Overview of Earth as a Planet Atmosphere – gaseous part

Hydrosphere – liquid part (70.8%)

 Cryosphere – crucial element of the
climate system (ice)
Geosphere – solid part(29.2%)

Creation of the Earth

 Age – 4.5 billion years old
 Nebula Theory: accretion from the
solar nebula (dust)
 Geological events happened that shaped
the present condition of Earth

EARTH as a PLANET
 a small blue planet bathing in a film of
white clouds and liquid
water

Major Parts of Earth:

Internal Structure of the Earth & 3. Core – innermost layer; consists of
radioactive materials
Plate Tectonics  composed of iron-nickel alloy
Layers of the Core:
 Outer core – liquid state (5000°C)
 Inner core – solid state (5000-
6000°C)
 NOTE: Outer core spins over the inner
core producing magnetic field of Earth
(dynamo effect)

Layers of the Earth According to

Physical Properties

Lithosphere – outer solid part of the

Layers of the Earth According to planet
Composition  Includes the crust and rigid upper part
of the upper mantle. (70-100km)
Crust – outermost layer of the earth
Asthenosphere – highly viscous, hotter
 continental crust – 35 - 60 km thick; and ductile region of
granitic (made from granite) the upper mantle (100-
 oceanic crust - 5-10 km thick; basaltic 350km thick)
(made from basalt)  involved in plate tectonic movement
and isostatic adjustment
Mantle – largest layer of the Earth (2885 km 
thick)
Mesosphere – lower part of the mantle
 most of the internal heat of the Earth is
 Solid despite of very high temperature
found (magma chamber)
and pressure
 Layers of the Mantle:
 Upper Mantle – viscous layer; made 4. Outer core – liquid state
up of peridotite and dunite 5. Inner core – solid state
 Lower Mantle- cooler and brittle
 Topography of Ocean Floor

Tectonic Plates
 also known as Lithospheric plates
 are massive, irregular slabs of solid rock
that envelope the surface of the Earth
TYPES OF PLATE
TECTONICS
Continental Plates – solid granitic; less
dense slab of rocks older
than oceanic crust (200
billion years old)
Oceanic Plates – made up of basalt and
gabbro rocks; denser slab of
rocks younger than
continental plate (4 billion
years old)

PLATE TECTONICS THEORY

 states that “the Earth’s outermost
layer is fragmented into a dozen or
more large and small solid plates
which are constantly in motion
relative to the asthenosphere.

MINOR AND MAJOR PLATES

 Mechanisms of Plate Tectonics
Mantle Convection Theory
  proposed by Arthur Holmes
 states that “the pressure of heated
magma broke the continents apart,
causing the pieces to drift in opposite
direction

Slab Pull Theory

 states that “Gravity and the plates are
responsible for movement of plate
tectonicsthrough subduction process
 oceanic crust subduct or sink (ridge
push)

Mantle Convection
Laurasia Gondwanaland
 Evidences from Glaciation

Evidences from Structure and Rock

Type

EVIDENCES OF CONTINENTAL
DRIFT
1. Paleontological Evidence
2. Evidences from Glaciation
3. Evidences from Structure and Rock
Type
4. Evidences from Paleoclimates

Paleontological Evidence

Evidences from Paleoclimates

EVIDENCES OF SEA FLOOR
SPREADING THEORY
1. Basaltic ocean crust become younger
near the mid-ocean ridge
2. Mid-ocean ridge showed elongated
patterns for normal and reversal
polarity of the ocean floor

Basaltic Ocean Crust

Elongated patterns for normal and reversal
polarity
 PLATE BOUNDARIES THREE TYPES OF PLATE
OBJECTIVES FOR TODAY: BOUNDARIES
 Describe the different types of plate Convergent Boundary
boundaries – destructive plate boundary
 Conduct a web quest about one particular
place in the world found along a plate
Divergent Boundary
– constructive plate boundary
boundary. Describe its features and its type
of plate boundary. Transform Fault Boundary
– conservative plate boundary

Introduction
INQUIRY LAB
Laboratory Work
“Different Types of Plate Boundaries

INTERACTION:
PLATE BOUNDARIES
 border between tectonic plates (major
and minor plates)
 where volcanism and earthquakes are
found
 CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES
 two plates push toward each other
 leads to the formation of oceanic
trenches, large earthquake and lines of
volcanoes

