where the kinetic energy change of the sled after the kick results only
from the friction between the sled and ice. The weight and normal
force both act at 90° to the motion, and therefore do no work on the
sled. The friction force is
fk = μkn = μkmg
Since the final kinetic energy is zero, we have
−fkd= −Ki
1 2
or mvi = µ k mgd
2
Thus,
mvi2 mvi2 v2 (2.00 m/s)2
d= = = i = = 2.04 m
2 f k 2 µ k mg 2 µ k g 2(0.100) ( 9.80 m/s 2 )
Chapter 8 385
P8.13 We use the nonisolated system energy model, here written as

−fkd = Kf − Ki, where the kinetic energy change of the sled after the kick
results only from the friction between the sled and ice.
ΔK + ΔU = − f k d:
1
0− mv 2 = −f k d
2
1 2
mv = µ k mgd
2
v2
which gives d =
2 µk g
P8.14 (a) The force of gravitation is

(10.0 kg)(9.80 m/s2) = 98.0 N
straight down, at an angle of
(90.0° + 20.0°) = 110.0°
with the motion. The work done by the
gravitational force on the crate is
 
Wg = F ⋅ Δr = mg cos ( 90.0° + θ )
= (98.0 N)(5.00 m)cos110.0° = −168 J
(b) We set the x and y axes parallel and perpendicular to the incline,
respectively.
From ∑ Fy = may , we have
n − (98.0 N) cos 20.0° = 0

so n = 92.1 N
and
fk = μk n = 0.400 (92.1 N) = 36.8 N
Therefore,
ΔEint = f k d = ( 36.8 N )( 5.00 m ) = 184 J
(c) WF = F = ( 100 N ) ( 5.00 m ) = 500 J
(d) We use the energy version of the nonisolated system model.

ΔK = − f k d + ∑ Wother forces
ΔK = − f k d + Wg + Wapplied force + Wn
The normal force does zero work, because it is at 90° to the

motion.
ΔK = −184 J − 168 J + 500 J + 0 = 148 J
(e) Again, K f − K i = − f k d + ∑ Wother forces , so
1 2 1 2
mv f – mvi = ∑ Wother forces − f k d
2 2
2⎡
ΔK + mvi2 ⎤⎥
1
vf = ⎢
m⎣ 2 ⎦
⎛ 2 ⎞ 1
= ⎜ ⎟ [148 J + (10.0 kg)(1.50 m/s)2 ]
⎝ 10.0 kg ⎠ 2
2 ( 159 kg ⋅ m 2 s 2 )
vf = = 5.65 m/s
10.0 kg
P8.15 (a) The spring does positive work on the
block:
1 2 1 2
Ws = kxi − kx f
2 2
Ws = ( 500 N/m ) ( 5.00 × 10−2 m ) − 0
1 2
2
= 0.625 J
Applying ∆K = Ws:
1 2 1 2 ANS. FIG. P8.15
mv f − mvi
2 2
1 2
= Ws → mv f − 0 = Ws
2
so
2 (Ws )
vf =
m
2 ( 0.625 )
= m/s = 0.791 m/s
2.00
Chapter 8 387
(b) Now friction results in an increase in internal energy fk d of the

block-surface system. From conservation of energy for a
nonisolated system,
Ws = ΔK + ΔEint
ΔK = Ws − f k d
1 1
mv 2f − mvi2 = Ws − f k d = Ws − µ s mgd
2 2
mv f = 0.625 J − ( 0.350 ) ( 2.00 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( 0.050 0 m )

1 2
2
( 2.00 kg ) v 2f = 0.625 J − 0.343 J = 0.282 J
1
2
2 ( 0.282 )
vf = m/s = 0.531 m/s
2.00
P8.16 ∑ Fy = may : n − 392 N = 0
n = 392 N
f k = µ k n = ( 0.300 ) ( 392 N ) = 118 N
(a) The applied force and the motion are
both horizontal.
WF = Fd cosθ ANS. FIG. P8.16
= ( 130 N )( 5.00 m ) cos 0°
= 650 J
(b) ΔEint = f k d = ( 118 N ) ( 5.00 m ) = 588 J
(c) Since the normal force is perpendicular to the motion,
Wn = nd cos θ = ( 392 N ) ( 5.00 m ) cos 90° = 0

(d) The gravitational force is also perpendicular to the motion, so
Wg = mgd cos θ = ( 392 N ) ( 5.00 m ) cos ( −90° ) = 0

(e) We write the energy version of the nonisolated system model as
ΔK = K f − K i = ∑ Wother − ΔEint
1
mvf2 − 0 = 650 J − 588 J + 0 + 0 = 62.0 J
2
2K f 2 ( 62.0 J )
(f) vf = = = 1.76 m/s
m 40.0 kg
P8.17 (a)
1
ΔEint = −ΔK = − m v 2f − vi2 :
2
( )
1
ΔEint = − (0.400 kg) ⎡⎣(6.00)2 − (8.00)2 ⎤⎦ (m/s)2 = 5.60 J
2
(b) After N revolutions, the object comes to rest and Kf = 0.
Thus,
ΔEint = −ΔK
1
f k d = −(0 − K i ) = mvi2
2
or
1
µ k mg [ N(2π r)] = mvi2
2
This gives
1 2 1
mvi (8.00 m/s)2
N= 2 = 2
µ k mg(2π r) (0.152) ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) 2π (1.50 m)
= 2.28 rev
Section 8.4 Changes in Mechanical Energy for

Nonconservative Forces
P8.18 (a) If only conservative forces act, then the total mechanical energy
does not change.
∆K + ∆U = 0 or Uf = Ki – Kf + Ui
Uf = 30.0 J – 18.0 J + 10.0 J = 22.0 J
E = K + U = 30.0 J + 10.0 J = 40.0 J
(b) Yes , if the potential energy is less than 22.0 J.
(c) If the potential energy is 5.00 J, the total mechanical energy

is E = K + U = 18.0 J + 5.00 J = 23.0 J, less than the original
40.0 J. The total mechanical energy has decreased, so a non-
conservative force must have acted.
Chapter 8 389
P8.19 The boy converts some chemical energy

in his body into mechanical energy of
the boy-chair-Earth system. During this
conversion, the energy can be measured
as the work his hands do on the wheels.
ΔK + ΔU + ΔU body = − f k d
(K f ) ( )
− K i + U f − U i + ΔU body = − f k d
ANS. FIG. P8.19
K i + U i + Whands-on-wheels − f k d = K f
Rearranging and renaming, we have
1 2 1
mvi + mgy i + Wby boy − f k d = mv 2f
2 2
Wby boy =
1
2
( )
m v 2f − vi2 − mgy i + f k d
( 47.0 kg ) ⎡⎣( 6.20 m/s ) − ( 1.40 m/s ) ⎤⎦

1
Wby boy =
2 2
2
− ( 47.0 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( 2.60 m )
+ ( 41.0 N ) ( 12.4 m )
Wby boy = 168 J
P8.20 (a) Apply conservation of energy to the bead-string-Earth system to


find the speed of the bead at B . Friction transforms mechanical
energy of the system into internal energy ΔEint = f k d.
ΔK + ΔU + ΔEint = 0
⎡1 2⎤
⎢⎣ 2 mvB − 2 mv A ⎥⎦ + ( mgy B − mgy A ) + f k d = 0
2 1
⎡1 ⎤
⎢⎣ 2 mvB − 0 ⎥⎦ + ( 0 − mgy A ) + f k d = 0 → 2 mvB = mgy A − f k d
2 1 2
2 fk d
vB = 2gy A −
m
For yA = 0.200 m, fk = 0.025 N, d = 0.600 m, and m = 25.0 × 10–3 kg:
2 ( 0.025 N ) ( 0.600 m )
vB = 2 ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( 0.200 m ) −
25.0 × 10−3 kg
= 2.72 m/s
vB = 1.65 m/s
(b) The red bead slides a greater distance along the curved path, so
friction transforms more of the mechanical energy of the system
into internal energy. There is less of the system’s original
potential energy in the form of kinetic energy when the bead

arrives at point B . The result is that the green bead arrives at

point B first and at higher speed.
P8.21 Use Equation 8.16: ΔEmech = ΔK + ΔU = − f k d
(K f ) ( )
− Ki + U f − U i = − fk d
Ki + U i − fk d = K f + U f
(a) Ki + U i − fk d = K f + U f
1 1
0 + kx 2 − f Δx = mv 2 + 0
2 2
( 8.00 N/m )( 5.00 × 10−2 m ) − ( 3.20 × 10−2 N )( 0.150 m )
1 2
2
= ( 5.30 × 10−3 kg ) v 2
1
2
2 ( 5.20 × 10−3 J )
v= = 1.40 m/s
5.30 × 10−3 kg
(b) When the spring force just equals the friction force, the ball will

stop speeding up. Here Fs = kx; the spring is compressed by
3.20 × 10−2 N
= 0.400 cm
8.00 N/m
and the ball has moved
5.00 cm – 0.400 cm = 4.60 cm from the start

(c) Between start and maximum speed points,
1 2 1 1
kxi − f Δx = mv 2 + kx 2f
2 2 2
( 8.00 N/m ) ( 5.00 × 10−2 m ) − ( 3.20 × 10−2 N ) ( 4.60 × 10−2 m )
1 2
2
= ( 5.30 × 10−3 kg ) v 2 + ( 8.00 N/m ) ( 4.00 × 10−3 m )
1 1 2
2 2
v = 1.79 m/s
Chapter 8 391
P8.22 For the Earth plus objects 1

(block) and 2 (ball), we write
the energy model equation as
(K1 + K2 + U1 + U2)f
– (K1+ K2 + U1 + U2)i
= ∑ Wother forces − f k d
ANS. FIG. P8.22
Choose the initial point
before release and the final point after each block has moved 1.50 m.
Choose U = 0 with the 3.00-kg block on the tabletop and the 5.00-kg
block in its final position.
So K1i = K2i =U1i = U1f = U2f = 0
We have chosen to include the Earth in our system, so gravitation is an
internal force. Because the only external forces are friction and normal
forces exerted by the table and the pulley at right angles to the motion,
∑ Wother forces = 0
We now have
1 1
m1v 2f + m2 v 2f + 0 + 0 – 0 – 0 – 0 – m2 gy 2i = 0 – f k d
2 2
where the friction force is
f k = µ k n = µ k mA g
The friction force causes a negative change in mechanical energy
because the force opposes the motion. Since all of the variables are
known except for vf, we can substitute and solve for the final speed.
1 1
m1v 2f + m2 v 2f – m2 gy 2i = – f k d
2 2
2gh ( m2 − µ k m1 )
v2 =
m1 + m2
2 ( 9.80 m s 2 ) ( 1.50 m ) ⎡⎣ 5.00 kg − 0.400 ( 3.00 kg ) ⎤⎦

v=
8.00 kg
= 3.74 m/s
P8.23 We consider the block-plane-planet system

between an initial point just after the block has
been given its shove and a final point when
the block comes to rest.
(a) The change in kinetic energy is
1 2 1 2 ANS. FIG. P8.23
ΔK = K f − K i = mv f − mvi
2 2
1
= 0 − (5.00 kg) ( 8.00 m/s ) = −160 J
2
2
(b) The change in gravitational potential energy is
ΔU = U f − U i = mgh
= (5.00 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 )( 3.00 m ) sin 30.0° = 73.5 J
(c) The nonisolated system energy model we write as

