Tutorial 8

MIN 305 Heat & Mass Transfer
Tutorial Sheet 8: Natural convection, boiling and condensation, Heat

exchangers
1 Non-dimensionalize the momentum equation for natural convection and find the
expression for Grashoff number. What is the significance of Grashoff number and
Rayleigh number. Draw the velocity boundary layer and velocity profile for flow
over a vertical plate at constant temperature for case of natural convection. Contrast
this boundary layer with boundary layer over flat plate for forced flow.
2 Airflow through a long rectangular heating duct that is 0.75 m wide and 0.3 m high
maintains the outer duct surface at 45°C. If the duct is uninsulated and exposed to
air at 15°C in the crawlspace beneath a home, what is the rate of heat loss from the
duct per meter of length? (Ans: 234 W/m)
3 A 15-cm diameter horizontal cylinder is maintained at surface temperature of 120 ◦C.
Water at 40 ◦C is flowing across the cylinder with a velocity of 0.2 m/s. Find Nusselt
number if the water is flowing a) upward and b) downward. (Ans: a) 427 b) 337)
4 In a chemical plant, a 3-m-diameter spherical tank

contains a hot fluid that causes the surface
temperature to be 150°C. For safety purposes, the
tank is enclosed by a 3.15-m-diameter concentric
outer spherical cover. The concentric enclosure
provides an air gap that serves as an insulation layer.
To prevent workplace hazards such as thermal burn
on the skin, the outer cover surface temperature
should be kept below 45°C. The temperature of ambient air outside the tank is 20°C
and the outer cover surface of the tank is covered with paint that gives an emissivity
of 0.9. Determine whether the air gap is sufficient to keep the outer cover surface
temperature below 45°C to prevent thermal burns. Assume that the properties of air
in the enclosure and at the outer surface can be evaluated at 95°C and 30°C and 1 atm
pressure, respectively.
(Ans. Sufficient as surface temperature is 40.6°C)
5 Consider an array of vertical rectangular

fins, which is to be used to cool an
electronic device mounted in quiescent,
atmospheric air at T∞ = 27°C. Each fin has
L=20mmandH=150mmandoperatesatan
approximately uniform temperature of Ts =
77°C. Viewing each fin surface as a vertical
plate in an infinite, quiescent medium,
briefly describe why there exists an
optimum fin spacing S. (a) Using idea of
boundary layer, estimate the optimum value
of S for the prescribed conditions. (b) For
the optimum value of S and a fin thickness of t = 1.5 mm, estimate the rate of heat
transfer from the fins for an array of width W = 355 mm. (Ans: a) 34 mm b) 16.8
W)
6 Sketch the boiling curve and identify key regimes and features.
7 The bottom of a copper pan, 0.3 m in diameter, is maintained at 118°C by an

electric heater. Estimate the power required to boil water in this pan. What is the
evaporation rate? Estimate the critical heat flux. Ans: 59.1 kW, 1.26 MW/m2
8 Water is boiled at atmospheric pressure by a

horizontal polished copper heating element of
diameter D 5 5 mm and emissivity e 5 0.05
immersed in water, as shown in figure. If the
surface temperature of the heating wire is 350°C,
determine the rate of heat transfer from the wire to
the water per unit length of the wire. Ans: 936 W
9 The condenser of a steam power plant operates at a pressure of 7.38 kPa. Steam at
this pressure condenses on the outer surfaces of horizontal tubes through which
cooling water circulates. The outer diameter of the pipes is 3 cm, and the outer
surfaces of the tubes are maintained at 30°C (Fig. 10–32). Determine (a) the rate of
heat transfer to the cooling water circulating in the tubes and (b) the rate of
condensation of steam per unit length of a horizontal tube. (Ans. 8760 W, 0.00360
kg/s)
10 Saturated steam at atmospheric pressure condenses on a 2-m-high and 3-m-wide