ΔK + ΔU = ∑Wother forces − f k d = 0 − f k d
The force of friction is the only unknown, so we may find it from
ΔK − ΔU +160 J − 73.5 J
fk = = = 28.8 N
d 3.00 m
(d) The forces perpendicular to the incline must add to zero.
∑F y = 0: + n − mg cos 30.0° = 0
Evaluating,
n = mg cos 30.0° = (5.00 kg) ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) cos 30.0° = 42.4 N
Now f k = µ k n gives
f k 28.8 N
µk = = = 0.679
n 42.4 N
P8.24 (a) The object drops distance d = 1.20 m until it hits the spring, then it
continues until the spring is compressed a distance x.
ΔK + ΔU = 0
K f − Ki + U f − U i = 0
⎛1 ⎞
0 − 0 + ⎜ kx 2 − 0⎟ + [ mg ( −x ) − mgd ] = 0
⎝2 ⎠
1 2
kx − mg ( x + d ) = 0
2
Chapter 8 393
( 320 N/m ) x 2 − (1.50 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( x + 1.20 m ) = 0

1
2
Dropping units, we have
160x 2 − ( 14.7 ) x − 17.6 = 0
14.7 ± ( −14.7 )2 − 4 (160) ( −17.6)
x=
2 ( 160 )
14.7 ± 107
x=
320
The negative root does not apply because x is a distance. We have
x = 0.381 m
(b) This time, friction acts through distance (x + d) in the object-

spring-Earth system:
ΔK + ΔU = − f k ( x + d )
⎛1 ⎞
0 − 0 + ⎜ kx 2 − 0⎟ + [ mg ( −x ) − mgd ] = − f k ( x + d )
⎝2 ⎠
kx − ( mg − f k ) x − ( mg − f k ) d = 0
1 2
2
where mg – fk = 14.0 N. Suppressing units, we have
160x 2 − 14.0x − 16.8 = 0

160x 2 − 14.0x − 16.8 = 0
14.0 ± ( −14.0)2 − 4 (160) ( −16.8)
x=
2 ( 160 )
14.0 ± 105
x=
320
The positive root is x = 0.371 m.
(c) On the Moon, we have

1 2
kx − mg ( x + d ) = 0
2
( 320 N/m ) x 2 − (1.50 kg ) (1.63 m/s 2 ) ( x + 1.20 m ) = 0

1
2
Suppressing units,
160x 2 − 2.45x − 2.93 = 0
2.45 ± ( −2.45)2 − 4 (160) ( −2.93)

x=
2 ( 160 )
2.45 ± 43.3
x=
320
x = 0.143 m
P8.25 The spring is initially compressed by xi = 0.100 m. The block travels up

the ramp distance d.
1 2 1 2 1 2 1
The spring does work Ws = kxi − kx f = kxi − 0 = kxi2 on the
2 2 2 2
block.
Gravity does work Wg = mgd cos(90° + 60.0°) = mgd sin(60.0°) on the
block. There is no friction.
(a) ∑W = ΔK: Ws + Wg = 0
1 2
kxi − mgd sin(60.0°) = 0
2
1
(1.40 × 103 N/m)(0.100 m)2
2
− (0.200 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 )d(sin 60.0°) = 0
d = 4.12 m
(b) Within the system, friction transforms kinetic energy into internal
energy:
ΔEint = f k d = ( µ k n)d = µ k (mg cos 60.0°)d
∑W = ΔK + ΔEint : Ws + Wg − ΔEint = 0
1 2
kxi − mgd sin 60.0° − µ k mg cos 60.0°d = 0
2
1
(1.40 × 103 N/m)(0.100 m)2
2
− (0.200 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 )d(sin 60.0°)
− (0.400)(0.200 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 )(cos 60.0°)d = 0
d = 3.35 m
P8.26 Air resistance acts like friction. Consider the whole motion:
ΔK + ΔU = − fair d → K i + U i − fair d = K f + U f
Chapter 8 395
1
(a) 0 + mgy i − f1d1 − f2 d2 = mv 2f + 0
2
( 80.0 kg )( 9.80 m/s2 ) 1 000 m − ( 50.0 N )( 800 m ) − ( 3 600 N )( 200 m )
= ( 80.0 kg ) v 2f
1
2
( 80.0 kg ) v 2f
1
784 000 J − 40 000 J − 720 000 J =
2
2 ( 24 000 J )
vf = = 24.5 m/s
80.0 kg
(b) Yes. This is too fast for safety.
(c) Now in the same energy equation as in part (a), d2 is unknown,

and d1 = 1 000 m – d2:
784 000 J − ( 50.0 N ) ( 1 000 m − d2 ) − ( 3 600 N ) d2
( 80.0 kg ) ( 5.00 m/s )

1
=
2
2
784 000 J − 50 000 J − ( 3 550 N ) d2 = 1 000 J
733 000 J
d2 = = 206 m
3 550 N
(d) The air drag is proportional to the square of the skydiver’s

speed, so it will change quite a bit, It will be larger than her
784-N weight only after the chute is opened. It will be nearly
equal to 784 N before she opens the chute and again before
she touches down whenever she moves near terminal speed.
P8.27 (a) Yes, the child-Earth system is isolated because the only force
that can do work on the child is her weight. The normal force
from the slide can do no work because it is always perpendicular
to her displacement. The slide is frictionless, and we ignore air
resistance.
(b) No, because there is no friction.

(c) At the top of the water slide,
Ug = mgh and K = 0: E = 0 + mgh → E = mgh
(d) At the launch point, her speed is vi, and height h = h/5:
E = K + Ug
1 mgh
E= mvi2 +
2 5
(e) At her maximum airborne height, h = ymax:
1 1
E= mv2 + mgh = m(vxi2 + vyi2) + mgymax
2 2
1 1
E= m(vxi2 + 0) + mgymax → E = mvxi2 + mgy max
2 2
1 8gh
(f) E = mgh = mvi2 + mgh/5 → vi =
2 5
(g) At the launch point, her velocity has components vxi = vi cosθ and
vyi = vi sinθ :
1 2 mgh 1 2
E= mvi + = mvxi + mgy max
2 5 2
1 mgh 1
= m ( vi cos θ ) + mgy max
2
→ mvi2 +
2 5 2
gh
→ vi2 ( 1 − cos 2 θ ) +
1
= ghmax
2 5
⎛ 8 gh ⎞ gh
→ hmax =
1
2g ⎜⎝ 5 ⎟⎠ ( 1 − cos 2
θ ) +
5g
⎛ 4h ⎞ h ⎛ ⎞
→ hmax = ⎜ ⎟ ( 1 − cos 2 θ ) + → hmax = h ⎜ 1 − cos 2 θ ⎟
4
⎝ 5⎠ 5 ⎝ 5 ⎠
(h) No. If friction is present, mechanical energy of the system would

not be conserved, so her kinetic energy at all points after leaving
the top of the waterslide would be reduced when compared with
the frictionless case. Consequently, her launch speed, maximum
height reached, and final speed would be reduced as well.
Chapter 8 397
Section 8.5 Power

P8.28 (a) The moving sewage possesses kinetic energy in the same amount
as it enters and leaves the pump. The work of the pump increases
the gravitational energy of the sewage-Earth system. We take the
equation Ki + Ugi + Wpump = Kf + Ugf , subtract out the K terms, and
choose Ugi = 0 at the bottom of the pump, to obtain Wpump = mgyf .
Now we differentiate through with respect to time:
Δm ΔV
Ppump = gy f = ρ gy f
Δt Δt
= ( 1 050 kg/m 3 ) ( 1.89 × 106 L/d )
⎛ 1 m 3 ⎞ ⎛ 1 d ⎞ ⎛ 9.80 m ⎞
×⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ( 5.49 m )
⎝ 1 000 L ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 86 400 s ⎟⎠ ⎝ s 2 ⎠
= 1.24 × 103 W
useful output work useful output work/Δt
(b) efficiency = =
total input work useful input work/Δt
mechanical output power 1.24 kW
= =
input electric power 5.90 kW
= 0.209 = 20.9%
The remaining power, 5.90 – 1.24 kW = 4.66 kW, is the rate at
which internal energy is injected into the sewage and the
surroundings of the pump.
P8.29 The Marine must exert an 820-N upward force, opposite the
gravitational force, to lift his body at constant speed. The Marine’s
power output is the work he does divided by the time interval:
W
Power =
t
mgh ( 820 N ) ( 12.0 m )
P= = = 1 230 W = 1.23 kW
t 8.00 s
W K f mv 2 ( 0.875 kg ) ( 0.620 m/s )
2
P8.30 (a) Pav = = = = = 8.01 W

Δt Δt 2Δt 2 ( 21 × 10−3 s )
(b) Some of the energy transferring into the system of the train
goes into internal energy in warmer track and moving parts
and some leaves the system by sound. To account for this as
well as the stated increase in kinetic energy, energy must be
transferred at a rate higher than 8.01 W.
P8.31 When the car moves at constant speed on a level roadway, the power
used to overcome the total friction force equals the power input from
the engine, or Poutput = ftotal v = Pinput. This gives
Pinput 175 hp ⎛ 746 W ⎞

ftotal = =
v 29 m/s ⎜⎝ 1 hp ⎟⎠
= 4.5 × 105 N or about 5 × 105 N.
P8.32 Neglecting any variation of gravity with altitude, the work required to
7
lift a 3.20 × 10 kg load at constant speed to an altitude of ∆y = 1.75 km
is
W = ΔPEg = mg ( Δy )
= ( 3.20 × 107 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( 1.75 × 103 m )
= 5.49 × 1011 J
The time required to do this work using a P = 2.70 kW = 2.70 × 103 J/s
pump is
W 5.49 × 1011 J
Δt = = = 2.03 × 108 s
P 2.70 × 103 J/s
⎛ 1h ⎞
= ( 2.03 × 108 s ) ⎜
⎝ 3 600 s ⎟⎠
= 5.64 × 10 4 h = 6.44 yr
P8.33 energy = power × time
For the 28.0-W bulb:
Energy used = (28.0 W)(1.00 × 104 h) = 280 kWh
total cost = $4.50 + (280 kWh)($0.200/kWh) = $60.50
For the 100-W bulb:
Energy used = (100 W)(1.00 × 104 h) = 1.00 × 103 kWh
1.00 × 10 4 h
# of bulbs used = = 13.3 = 13 bulbs
750 h/ bulb
Chapter 8 399
total cost = 13($0.420) + (1.00 × 103 kWh)($0.200/kWh) = $205.46

Savings with energy-efficient bulb:
$205.46 – $60.50 = $144.96 = $ 145
P8.34 The useful output energy is
(
120 Wh ( 1 − 0.60 ) = mg y f − y i = F Δy )
120 W ( 3 600 s ) 0.40 ⎛ J ⎞ ⎛ N ⋅ m ⎞
Δy = ⎜⎝ ⎟ = 194 m
890 N W ⋅ s ⎠ ⎜⎝ J ⎟⎠
P8.35 A 1 300-kg car speeds up from rest to 55.0 mi/h = 24.6 m/s in 15.0 s.
The output work of the engine is equal to its final kinetic energy,
( 1 300 kg ) ( 24.6 m/s ) = 390 kJ

1 2
2
390 000 J
with power P = ~ 10 4 W, around 30 horsepower.
15.0 s
W
P8.36 P=
Δt
1
older-model: W = mv2
2
1 1 4mv 2 mv 2
newer-model: W = m(2v)2 = (4mv 2 ) → Pnewer = =4
2 2 2Δt 2Δt
The power of the sports car is four times that of the older-model car.
*P8.37 (a) The fuel economy for walking is

1h
( )
3 mi ⎛ 1 kcal ⎞ ⎛ 1.30 × 108 J ⎞
220 kcal h ⎜⎝ 4 186 J ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1 gal ⎟⎠
= 423 mi/gal
(b) For bicycling:

1h
400 kcal ( )
10 mi ⎛ 1 kcal ⎞ ⎛ 1.30 × 108
h ⎜⎝ 4 186 J ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1 gal
J⎞
⎟⎠ = 776 mi/gal
P8.38 (a) The distance moved upward in the first 3.00 s is

⎡ 0 + 1.75 m/s ⎤
Δy = vΔt = ⎢
⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ ( 3.00 s ) = 2.63 m
The motor and the Earth’s gravity do work on the elevator car:
Wmotor + Wgravity = ΔK
Wmotor + ( mgΔy ) cos180° =

1 2 1 2
mv f − mvi
2 2
Wmotor − ( mgΔy ) = mv 2f − mvi2
1 1
2 2
1 1
Wmotor = mv 2f − mvi2 + mgΔy
2 2
Wmotor = ( 650 kg ) ( 1.75 m/s ) − 0 + ( 650 kg ) g ( 2.63 m )
1 2
2
= 1.77 × 10 4 J
W 1.77 × 10 4 J
Also, W = PΔt so P = = = 5.91 × 103 W = 7.92 hp .
Δt 3.00 s
(b) When moving upward at constant speed (v = 1.75 m/s), the
2
applied force equals the weight = (650 kg)(9.80 m/s )
= 6.37 × 103 N. Therefore,
P = Fv = ( 6.37 × 103 N ) ( 1.75 m/s ) = 1.11 × 10 4 W = 14.9 hp
P8.39 As the piano is lifted at constant speed up to the apartment, the total
work that must be done on it is
Wnc = ΔK + ΔU g = 0 + mg y f − y i ( )
= ( 3.50 × 103 N ) ( 25.0 m )
= 8.75 × 10 4 J
The three workmen (using a pulley system with an efficiency of 0.750)
do work on the piano at a rate of
⎛ ⎞
Pnet = 0.750 ⎜ 3Psingle ⎟ = 0.750 [ 3 ( 165 W )] = 371 W = 371 J/s
⎝ worker ⎠
so the time required to do the necessary work on the piano is
Wnc 8.75 × 10 4 J ⎛ 1 min ⎞
Δt = = = 236 s = ( 236 s ) ⎜ = 3.93 min
Pnet 371 J s ⎝ 60 s ⎟⎠
P8.40 (a) Burning 1 kg of fat releases energy

⎛ 1 000 g ⎞ ⎛ 9 kcal ⎞ ⎛ 4 186 J ⎞
⎟⎠ = 3.77 × 10 J
7
1 kg ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎝
⎝ 1 kg ⎠ ⎝ 1 g ⎠ 1 kcal
Chapter 8 401
The mechanical energy output is

( 3.77 × 10 J )( 0.20) = nFd cosθ
7
where n is the number of flights of stairs. Then

7.53 × 106 J = nmgΔy cos 0°
7.53 × 106 J = n ( 75 kg ) ( 9.8 m/s 2 ) ( 80 steps ) ( 0.150 m )

7.53 × 106 J = n ( 8.82 × 103 J )
where the number of times she must climb the stairs is
7.53 × 106 J
n= = 854
8.82 × 103 J
(b) Her mechanical power output is
W 8.82 × 103 J ⎛ 1 hp ⎞
P= = = 136 W = ( 136 W ) ⎜
t 65 s ⎝ 746 W ⎟⎠
= 0.182 hp
(c) This method is impractical compared to limiting food intake.

1
P8.41 The energy of the car-Earth system is E = mv 2 + mgy:
2
1
E= mv 2 + mgd sin θ
2
where d is the distance the car has moved along the track.
dE dv
P= = mv + mgv sin θ
dt dt
(a) When speed is constant,
P = mgv sin θ = ( 950 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( 2.20 m/s ) sin 30.0°
= 1.02 × 10 4 W
dv 2.20 m/s − 0
(b) =a= = 0.183 m/s 2
dt 12 s
Maximum power is injected just before maximum speed is
attained:
P = mva + mgv sin θ
= ( 950 kg ) ( 2.20 m/s ) ( 0.183 m/s 2 ) + 1.02 × 10 4 W
= 1.06 × 10 4 W
(c) At the top end,

1
mv 2 + mgd sin θ
2
⎛1 ⎞
= 950 kg ⎜ ( 2.20 m/s ) + ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( 1 250 m ) sin 30°⎟
2
⎝2 ⎠
= 5.82 × 106 J
Additional Problems
*P8.42 At a pace I could keep up for a half-hour exercise period, I climb two
stories up, traversing forty steps each 18 cm high, in 20 s. My output
work becomes the final gravitational energy of the system of the Earth
and me,
mgy = ( 85 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( 40 × 0.18 m ) = 6 000 J
6 000 J
making my sustainable power = ~ 102 W .
20 s
P8.43 (a) U A = mgR = ( 0.200 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( 0.300 m ) = 0.588 J
(b) K A + U A = KB + U B
K B = K A + U A − U B = mgR = 0.588 J
2K B 2 ( 0.588 J )
(c) vB = = = 2.42 m/s
m 0.200 kg
(d) U C = mghC = ( 0.200 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( 0.200 m ) = 0.392 J
KC = K A + U A − U C = mg ( hA − hC )
KC = ( 0.200 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( 0.300 − 0.200 ) m = 0.196 J
P8.44 (a) Let us take U = 0 for the particle-bowl-Earth system when the

particle is at B . Since vB = 1.50 m/s and m = 200 g,
mvB = ( 0.200 kg ) ( 1.50 m/s ) = 0.225 J

1 2 1
KB =
2
2 2
(b) 
At A , vi = 0, KA = 0, and the whole energy at A is UA = mgR: 
Ei = K A + U A = 0 + mgR = ( 0.200 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 )( 0.300 m )
= 0.588 J
Chapter 8 403
At B ,
Ef = KB + UB = 0.225 J + 0
The decrease in mechanical energy is equal to the increase in
internal energy.
Emech, i + ΔEint = Emech, f
The energy transformed is
ΔEint = −ΔEmech = Emech, i − Emech, f = 0.588 J − 0.225 J = 0.363 J
(c) No.
(d) It is possible to find an effective coefficient of friction, but

not the actual value of µ since n and f vary with position.
P8.45 Taking y = 0 at ground level, and using conservation of energy from

when the boy starts from rest (vi = 0) at the top of the slide (yi = H) to
the instant he leaves the lower end (yf = h) of the frictionless slide at
speed v, where his velocity is horizontal (vxf = v, vyf = 0), we have
1
E0 = Etop → mv 2 + mgh = 0 + mgH
2
or v 2 = 2g ( H − h ) [1]
Considering his flight as a projectile after leaving the end of the slide,
1 2
Δy = vyit + ay t
2
gives the time to drop distance h to the ground as
2h
( − g ) t2
1
−h = 0 + or t=
2 g
The horizontal distance traveled (at constant horizontal velocity)
during this time is d, so
2h g gd 2
d = vt = v and v=d =
g 2h 2h
Substituting this expression for v into equation [1] above gives
gd 2 d2
= 2g ( H − h ) or H = h+
2h 4h
P8.46 (a) Mechanical energy is conserved in the two blocks-Earth system:

1
m2 gy = (m1 + m2 )v 2
2
1/2 1/2
⎡ 2m2 gy ⎤ ⎡ 2(1.90 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 )(0.900 m) ⎤
v=⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥
⎣ m1 + m2 ⎦ ⎣ 5.40 kg ⎦
= 2.49 m/s
(b) For the 3.50-kg block from when the string goes slack until just
before the block hits the floor, conservation of energy gives
1 1
(m2 )v 2 + m2 gy = (m2 )vd2
2 2
1/2 1/2
vd = ⎡⎣ 2gy + v 2 ⎤⎦ = ⎡⎣ 2(9.80 m/s 2 )(1.20 m) + (2.49 m/s)2 ⎤⎦
= 5.45 m/s
(c) The 3.50-kg block takes this time in flight to the floor: from y =
2 1/2
(1/2)gt we have t = [2(1.2)/9.8] = 0.495 s. Its horizontal
component of displacement at impact is then
x = vd t = (2.49 m/s)(0.495 s) = 1.23 m
(d) No.
(e) Some of the kinetic energy of m2 is transferred away as sound

and some is transformed to internal energy in m1 and the floor.
P8.47 (a) Given m = 4.00 kg and x = t + 2.0t3, we find the velocity by

differentiating:
v=
dx d
=
dt dt
(
t + 2t 3 = 1 + 6t 2)
Then the kinetic energy from its definition is
1 2 1
K= mv = (4.00)( 1 + 6t 2 )2 = 2 + 24t 2 + 72t 4
2 2
where K is in J and t is in s.
(b) Acceleration is the measure of how fast velocity is changing:
dv d
dt dt (
a= = 1 + 6t 2 ) = 12t
where a is in m/s2 and t is in s.