vertical plate that is maintained at 80°C by circulating cooling water through the
other side. Determine (a) the rate of heat transfer by condensation to the plate and
(b) the rate at which the condensate drips off the plate at the bottom. (Ans. 0.702
MW, 0.303 kg/s)
11 Sate differences between dropwise condensation and film condensation.
12 Oil having a specific heat of 1.88 kJ/kg.K enters a single pass counter flow heat
exchanger at 400K, with a flow rate of 2.27 kg/s. The oil must be cooled to 360 K,
using water as the outer fluid. Water at 283 K is available at a rate of 189 kg/s, Find
the required heat transfer area for an overall heat transfer coefficient of 240 W/m2.K.
Ans: 7.466 m2
13 A single pass steam condenser has to he designed to condense 35000 kg/hr of dry
saturated steam at 2.77 cm Hg pressure. The cooling water enters the tube at 16 °C
and leaves at 21 °C. The tubes are 2.25 cm ID and 2.50 OD. The thermal conductivity
of tube material is 1.05 W/m.K, The water and steam side film coefficients are 6960
and 5900 W/m2.K. If the fouling resistance for the water side and the steam side are
0.352x103 m2.K/W and 0.088 m2.K/W respectively, determine the surface area of the
tube required. Ans: 213809.21 m2
14 A double-pipe heat exchanger is utilized to heat water with a mass flow rate of 10
kg/s from 15 °C to 33 °C. The healing fluid enters at 75 °C with a capacity rate of 25
kW/K and the mean overall coefficient of heat transfer is 1570 W/m2.K Determine
the necessary surface area for counter flow and parallel flow operation. Ans: 13.46,
16.12 m2
15 Saturated water with a quality of 0.l and mass flow rate of 12 kg/min is to be cooled
to 80 oC at atmospheric pressure. Cooling water at 15°C and 20 kg/min mass flow
rate is available. Determine the surface area required for a counter flow double pipe
heat exchanger if the mean overall coefficient of heat transfer is 400 W/m2.K. Ans:
2.98 m2
16 Water at the rate of 3.783 kg/s is heated from 37.8 to 54.4 °C in a shell and tube heat
exchanger. On the shell side one pass is used with water as the heating fluid, entering
at 93.3°C and at a rate of 1.892 kg/s. The overall heat transfer coefficient is 1419
W/m2.K, and the average velocity in the 1.905 cm diameter tubes is 0.366 m/s.
Because of space limitation the tube length must not be longer than 2.438 m,
Calculate the number of tube passes, the number of tubes per pass, and the length of
the tubes, consistent with this restriction. Ans: 2; 37; 3.54 m
17 Hot exhaust gases, which enter a finned tube, cross flow heat exchanger at 300 °C
and leaves at 100°C are used to heat pressurized water at a flow rate of 1 kg/s from
35 °C to 125 °C. The exhaust gas specific heat is approximately 1000 J/kg.K and the
overall heat transfer coefficient based on the gas side surface area is U h = 100
W/m2.K. Determine the required gas side surface area A h. Ans: 37.77 m2
18 A shell and tube heat exchanger with one shell pass and four tube passes has 4.8 m 2
of heat transfer area, The effective overall heat transfer coefficient of this unit is 310
W/m2.K. This exchanger was designed for use with water and benzene. It is now
proposed to cool a stream of oil (cp=2.22 kJ/kg.K) at 395 K, flowing at 1.5 kg/s. with
cooling water available at 286 K and flow of 0.63 kg/s. In this application what will
be the exit temperatures of the two fluid streams?
19 Condenser of a large steam power plant consists of a single shell and 300000 tubes,
each executing two passes. The tubes are of thin wall construction with D=25 mm,
and steam condenses on their outer surface with an associated convection coefficient
of ho=11000 W/m2.K. The heat transfer rate that must be affected by the exchanger
is q=2xl09 W and this is accomplished by passing cooling water through the tubes at
a rate of 3x104 kg/s (the flow rate per tube is therefore is 1 kg/s). The water enters at
20 °C while the steam condenses at 50°C.
1. What is the temperature of the cooling water emerging from the condenser?
2. What is the tube length L per pass required to achieve the above objectives? (For
calculating hi use correlation Nu = 0.023ReD4 / 5 Pr0.4 ) (Ans: 1.85 m)
D

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MIN 305 Heat & Mass Transfer

Tutorial Sheet 8: Natural convection, boiling and condensation, Heat

4 In a chemical plant, a 3-m-diameter spherical tank

5 Consider an array of vertical rectangular

7 The bottom of a copper pan, 0.3 m in diameter, is maintained at 118°C by an

8 Water is boiled at atmospheric pressure by a

10 Saturated steam at atmospheric pressure condenses on a 2-m-high and 3-m-wide

11 Sate differences between dropwise condensation and film condensation.

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