Newton’s second law gives the total force exerted on the particle
Chapter 8 405
by the rest of the universe:
∑ F = ma = ( 4.00 kg )( 12t ) = 48t

where F is in N and t is in s.
(c) Power is how fast work is done to increase the object’s kinetic
energy:
dW dK d
P= = = ( 2.00 + 24t 2 + 72t 4 ) = 48t + 288t 3
dt dt dt
where P is in W [watts] and t is in s.
2
Alternatively, we could use P = Fv = 48t(1.00 + 6.0t ).
(d) The work-kinetic energy theorem ΔK = ∑W lets us find the work
done on the object between ti = 0 and tf = 2.00 s. At ti = 0 we have
Ki = 2.00 J. At tf = 2.00 s, suppressing units,
Kf = [2 + 24(2.00 s)2 + 72(2.00 s)4] = 1250 J

Therefore the work input is
W = K f − K i = 1 248 J = 1.25 × 103 J
Alternatively, we could start from
∫ ( 48t + 288t )dt

tf 2s
W= ∫ Pdt = 3
ti 0
P8.48 The distance traveled by the ball from the top of the arc to the bottom
is πR. The change in internal energy of the system due to the
nonconservative force, the force exerted by the pitcher, is
ΔE = Fd cos 0° = F (π R )
We shall assign the gravitational energy of the ball-Earth system to be
zero with the ball at the bottom of the arc.
Then
1 1
ΔEmech = mv 2f − mvi2 + mgy f − mgy i
2 2
becomes
1 2 1 2 1
mv f = mvi + mgy i + F (π R ) = mvi2 + mg2R + F (π R )
2 2 2
mv f = mvi + ( 2mg + π F ) R
1 2 1 2
2 2
Solve for R, which is the length of her arms.

1 2 1 2
mv f − mvi v 2f − vi2
R= 2 2 =m
2mg + π F 4mg + 2π F
R = ( 0.180 kg )
( 25.0 m/s ) − 0
2
= 1.36 m
4 ( 0.180 kg ) g + 2π ( 12.0 N )
We find that her arms would need to be 1.36 m long to perform this
task. This is significantly longer than the human arm.
P8.49 (a) (K + U ) = (K + U )
g
A
g
B
1
0 + mgy A = mvB2 + 0
2
vB = 2gy A = 2 ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) 6.30 m = 11.1 m/s
(b) (K + U g + U chemical ) = (K + U )
B
g
D
mvB + U chemical = mvD2 + mg ( y D − y B )

1 2 1
2 2
U chemical = mvD − mvB + mg ( y D − y B )
1 2 1 2
2 2
= m ( vD2 − vB2 ) + mg ( y D − y B )
1
2
U chemical = ( 76.0 kg ) ⎡⎣( 5.14 m/s ) − ( 11.1 m/s ) ⎤⎦
1 2 2
2
+ ( 76.0 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( 6.30 m )
U chemical = 1.00 × 103 J
(c) (K + U ) = (K + U )
g
D
g
E
where E is the apex of his motion:
mvD2 + 0 = 0 + mg ( yE − y D )
1
2
v2
yE − y D = D =
( 5.14 m/s ) = 1.35 m 2
2g 2 ( 9.80 m/s 2 )
P8.50 (a) Simplified, the equation is

0 = (9700 N/m)x2 – (450.8 N)x – 1395 N ⋅ m
Chapter 8 407
Then
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a
450.8 N ± ( 450.8 N ) − 4 ( 9700 N/m )( −1395 N ⋅ m )
2
=
2 ( 9700 N/m )
450.8 N ± 7370 N
= = 0.403 m or − 0.357 m
19 400 N/m
(b) From a perch at a height of 2.80 m above the top of a pile of
mattresses, a 46.0-kg child jumps upward at 2.40 m/s. The
mattresses behave as a linear spring with force constant
19.4 kN/m. Find the maximum amount by which they are
compressed when the child lands on them.
(c) 0.023 2 m.
(d) This result is the distance by which the mattresses compress if

the child just stands on them. It is the location of the equilibrium
position of the oscillator.
P8.51 (a) The total external work done on the system of Jonathan-bicycle is
1 1
W = ΔK = mv 2f − mvi2
2 2
1
= (85.0 kg) ⎡⎣(1.00 m/s)2 − (6.00 m/s)2 ⎤⎦
2
= −1 490 J
(b) Gravity does work on the Jonathan-bicycle system, and the

potential (chemical) energy stored in Jonathan’s body is
transformed into kinetic energy:
ΔK + ΔU chem = Wg
ΔU chem = Wg − ΔK = −mgh − ΔK
ΔU chem = − ( 85.0 kg ) g ( 7.30 m ) − ΔK = −6 080 − 1 490
= −7 570 J
(c) Jonathan does work on the bicycle (and his mass). Treat his work
as coming from outside the bicycle-Jonathan’s mass system:
ΔK + ΔU g = Wj
W f = ΔK + mgh = −1 490 J + 6 080 J = 4 590 J
P8.52 (a) The total external work done on the system of Jonathan-bicycle is
1 1
W = ΔK = mv 2f − mvi2
2 2
(b) Gravity does work on the Jonathan-bicycle system, and the
potential (chemical) energy stored in Jonathan’s body is
transformed into kinetic energy:
ΔK + ΔU chem = Wg
⎛1 1 ⎞
ΔU chem = Wg − ΔK = −mgh − ⎜ mv f 2 − mvi 2 ⎟
⎝2 2 ⎠
(c) Jonathan does work on the bicycle (and his mass). Treat his work
as coming from outside the bicycle-Jonathan’s mass system:
ΔK + ΔU g = Wj
1 1
Wj = ΔK + mgh = mv 2f − mvi2 + mgh
2 2
P8.53 (a) The block-spring-surface system is isolated with a
nonconservative force acting. Therefore, Equation 8.2 becomes
( 21 mv 2
−0 +) ( 21 kx 2
− 1
2
kxi 2 ) + f (x
k i − x) = 0
To find the maximum speed, differentiate the equation with

respect to x:
dv
mv + kx − f k = 0
dx
Now set dv/dx = 0:
fk 4.0 N
kx − f k = 0 → x = = = 4.0 × 10−3 m
k 1.0 × 103 N/m
This is the compression distance of the spring, so the position of
the block relative to x = 0 is x = −4.0 × 10−3 m.
Chapter 8 409
(b) By the same approach,

fk 10.0 N
kx − f k = 0 → x = = = 1.0 × 10−2 m
k 1.0 × 10 N/m
3
so the position of the block is x = −1.0 × 10−2 m.
P8.54 PΔt = W = ΔK =
( Δm) v 2
2
Δm Δm
The density is ρ= =
volume AΔx
Substituting this into the first equation and
ANS. FIG. P8.54
Δx
solving for P, since = v for a constant speed, we get
Δt
ρ Av 3
P=
2
Also, since P = Fv,
ρ Av 2
F=
2
Our model predicts the same proportionalities as the empirical

equation, and gives D = 1 for the drag coefficient. Air actually
slips around the moving object, instead of accumulating in front
of it. For this reason, the drag coefficient is not necessarily unity.
It is typically less than one for a streamlined object and can be
greater than one if the airflow around the object is complicated.
1
P8.55 P= Dρπ r 2 v 3
2
(a) We use 1.20 kg/m3 for the density of air, and calculate
Pa = ( 1)( 1.20 kg/m 3 ) π ( 1.50 m ) ( 8.00 m/s )

1 2 3
2
= 2.17 × 103 W
(b) We solve part (b) by proportion:
3
Pb vb3 ⎛ 24 m/s ⎞
= 3 =⎜ ⎟ = 33 = 27
Pa va ⎝ 8 m/s ⎠
Pb = 27 ( 2.17 × 103 W ) = 5.86 × 10 4 W = 58.6 kW
P8.56 (a) In Example 8.3, m = 35.0 g, yA = –0.120 m, yB = 0, and k = 958 N/m.

Friction fk = 2.00 N acts over distance d = 0.600 m. For the ball-
1
spring-Earth system, Ki = 0, Ugi = mgyA, U si = kx 2 , where
2
x = y A ; Kf = 0, Ugf = mgyC, and Usf = 0.
ΔK + ΔU = − f k d
⎛ ⎞
0 + ( mgyC − mgy A ) + ⎜ 0 − kx 2 ⎟ = − f k d
1
⎝ 2 ⎠
1 2
mgyC = mgy A + kx − f k d
2
1 2
kx − f k d
yC = y A + 2
mg
1
( 958 N/m ) ( 0.120 m )2 − ( 2.00 N ) ( 0.600 m )
= −0.120 + 2
( 0.035 kg ) g
= 16.5 m
(b) The ball-spring-Earth system is not isolated as the popgun is

loaded. In addition, as the ball travels up the barrel, a
nonconservative force acts within the system. The system is
isolated after the ball leaves the barrel.
ANS. FIG. P8.56
Chapter 8 411
P8.57 (a) To calculate the change in kinetic energy, we integrate the

expression for a as a function of time to obtain the car’s velocity:
t t
v = ∫ a dt = ∫ ( 1.16t − 0.210t 2 + 0.240t 3 ) dt
0 0
t
t 2
t3 t4
= 1.16 − 0.210 + 0.240 = 0.580t 2 − 0.070t 3 + 0.060t 4
2 3 4 0
At t = 0, vi = 0. At t = 2.5 s,
v f = ( 0.580 m/s 3 )( 2.50 s ) − ( 0.070 m/s 4 )( 2.50 s )
2 3
+ ( 0.060 m/s 5 )( 2.50 s ) = 4.88 m/s

4
The change in kinetic energy during this interval is then

Ki + W = K f
mv f = ( 1 160 kg ) ( 4.88 m/s ) = 1.38 × 10 4 J

1 2 1
0+W =
2
2 2
(b) The road does work on the car when the engine turns the wheels
and the car moves. The engine and the road together transform
chemical potential energy in the gasoline into kinetic energy of
the car.
W 1.38 × 10 4 J
P= =
Δt 2.50 s
P = 5.52 × 103 W
(c) The value in (b) represents only energy that leaves the engine
and is transformed to kinetic energy of the car. Additional
energy leaves the engine by sound and heat. More energy leaves
the engine to do work against friction forces and air resistance.
P8.58 At the bottom of the circle, the initial speed of the coaster is 22.0 m/s.
As the coaster travels up the circle, it will slow down. At the top of the
track, the centripetal acceleration must be at least that of gravity, g, to
remain on the track. Apply conservation of energy to the roller coaster-
Earth system to find the speed of the coaster at the top of the circle so
that we may find the centripetal acceleration of the coaster.
ΔK + ΔU = 0
⎛1 2
2
1 2 ⎞
(
⎜⎝ mv top − mv bottom ⎟⎠ + mgy top − mgy bottom = 0
2
)
⎛1 2 ⎞
⎜⎝ mv top − mv bottom ⎟⎠ + ( mg2R − 0 ) = 0 → v top = v bottom − 4gR
1 2 2 2
2 2
v 2top = (22.0 m/s)2 − 4g(12.0 m) = 13.6 m 2 /s 2
For this speed, the centripetal acceleration is

v 2top
13.6 m 2 /s 2
ac = = = 1.13 m/s 2
R 12.0 m
The centripetal acceleration of each passenger as the coaster passes
over the top of the circle is 1.13 m/s 2 . Since this is less than the
acceleration due to gravity, the unrestrained passengers will fall out
of the cars!
P8.59 (a) The energy stored in the spring is the elastic potential energy,
1 2
U = kx , where k = 850 N/m. At x = 6.00 cm,
2
1 2 1
U= kx = (850 N/m)(0.0600 m)2 = 1.53 J
2 2
At the equilibrium position, x = 0, U = 0 J .
(b) Applying energy conservation to the block-spring system:
ΔK + ΔU = 0
⎛1
2
1
2
2⎞
( ⎛1
2
2
) ⎞
⎜⎝ mv f − mvi ⎟⎠ + U f − U i = 0 → ⎜⎝ mv f − 0⎟⎠ = − U f − U i
2
( )
1
mv 2f = U i − U f
2
because the block is released from rest. For xf = 0, U = 0, and
1 2
mv f = U i − U f → v f =
(
2 Ui − U f )
2 m
2(1.53 J)
vf =
1.00 kg
v f = 1.75 m/s
(c) From (b) above, for xf = xi/2 = 3.00 cm,

1 2 1
U= kx = (850 N/m)(0.0300 m)2 = 0.383 J
2 2
Chapter 8 413
and
1 2
mv f = U i − U f → v f =
(
2 Ui − U f )
2 m
2(1.53 J − 0.383 J) 2(1.15 J)
vf = =
1.00 kg 1.00 kg
v f = 1.51 m/s
P8.60 (a) The suggested equation PΔt = bwd implies all of the following
cases:
⎛ w⎞
(1) PΔt = b ⎜ ⎟ ( 2d )
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ Δt ⎞ ⎛ w⎞
(2) P⎜ ⎟ = b⎜ ⎟ d
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
⎛ Δt ⎞ ⎛ d⎞
(3) P ⎜ ⎟ = bw ⎜ ⎟ and
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
⎛ P⎞ ⎛ w⎞
(4) ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ Δt = b ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ d
2 2
These are all of the proportionalities Aristotle lists.
ANS FIG. P8.60

(b) For one example, consider a horizontal force F pushing an object
of weight w at constant velocity across a horizontal floor with
which the object has coefficient of friction µ k .
 
∑ F = ma implies that
+n – w = 0 and F – µkn = 0
so that F = µkw.
As the object moves a distance d, the agent exerting the force does
work
W = Fd cos θ = Fd cos 0° = µ k wd
W
and puts out power P =
Δt
This yields the equation PΔt = µ k wd which represents Aristotle’s
theory with b = µ k .
Our theory is more general than Aristotle’s. Ours can also
describe accelerated motion.
4
P8.61 k = 2.50 × 10 N/m, m = 25.0 kg
xA = –0.100 m, Ug = Us x=0
=0
x=0
(a) At point A, the total energy of the child-pogo-stick-Earth system

is given by
1
Emech = K A + U gA + U s → Emech = 0 + mgx A + kx A2
2
Emech = ( 25.0 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( −0.100 m )
+
1
2
( 2.50 × 10 4 N/m ) ( −0.100 m )
2
Emech = −24.5 J + 125 J = 100 J
(b) Since only conservative forces are involved, the total energy of
the child-pogo-stick-Earth system at point C is the same as that at
point A.
KC + U gC + U sC = K A + U gA + U sA
0 + ( 25.0 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) xC + 0 = 0 − 24.5 J + 125 J
xC = 0.410 m
(c) K B + U gB + U sB = K A + U gA + U sA
( 25.0 kg ) vB2 + 0 + 0 = 0 + ( −24.5 J ) + 125 J

1
2
vB = 2.84 m/s
(d) The energy of the system for configurations in which the spring is
compressed is
1 2
E=K + kx − mgx
2
where x is the compression distance of the spring.
Chapter 8 415
To find the position x for which the kinetic energy is a maximum,

solve this expression for K, differentiate with respect to x, and set
the result equal to zero:
1 2
K =E− kx + mgx
2
dK mg
= 0 − kx + mg = 0 → x=
dx k
Substitute numerical values:
( 25.0 kg )( 9.80 m/s2 )
x= = 0.009 8 m = 0.98 cm
2.50 × 10 4 N/m
Because this is the value for the compression distance of the
spring, this position is 0.98 cm below x = 0.
K = K max at x = −9.80 mm
(e) (
K max = K A + U gA − U g
x = −9.80 mm
) + (U sA − Us x = −9.80 mm )
or
( 25.0 kg ) vmax
1 2
2
= ( 25.0 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 )[( −0.100 m ) − ( −0.009 8 m )]
+
1
2
( 2.50 × 10 4 N/m ) ⎡( −0.100 m ) − ( −0.009 8 m ) ⎤
⎣
2 2
⎦
yielding vmax = 2.85 m/s
P8.62 (a) Between the second and the third picture, ΔEmech = ΔK + ΔU:
1 1
− µmgd = − mvi2 + kd 2
2 2
( 50.0 N/m ) d 2 + 0.250 (1.00 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) d

1
2
− ( 1.00 kg ) ( 3.00 m/s ) = 0
1 2
2
d=
[−2.45 ± 21.35] N = 0.378 m
50.0 N/m
(b) Between picture two and picture four, ΔEmech = ΔK + ΔU:
1 2 1 2
− µmg ( 2d ) = mv f − mvi
2 2
which gives
2
vf = ( 3.00 m/s )2 − ( 2.45 N )( 2 )( 0.378 m )
(1.00 kg )
= 2.30 m/s
(c) For the motion from picture two to picture five in the figure
below, ΔEmech = ΔK + ΔU:
1 1
− µmg ( D + 2d ) = mv 2f − mvi2
2 2
D=
(1.00 kg )( 3.00 m/s )2 − 2 ( 0.378 m ) = 1.08 m
2 ( 0.250 ) ( 1.00 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 )
ANS. FIG P8.62

P8.63 The easiest way to solve this problem about a chain-reaction process is
by considering the energy changes experienced by the block between
the point of release (initial) and the point of full compression of the
spring (final). Recall that the change in potential energy (gravitational
and elastic) plus the change in kinetic energy must equal the work
done on the block by non-conservative forces. We choose the
gravitational potential energy to be zero along the flat portion of the
track.
ANS. FIG. P8.63

Chapter 8 417
There is zero spring potential energy in situation A and zero 

gravitational potential energy in situation D . Putting the energy 
equation into symbols:
KD − KA − U gA + UsD = – fkdBC
Expanding into specific variables:
1
0 – 0 – mgy A + kxs2 = – f k dBC
2
The friction force is f k = µ k mg, so
1
mgy A − kx 2 = µ k mgd
2
Solving for the unknown variable μk gives
yA kx 2
µk = −
d 2mgd
3.00 m (2 250 N/m)(0.300 m)2
= − = 0.328
6.00 m 2(10.0 kg) ( 9.80 m s 2 ) (6.00 m)
P8.64 We choose the zero configuration of potential

energy for the 30.0-kg block to be at the
unstretched position of the spring, and for
the 20.0-kg block to be at its lowest point on
the incline, just before the system is released
from rest. From conservation of energy, we
have ANS. FIG. P8.64
( K + U )i = ( K + U ) f
0 + ( 30.0 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( 0.200 m ) +

1
( 250 N/m ) ( 0.200 m )2
2
( 20.0 kg + 30.0 kg ) v 2
1
=
2
+ ( 20.0 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( 0.200 m ) sin 40.0°
58.8 J + 5.00 J = ( 25.0 kg ) v 2 + 25.2 J

v = 1.24 m/s
P8.65 (a) For the isolated spring-block system,

ΔK + ΔU = 0
⎛1 2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 2⎞
⎜⎝ mv − 0⎟⎠ + ⎜⎝ 0 − kx ⎟⎠ = 0
2 2
m 0.500 kg
x= v= (12.0 m/s )
k 450 N/m
x = 0.400 m
(b) ΔK + ΔU + ΔEint = 0
⎛ 1 2 1 2⎞
⎜⎝ mv f − mvi ⎟⎠ + ( 2mgR − 0 ) + f k (π R ) = 0
2 2
2π f k R
vf = vi2 − 4gR −
m
2π ( 7.00 N ) ( 1.00 m )
= (12.0 m/s )2 − 4 ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( 1.00 m ) −
0.500 kg
v f = 4.10 m/s
(c) Does the block fall off at or before the top of the track? The block
falls if ac < g.
vT2 ( 4.10 m/s )

2
ac = = = 16.8 m/s 2
R 1.00 m
Therefore ac > g and the block stays on the track .
P8.66 m = mass of pumpkin

R = radius of silo top
v2
∑ Fr = mar ⇒ n − mg cosθ = −m
R
When the pumpkin first loses contact
ANS. FIG. P8.66
with the surface, n = 0.
Thus, at the point where it leaves the surface: v 2 = Rg cos θ .
Choose Ug = 0 in the θ = 90.0° plane. Then applying conservation of
energy for the pumpkin-Earth system between the starting point and
the point where the pumpkin leaves the surface gives
K f + U gf = K i + U gi
1 2
mv + mgR cos θ = 0 + mgR
2
Chapter 8 419
Using the result from the force analysis, this becomes

1
mRg cos θ + mgR cos θ = mgR , which reduces to
2
cos θ = , and gives θ = cos ( 2 3 ) = 48.2°

2 −1
3
as the angle at which the pumpkin will lose contact with the surface.
P8.67 Convert the speed to metric units:
⎛ 1 000 m ⎞ ⎛ 1 h ⎞
v = ( 100 km/h ) ⎜ = 27.8 m/s
⎝ 1 km ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 3 600 s ⎟⎠
Write Equation 8.2 for this situation, treating the car and surrounding
air as an isolated system with a nonconservative force acting:
ΔK + ΔU grav + ΔU fuel + ΔEint = 0
The power of the engine is a measure of how fast it can convert

chemical potential energy in the fuel to other forms. The magnitude of
the change in energy to other forms is equal to the negative of the
change in potential energy in the fuel: ΔEother forms = −ΔU fuel . Therefore,
if the car moves a distance d along the hill,
P=−
ΔU fuel
=−
(
−ΔK − ΔU grav − ΔEint )
Δt Δt
0 + ( mgd sin 3.2° − 0 ) + Dρ Av 2 d
1
= 2
Δt
1
= mgv sin 3.2° + Dρ Av 3
2
where we have recognized d / Δt as the speed v of the car. Substituting
numerical values,
P = ( 1 500 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s2 ) ( 27.8 m/s ) sin 3.2°
( 0.330 )( 1.20 kg/m 3 )( 2.50 m 2 )( 27.8 m/s )3

1
+
2
P = 33.4 kW = 44.8 hp
The actual power will be larger than this because additional energy
coming from the engine is used to do work against internal friction in
the moving parts of the car and rolling friction with the road. In
addition, some energy from the engine is radiated away by sound.
Finally, some of the energy from the fuel raises the internal energy of
the engine, and energy leaves the warm engine by heat into the cooler
air.
P8.68 (a) Energy is conserved in the swing of the pendulum, and the
stationary peg does no work. So the ball’s speed does not change
when the string hits or leaves the peg, and the ball swings equally
high on both sides.
(b) The ball will swing in a circle of radius R = (L – d) about the peg.
If the ball is to travel in the circle, the minimum centripetal
acceleration at the top of the circle must be that of gravity:
mv 2
= g → v 2 = g(L − d)
R
When the ball is released from rest, Ui = mgL, and when it is at the
top of the circle, Ui = mg2(L – d), where height is measured from
the bottom of the swing. By energy conservation,
1
mgL = mg2 ( L − d ) + mv 2
2
3L
From this and the condition on v2 we find d = .
5
P8.69 If the spring is just barely able to lift the lower block from the table, the
spring lifts it through no noticeable distance, but exerts on the block a

force equal to its weight Mg. The extension of the spring, from Fs = kx,
must be Mg/k. Between an initial point at release and a final point
when the moving block first comes to rest, we have
K i + U gi + U si = K f + U gf + U sf
2 2
⎛ 4mg ⎞ 1 ⎛ 4mg ⎞ ⎛ Mg ⎞ 1 ⎛ Mg ⎞
0 + mg ⎜ − ⎟ + k⎜ ⎟ = 0 + mg ⎜ + k
⎝ k ⎠ 2 ⎝ k ⎠ ⎝ k ⎟⎠ 2 ⎜⎝ k ⎟⎠
4m2 g 2 8m2 g 2 mMg 2 M 2 g 2

− + = +
k k k 2k
M 2
4m2 = mM +
2
M 2
+ mM − 4m2 = 0
2
−m ± m2 − 4 ( 21 ) ( −4m2 )
M= = −m ± 9m2
2 ( 21 )
Only a positive mass is physical, so we take M = m ( 3 − 1) = 2m .
Chapter 8 421
P8.70 The force needed to hang on is equal to the

force F the trapeze bar exerts on the
performer. From the free-body diagram for
the performer’s body, as shown,
v2
F − mg cos θ = m

v2
or F = mg cos θ + m

ANS. FIG. P8.70
At the bottom of the swing, θ = 0°, so
v2
F = mg + m

The performer cannot sustain a tension of more than 1.80mg. What is
the force F at the bottom of the swing? To find out, apply conservation
of mechanical energy of the performer-Earth system as the performer
moves between the starting point and the bottom:
mv 2
mg ( 1 − cos 60.0° ) = = 2mg ( 1 − cos 60.0° ) = mg
1 2
mv →
2 
v2
Hence, F = mg + m = mg + mg = 2mg at the bottom.

The tension at the bottom is greater than the performer can
withstand; therefore the situation is impossible.
*P8.71 We first determine the energy output of the runner:
= ( 0.600 J kg ⋅ step ) ( 60.0 kg ) ⎛

1 step ⎞
= 24.0 J m
⎝ 1.50 m ⎠
From this we calculate the force exerted by the runner per step:
F = ( 24.0 J m ) ( 1 N ⋅ m J ) = 24.0 N
Then, from the definition of power, P = Fv, we obtain
P 70.0 W
v= = = 2.92 m s
F 24.0 N
P8.72 (a) At the top of the loop the car and

riders are in free fall:
∑ Fy = may :
mv 2
mg down = down
R
v = Rg
Energy of the car-riders-Earth
system is conserved between
release and top of loop:
K i + U gi = K f + U gf :
1
0 + mgh = mv 2 + mg ( 2R )
2
1
gh = Rg + g ( 2R )
2
5R
h=
2
(b) Let h now represent the height
≥ 2.5 R of the release point. At
the bottom of the loop we have
1
mgh = mvb2 ANS. FIG. P8.72
2
or vb2 = 2gh
then, from ∑ Fy = may :
mvb2
nb − mg =
R
( up)
m ( 2gh )
nb = mg +
R
At the top of the loop,
1
mgh = mvt2 + mg ( 2R )
2
vt2 = 2gh − 4gR
Chapter 8 423
from ∑ Fy = may :
mvt2
−nt − mg = −
R
m
nt = −mg +
R
( 2gh − 4gR )
m ( 2gh )
nt = − 5mg
R
Then the normal force at the bottom is larger by
m ( 2gh ) m ( 2gh )
nb − nt = mg + − + 5mg = 6mg
R R
Note that this is the same result we will obtain for the difference in
the tension in the string at the top and bottom of a vertical circle in
Problem 73.
P8.73 Applying Newton’s second law at the bottom (b)
and top (t) of the circle gives
mvb2 mv 2
Tb − mg = and −Tt − mg = − t
R R
Adding these gives
m ( vb2 − vt2 )
Tb = Tt + 2mg +
R
Also, energy must be conserved and ΔU + ΔK = 0. ANS. FIG. P8.73
m ( vb2 − vt2 ) m ( vb2 − vt2 )

So, + ( 0 − 2mgR ) = 0 and = 4mg
2 R
Substituting into the above equation gives Tb = Tt + 6mg .
P8.74 (a) No. The system of the airplane and the surrounding air is
nonisolated. There are two forces acting on the plane that move
through displacements, the thrust due to the engine (acting across
the boundary of the system) and a resistive force due to the air
(acting within the system). Since the air resistance force is
nonconservative, some of the energy in the system is transformed
to internal energy in the air and the surface of the airplane.
Therefore, the change in kinetic energy of the plane is less than
the positive work done by the engine thrust. So,
mechanical energy is not conserved in this case.
(b) Since the plane is in level flight, U g f = U g i and the conservation of

energy for nonisolated systems reduces to
∑ W other forces = W = ΔK + ΔU + ΔEint
or
W = Wthrust = K f − K i − fs
1 1
F(cos 0°)s = mv f − mvi − f (cos180°)s
2 2
2 2
This gives
2(F − f ) s
v f = vi2 +
m
2 ⎡⎣( 7.50 − 4.00 ) × 10 4 N ⎤⎦ ( 500 m )
= ( 60.0 m/s ) +
2
1.50 × 10 4 kg
v f = 77.0 m/s
P8.75 (a) As at the end of the process analyzed in Example 8.8, we begin
with a 0.800-kg block at rest on the end of a spring with stiffness
constant 50.0 N/m, compressed 0.092 4 m. The energy in the
spring is (1/2)(50 N/m)(0.092 4 m)2 = 0.214 J. To push the block
back to the unstressed spring position would require work
against friction of magnitude 3.92 N (0.092 4 m) = 0.362 J.
Because 0.214 J is less than 0.362 J, the spring cannot push the
object back to x = 0.
(b) The block approaches the spring with energy
mv = ( 0.800 kg ) ( 1.20 m/s ) = 0.576 J

1 2 1 2
2 2
It travels against friction by equal distances in compressing the
spring and in being pushed back out, so half of the initial kinetic
energy is transformed to internal energy in its motion to the right
and the rest in its motion to the left. The spring must possess one-
half of this energy at its maximum compression:
0.576 J 1
= ( 50.0 N/m ) x 2
2 2
so x = 0.107 m
Chapter 8 425
For the compression process we have the conservation of energy

equation
0.576 J + µ k 7.84 N ( 0.107 m ) cos 180° = 0.288 J
so µ k = 0.288 J/0.841 J = 0.342

As a check, the decompression process is described by
0.288 J + µ k 7.84 N ( 0.107 m ) cos 180° = 0
which gives the same answer for the coefficient of friction.

*P8.76 As it moves at constant speed, the bicycle is in equilibrium. The
forward friction force is equal in magnitude to the air resistance, which
we write as av 2 , where a is a proportionality constant. The exercising
woman exerts the friction force on the ground; by Newton’s third law,
it is this same magnitude again. The woman’s power output is
P = Fv = av3 = ch, where c is another constant and h is her heart rate. We
are given a(22 km/h)3 = c(90 beats/min). For her minimum heart rate
3
⎛ vmin ⎞ 136
we have av 3
= c ( 136 beats min ) . By division ⎜ ⎟ = .
min
⎝ 22 km h ⎠ 90
( )
13
136
vmin = ( 22 km h ) = 25.2 km h
90
( )
13
166
Similarly, vmax = ( 22 km h ) = 27.0 km h .
90
P8.77 (a) Conservation of energy for the sled-
rider-Earth system, between A and
C:
K i + U gi = K f + U gf
1
m ( 2.50 m/s )
2
ANS. FIG. P8.77
2
+ m ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( 9.76 m )
1
= mvC2 + 0
2
vC = ( 2.50 m/s )2 + 2 ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( 9.76 m ) = 14.1 m/s
(b) Incorporating the loss of mechanical energy during the portion of

the motion in the water, we have, for the entire motion between A
and D (the rider’s stopping point),
K i + U gi − f k d = K f + U gf :
( 80.0 kg ) ( 2.50 m/s )

1 2
2
+ ( 80.0 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( 9.76 m ) − f k d = 0 + 0
− f k d = 7.90 × 103 J
The water exerts a friction force
7.90 × 103 J 7.90 × 103 N ⋅ m
fk = = = 158 N
d 50.0 m
and also a normal force of
n = mg = ( 80.0 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) = 784 N
The magnitude of the water force is
(158 N )2 + (784 N )2 = 800 N
(c) The angle of the slide is

⎛ 9.76 m ⎞
θ = sin −1 ⎜ = 10.4°
⎝ 54.3 m ⎟⎠
For forces perpendicular to the track
at B, ANS. FIG. P8.77(c)
∑ Fy = may : nB − mg cos θ = 0
nB = ( 80.0 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) cos10.4° = 771 N
(d) ∑ Fy = may :
mvC2
+nC − mg =
r
nC = ( 80.0 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 )
+
( 80.0 kg ) ( 14.1 m/s )
2
ANS. FIG. P8.77(d)
20.0 m
nC = 1.57 × 103 N up
The rider pays for the thrills of a giddy height at A, and a high
speed and tremendous splash at C. As a bonus, he gets the quick
change in direction and magnitude among the forces we found in
parts (d), (b), and (c).
Chapter 8 427
P8.78 (a) Maximum speed occurs after the needle leaves the spring, before
it enters the body. We assume the needle is fired horizontally.
ANS. FIG. P8.78(a)
Ki + U i − fk d = K f + U f
1 2 1
0+ kx − 0 = mvmax
2
+0
2 2
1 1
( 375 N m ) ( 0.081 m )2 = ( 0.005 6 kg ) vmax
2
2 2
⎛ 2 ( 1.23 J ) ⎞
12
⎜⎝ 0.005 6 kg ⎟⎠ = vmax = 21.0 m s
(b) The same energy of 1.23 J as in part (a) now becomes partly
internal energy in the soft tissue, partly internal energy in the
organ, and partly kinetic energy of the needle just before it runs
into the stop. We write a conservation of energy equation to
describe this process:
vf
ANS. FIG. P8.78(b)
K i + U i − f k 1d1 − f k 2 d2 = K f + U f
1 2 1
0+ kx − f k 1d1 − f k 2 d2 = mv 2f + 0
2 2
1
1.23 J − 7.60 N ( 0.024 m ) − 9.20 N ( 0.035 m ) = ( 0.005 6 kg ) v 2f
2
⎛ 2 ( 1.23 J − 0.182 J − 0.322 J ) ⎞
12
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ = v f = 16.1 m s
0.005 6 kg
Challenge Problems
P8.79 (a) Let m be the mass of the whole board. The portion on the rough
mxg
surface has mass mx/L. The normal force supporting it is
L
µ k mgx
and the friction force is = ma. Then
L
µ k gx
a= opposite to the motion
L
(b) In an incremental bit of forward motion dx, the kinetic energy
µ mgx
converted into internal energy is f k dx = k dx. The whole
L
energy converted is
L
1 L
µ mgx µ mg x 2 µ k mgL
mv 2 = ∫ k dx = k =
2 0 L L 2 0
2
v = µ k gL
P8.80 (a) U g = mgy = ( 64.0 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) y = (627 N ) y

(b) At the original height and at all heights above 65.0 m – 25.8 m =
39.2 m, the cord is unstretched and U s = 0 . Below 39.2 m, the
cord extension x is given by x = 39.2 m – y, so the elastic energy is
( 81.0 N/m ) ( 39.2 m − y ) .

1 2 1 2
Us = kx =
2 2
(c) For y > 39.2 m, U g + U s = (627 N ) y

For y ≤ 39.2 m,
U g + U s = ( 627 N ) y + 40.5 N/m ( 1 537 m 2 − ( 78.4 m ) y + y 2 )
= ( 40.5 N/m ) y 2 − ( 2 550 N ) y + 62 200 J
Chapter 8 429
(d) See the graph in ANS. FIG. P8.80(d) below.
ANS. FIG. P8.80(d)

(e) At minimum height, the jumper has zero kinetic energy and the
system has the same total energy as it had when the jumper was
at his starting point. K i + U i = K f + U f becomes
(627 N ) (65.0 m ) = ( 40.5 N/m ) y 2f − ( 2 550 N ) y f + 62 200 J
Suppressing units,
0 = 40.5y 2f − 2 550y f + 21 500
y f = 10.0 m [ the solution 52.9 m is unphysical ]
(f) The total potential energy has a minimum, representing a
dU
stable equilibrium position. To find it, we require = 0.
dy
Suppressing units, we get
d
dy
( 40.5y 2 − 2 550y + 62 200 ) = 0 = 81y − 2 550
y = 31.5 m
(g) Maximum kinetic energy occurs at minimum potential energy.
Between the takeoff point and this location, we have
Ki + U i = K f + U f
Suppressing units,
0 + 40 800
1
= ( 64.0 ) vmax + 40.5 ( 31.5 ) − 2 550 ( 31.5 ) + 62 200
2 2
2
⎛ 2 ( 40 800 − 22 200 ) ⎞
12
vmax =⎜ ⎟ = 24.1 m/s

⎝ 64.0 kg ⎠
P8.81 The geometry reveals D = L sin θ + L sin φ ,
50.0 m = 40.0 m ( sin 50° + sin φ ) , φ = 28.9°
(a) From takeoff to landing for the Jane-Earth system:
⎛ 1 2⎞
⎜⎝ 0 − mvi ⎟⎠ + ⎡⎣ mg ( −L cosφ ) − mg ( −L cosθ )⎤⎦ + FD = 0
2
1
mvi2 + mg ( −L cos θ ) + FD ( −1) = 0 + mg ( −L cos φ )
2
( 50.0 kg ) vi2 + ( 50.0 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) (−40.0 m)cos 50°
1
2
− ( 110 N ) ( 50.0 m )
= ( 50.0 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) (−40.0 m)cos 28.9°
( 50.0 kg ) vi2 − 1.26 × 10 4 J − 5.5 × 103 J = −1.72 × 10 4 J

1
2
2 ( 947 J )
vi = = 6.15 m/s
50.0 kg
(b) For the swing back:
ΔK + ΔU = ΔEmech
⎛ 1 2⎞
⎜⎝ 0 − mvi ⎟⎠ + ⎡⎣ mg ( −L cosθ ) − mg ( −L cosφ ) ⎤⎦ = FD
2
1 2
mvi + mg ( −L cosφ ) + FD( +1) = 0 + mg ( −L cosθ )
2
( 130 kg ) vi2 + ( 130 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) (−40.0 m)cos 28.9°
1
2
+ ( 110 N )( 50.0 m )
= ( 130 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) (−40.0 m)cos 50°
Chapter 8 431
1
2
( 130 kg ) vi2 − 4.46 × 10 4 J + 5 500 J = −3.28 × 10 4 J
2 ( 6 340 J )
vi = = 9.87 m/s
130 kg
P8.82 (a) Take the original point where the ball is released and the final
point where its upward swing stops at height H and horizontal
displacement
x = L2 − ( L − H ) = 2LH − H 2
2
Since the wind force is purely horizontal, it does work

 
Wwind = ∫ F ⋅ ds = F ∫ dx = F 2LH − H 2
ANS FIG. P8.82

The work-energy theorem can be written:
K i + U gi + Wwind = K f + U gf , or
0 + 0 + F 2LH − H 2 = 0 + mgH
giving
F 2 2LH − F 2 H 2 = m2 g 2 H 2
Here the solution H = 0 represents the lower turning point of the
ball’s oscillation, and the upper limit is at F2 (2L) = (F2 + m2g2)H.
Solving for H yields
2LF 2 2L
H= =
F +m g 1 + ( mg/F )
2 2 2 2
2(0.800 m) 1.60 m
= =
1+(0.300 kg) (9.8 m/s ) / F
2 2 2 2
1 + 8.64 N 2 /F 2
(b) H = 1.6 m [1 + 8.64/1] = 0.166 m

−1
H = 1.6 m [1 + 8.64/100 ] = 1.47 m

−1
(c)
(d) As F → 0 , H → 0 as is reasonable.
(e) As F → ∞ , H → 1.60 m , which would be hard to approach

experimentally.
(f) Call θ the equilibrium angle with the vertical and T the tension
in the string.
∑ Fx = 0 ⇒ T sin θ = F, and
∑ Fy = 0 ⇒ T cosθ = mg
F
Dividing: tan θ =
mg
Then
mg 1 1
cos θ = = =
(mg)2 + F 2 1 + (F/mg)2 1 + F 2 /8.64 N 2
⎛ 1 ⎞
Therefore, H eq = L ( 1 − cos θ ) = ( 0.800 m ) ⎜ 1 − ⎟
⎝ 1 + F 2 /8.64 N 2 ⎠
For F = 10 N, H eq = 0.800 m[1 − ( 1 + 100/8.64 )

−1/2
(g) ] = 0.574 m
(h) As F → ∞, tan θ → ∞, θ → 90.0°, cos θ → 0, and H eq → 0.800 m .
A very strong wind pulls the string out horizontal, parallel to the
ground.
P8.83 The coaster-Earth system is isolated as the coaster travels up the circle.
Find how high the coaster travels from the bottom:
Ki + U i = K f + U f
v 2 ( 15.0 m/s )
2
1 2
mv + 0 = 0 + mgh → h = = = 11.5 m
2 2g 2g
For this situation, the coaster stops at height 11.5 m, which is lower
than the height of 24 m at the top of the circular section; in fact, it is
close to halfway to the top. The passengers will be supported by the
normal force from the backs of their seats. Because of the usual
position of a seatback, there may be a slight downhill incline of the
seatback that would tend to cause the passengers to slide out. Between
the force the passengers can exert by hanging on to a part of the car
and the friction between their backs and the back of their seat, the
passengers should be able to avoid sliding out of the cars. Therefore,
this situation is less dangerous than that in the original higher-speed
situation, where the coaster is upside down.
Chapter 8 433
P8.84 (a) Let mass m1 of the chain laying on the table and mass m2 hanging
off the edge. For the hanging part of the chain, apply the particle
in equilibrium model in the vertical direction:
m2 g – T = 0 [1]
For the part of the chain on the table, apply the particle in
equilibrium model in both directions:
n – m1 g = 0 [2]
T – fs = 0 [3]
Assume that the length of chain
hanging over the edge is such that
the chain is on the verge of slipping.
Add equations [1] and [3], impose
the assumption of impending
motion, and substitute equation [2]:
n − m1 g = 0
f s = m2 g → µ s n = m2 g
→ µ s m1 g = m2 g
→ m2 = µ s m1 = 0.600m1 ANS. FIG. P8.84
From the total length of the chain of 8.00 m, we see that

m1 + m2 = 8.00λ
where λ is the mass of a one meter length of chain. Substituting
for m2,
m1 + 0.600m1 = 8.00λ → 1.60m1 = 8.00λ → m1 = 5.00λ
From this result, we find that m2 = 3.00λ and we see that 3.00 m
of chain hangs off the table in the case of impending motion.
(b) Let x represent the variable distance the chain has slipped since
the start.
Then length (5 – x) remains on the table, with now
∑ Fy = 0: + n − (5 − x)λ g = 0 → n = (5 − x)λ g
f k = µ k n = 0.4 ( 5 − x ) λ g = 2 λ g − 0.4xλ g
Consider energies of the chain-Earth system at the initial moment
when the chain starts to slip, and a final moment when x = 5,
when the last link goes over the brink. Measure heights above the
final position of the leading end of the chain. At the moment the
final link slips off, the center of the chain is at yf = 4 meters.
Originally, 5 meters of chain is at height 8 m and the middle of

3
the dangling segment is at height 8 − = 6.5 m.
2
K i + U i + ΔEmech = K f + U f :
f
⎛1 ⎞
0 + ( m1 gy1 + m2 gy 2 )i − ∫ f k dx = ⎜ mv 2 + mgy ⎟
i ⎝ 2 ⎠f
5
( 5λ g ) 8 + ( 3λ g ) 6.5 − ∫ ( 2λ g − 0.4xλ g ) dx = 2 ( 8λ ) v 2 + ( 8λ g ) 4
1
0
5 5
40.0g + 19.5g − 2.00g ∫ dx + 0.400g ∫ x dx = 4.00v 2 + 32.0g
0 0
2 5
5 x
27.5g − 2.00gx 0 + 0.400g = 4.00v 2
2 0
27.5g − 2.00g ( 5.00 ) + 0.400g ( 12.5 ) = 4.00v 2

22.5g = 4.00v 2
( 22.5 m ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 )
v= = 7.42 m/s
4.00
P8.85 (a) For a 5.00-m cord the spring constant is described by F = kx,
mg = k (1.50 m). For a longer cord of length L the stretch distance
is longer so the spring constant is smaller in inverse proportion:
⎛ 5.00 m ⎞ ⎛ mg ⎞
k=⎜ = 3.33mg L
⎝ L ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1.50 m ⎟⎠
From the isolated system model,
(K + U g ) (
+ Us = K + U g + Us
i
) f
1
0 + mgy i + 0 = 0 + mgy f + kx 2f
2
( 1
) 1 ⎛ mg ⎞ 2
mg y i − y f = kx 2f = ( 3.33 ) ⎜
2 2
x
⎝ L ⎟⎠ f
here y i − y f = 55 m = L + x f . Substituting,
1
( 55.0 m ) L = ( 3.33) ( 55.0 m − L )2
2
( 55.0 m ) L = 5.04 × 103 m 2 − (183 m ) L + 1.67L2
Chapter 8 435
Suppressing units, we have

0 = 1.67L2 − 238L + 5.04 × 103 = 0
238 ± 2382 − 4 ( 1.67 ) ( 5.04 × 103 ) 238 ± 152
L= = = 25.8 m
2 ( 1.67 ) 3.33
Only the value of L less than 55 m is physical.
⎛ mg ⎞ with
From part (a), k = 3.33 ⎜
⎝ 25.8 m ⎟⎠
(b) ,
xmax = x f = 55.0 m − 25.8 m = 29.2 m
From Newton’s second law,

∑ F = ma: + kxmax − mg = ma
mg
3.33 ( 29.2 m ) − mg = ma
25.8 m
a = 2.77 g = 27.1 m/s 2
ANSWERS TO EVEN-NUMBERED PROBLEMS
P8.2 (a) ΔK + ΔU = 0, v = 2gh ; (b) v = 2gh

4 4 7
P8.4 (a) 1.85 × 10 m, 5.10 × 10 m; (b) 1.00 × 10 J
P8.6 (a) 5.94 m/s, 7.67 m/s; (b) 147 J
2(m1 − m2 )gh 2m1 h
P8.8 (a) ; (b)
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
9
P8.10 (a) 1.11 × 10 J; (b) 0.2
P8.12 2.04 m
P8.14 (a) −168 J; (b) 184 J; (c) 500 J; (d) 148 J; (e) 5.65 m/s
P8.16 (a) 650 J; (b) 588 J; (c) 0; (d) 0; (e) 62.0 J; (f) 1.76 m/s
P8.18 (a) 22.0 J, E = K + U = 30.0 J + 10.0 J = 40.0 J; (b) Yes; (c) The total
mechanical energy has decreased, so a nonconservative force must
have acted.
P8.20 (a) vB = 1.65 m/s2; (b) green bead, see P8.20 for full explanation
P8.22 3.74 m/s
P8.24 (a) 0.381 m; (b) 0.371 m; (c) 0.143 m
P8.26 (a) 24.5 m/s; (b) Yes. This is too fast for safety; (c) 206 m; (d) see
P8.26(d) for full explanation
3
P8.28 (a) 1.24 × 10 W; (b) 0.209
P8.30 (a) 8.01 W; (b) see P8.30(b) for full explanation
P8.32 2.03 × 108 s, 5.64 × 104 h
P8.34 194 m
P8.36 The power of the sports car is four times that of the older-model car.
P8.38 (a) 5.91 × 103 W; (b) 1.11 × 104 W
P8.40 (a) 854; (b) 0.182 hp; (c) This method is impractical compared to
limiting food intake.
P8.42 ~102 W
P8.44 (a) 0.225 J; (b) −0.363 J; (c) no; (d) It is possible to find an effective
coefficient of friction but not the actual value of µ since n and f vary
with position.
P8.46 (a) 2.49 m/s; (b) 5.45 m/s; (c) 1.23 m; (d) no; (e) Some of the kinetic
energy of m2 is transferred away as sound and to internal energy in m1
and the floor.
Chapter 8 437
P8.48 We find that her arms would need to be 1.36 m long to perform this
task. This is significantly longer than the human arm.
P8.50 (a) 0.403 m or –0.357 m (b) From a perch at a height of 2.80 m above the
top of a pile of mattresses, a 46.0-kg child jumps upward at 2.40 m/s.
The mattresses behave as a linear spring with force constant 19.4
kN/m. Find the maximum amount by which they are compressed
when the child lands on them; (c) 0.023 2 m; (d) This result is the
distance by which the mattresses compress if the child just stands on
them. It is the location of the equilibrium position of the oscillator.
1 1 ⎛1 1 ⎞ 1 1
P8.52 (a) mv 2f − mv 2f ; (b) −mgh − ⎜ mv 2f − mvi2 ⎟ ; (c) mv 2f − mv 2f + mgh
2 2 ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 2 2
ρ Av 3 ρ Av 2
P8.54 ; F= ; see P8.54 for full explanation
2 2
P8.56 (a) 16.5 m; (b) See ANS. FIG. P8.56
P8.58 Unrestrained passengers will fall out of the cars
P8.60 (a) See P8.60(a) for full explanation; (b) see P8.60(b) for full explanation
P8.62 (a) 0.378 m; (b) 2.30 m/s; (c) 1.08 m
P8.64 1.24 m/s
P8.66 48.2°
3L
P8.68
5
P8.70 The tension at the bottom is greater than the performer can withstand.
P8.72 (a) 5R/2; (b) 6mg
P8.74 (a) No, mechanical energy is not conserved in this case; (b) 77.0 m/s
P8.76 25.2 km/h and 27.0 km/h
P8.78 (a) 21.0 m/s; (b) 16.1 m/s
( 81 N/m ) ( 39.2m − y ) ; (c) (627 N)y,

1 2
P8.80 (a) (627 N)y; (b) Us = 0,
2
2
(40.5 N/m) y – (2 550 N)y + 62 200 J; (d) See ANS. FIG. P7.78(d);
(e) 10.0 m; (f) stable equilibrium, 31.5 m; (g) 24.1 m/s
1.60 m
P8.82 (a) ; (b) 0.166 m; (c) 1.47 m; (d) H → 0 as is reasonable;
1 + 8.64 N 2 /F 2
⎛ 1 ⎞
(e) H → 1.60 m; (f) ( 0.800 m ) ⎜ 1 − ⎟ ; (g) 0.574 m;
⎝ 1 + F 2 /8.64 N 2 ⎠
(h) 0.800 m
P8.84 (a) 3.00λ ; (b) 7.42 m/s

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8

8.1 Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Energy)

* An asterisk indicates a question or problem new to this edition.

ANSWERS TO OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

ANSWERS TO CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS

(ii) Perhaps with somewhat higher net efficiency, the pressure of

SOLUTIONS TO END-OF-CHAPTER PROBLEMS

Section 8.1 Analysis Model: Nonisolated system (Energy)

(c) You take in energy by matter transfer. Your fund of chemical

(d) Your house is in steady state, keeping constant energy as it takes

Section 8.2 Analysis Model: Isolated system (Energy)

⎝ 2⎠ ANS. FIG. P8.3

This gives a maximum height, h = 10.2 m .

[(1 000 m/s)sin 37.0°]

and for the second,

( 20.0 kg ) ( 1 000 m/s ) = 1.00 × 107 J

P8.6 (a) Define the system as the block

(b) Treating the block as the system,

mvC − 0 = ( 5.00 kg ) ( 7.67 m/s ) = 147 J

2 ( m1 − m2 ) gh 2 ( 5.00 kg − 3.00 kg ) g ( 4.00 m )

(b) Now we apply conservation of energy for the system of the

P8.8 We assume m1 > m2. We assign height y = 0 to the table top.

(b) We apply conservation of energy for the system of mass m2 and

The maximum height of the block is then

P8.9 The force of tension and subsequent force of

vi = 4gL = 4 ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( 0.770 m )

(b) The seismic energy is modeled as

making the Richter magnitude

log E − 4.8 log ( 1.11 × 10 ) − 4.8 = 5.05 − 4.8 = 0.2

P8.11 When block B moves up by 1 cm, block A moves down by 2 cm and

Section 8.3 Situations Involving Kinetic Friction

P8.13 We use the nonisolated system energy model, here written as

P8.14 (a) The force of gravitation is

n − (98.0 N) cos 20.0° = 0

ΔEint = f k d = ( 36.8 N )( 5.00 m ) = 184 J

(c) WF = F = ( 100 N ) ( 5.00 m ) = 500 J

(d) We use the energy version of the nonisolated system model.

The normal force does zero work, because it is at 90° to the

(e) Again, K f − K i = − f k d + ∑ Wother forces , so

(b) Now friction results in an increase in internal energy fk d of the

mv f = 0.625 J − ( 0.350 ) ( 2.00 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( 0.050 0 m )

(b) ΔEint = f k d = ( 118 N ) ( 5.00 m ) = 588 J

(c) Since the normal force is perpendicular to the motion,

Wn = nd cos θ = ( 392 N ) ( 5.00 m ) cos 90° = 0

Wg = mgd cos θ = ( 392 N ) ( 5.00 m ) cos ( −90° ) = 0

Section 8.4 Changes in Mechanical Energy for

Uf = 30.0 J – 18.0 J + 10.0 J = 22.0 J

E = K + U = 30.0 J + 10.0 J = 40.0 J

(b) Yes , if the potential energy is less than 22.0 J.

(c) If the potential energy is 5.00 J, the total mechanical energy

P8.19 The boy converts some chemical energy

( 47.0 kg ) ⎡⎣( 6.20 m/s ) − ( 1.40 m/s ) ⎤⎦

P8.20 (a) Apply conservation of energy to the bead-string-Earth system to

5.00 cm – 0.400 cm = 4.60 cm from the start

P8.22 For the Earth plus objects 1

2 ( 9.80 m s 2 ) ( 1.50 m ) ⎡⎣ 5.00 kg − 0.400 ( 3.00 kg ) ⎤⎦

P8.23 We consider the block-plane-planet system

(c) The nonisolated system energy model we write as

( 320 N/m ) x 2 − (1.50 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( x + 1.20 m ) = 0

(b) This time, friction acts through distance (x + d) in the object-