2. Continental-continental
– high mountain range

TYPES OF CONVERGENT
BOUNDARIES
1. Oceanic-oceanic
– trench and volcanic island
3. Oceanic-continental
- trenches and mountain belts

DIVERGENT BOUNDARIES
 two plates move apart
 leads to the formation of mid-ocean
ridges

Mid-ocean ridge – chain of active

volcanoes found on the ocean floor
 TRANSFORM FAULT
BOUNDARIES
 two plates that slide horizontally past
 generally vertical and parallel

TRIPLE JUNCTIONS
point at which three plate boundaries met
TYPES OF TRANSFORM FAULT Ex: Afar Triple Junction
BOUNDARIES
Ridge – ridge
Ridge – trench
Trench – trench
 DISTRIBUTION OF VOLCANOES, TYPES OF VOLCANOES
MOUNTAIN RANGES AND
EARTHQUAKES
(Effects of the Movements of Tectonic Plates)
OBJECTIVES FOR TODAY:
 Describe the distribution of active Composite
volcanoes, earthquake epicenters and Cinder
major mountain belts. Shield
 Distinguish the different landforms in
the world

INTERACTION
LECTURE AND DISCUSSION
Active
Dormant
Extinct

Effects of Tectonic Plates

Movement: VOLCANOES

VOLCANO
a mountain that opens downward to a
reservoir of molten rock called magma below
the surface of the Earth
THREE STAGES OF VOLCANO’S LIFE MAP OF HOTSPOTS
CYCLE

MANTLE PLUMES AND

1. Invasion of magma HOTSPOTS (Hawaii Islands)
2. Building pressure
3. Eruption

LOCATION OF VOLCANOES
1. Near plate boundaries of tectonic plates
Divergent Plate Boundaries
Convergent Plate Boundaries

2. Associated with …
mantle plumes and hot spots

 Areas or columns where heat MANTLE PLUMES AND HOTSPOTS

or rocks in the mantle are (Galapagos Island)
rising toward Earth’s surface
 Location on Earth’s surface
that has experienced active
volcanic activities for a long
time
MANTLE PLUMES AND HOTSPOTS Effects of Tectonic Plates Movement:
(Yellow Stone Park)
MOUNTAIN RANGES
MOUNTAIN RANGES
a large elevated landform that is formed
through tectonic forces or volcanism

Orogeny
forces and events that lead to a large structural
deformation of Earth’s lithosphere

MANTLE PLUMES AND HOTSPOTS

(Yellow Stone Park)

STAGES OF MOUNTAIN BUILDING

STAGE ONE:
Accumulation of Sediments

PACIFIC RING OF FIRE

STAGE TWO:
Orogenic Period of Rock Deformation and Himalayas
Crustal Uplift highest mountain range

Andes
longest mountain range

STAGE THREE:
Period of Crustal Uplift Caused by Isostatic
Rebound and Block-Faulting

Appalachians
oldest mountain range

LOCATION OF MOUNTAIN
BUILDINGRANGE OR BELTS
 Near the plate boundaries Alps
(convergent) largest mountain system in Europe

Rocky Mountains
DIFFERENT MOUNTAIN major mountain range in Western North
America
RANGES
 LANDFORMS
Great Dividing Range
 are defined as the natural physical features
forms a watershed
on the surface of Earth
 formed by various forces such as water,
wind, ice and tectonic plate

Sierra Madre
longest mountain range in the Philippines

AEOLONIAN LANDFORMS
DUNES BUTTES

LOESS HILL

MUSHROOM ROCK VALLEY

EROSIONAL LANDFORMS FLUVIAL & COASTAL

MESAS DELTA
PENINSULA

MEANDER

SEA CLIFF

PLAINS

PLATEUS
Module 5 Surface Waves
Can only travel along the surface and arrive
EARTHQUAKE after the body surface.
 is a natural phenomena that is
characterized by a sudden, violent shifting
of massive plates underneath Earth’s
surface
 plates move that releases stress that
generates fault

Primary Waves
Faster, Move in any medium, Longitudinal
(compression & dilation)

Secondary Waves
Slower, Move in solid medium, Transverse
(perpendicular)
Epicenter
point on Earth’s surface directly above the
Classification of Surface Waves
focus

Surface Waves
can only travel along the surface and arrive
after the body waves

Focus
point within the Earth where earthquake
originate

Body Waves
Love wave
travels in the interior of the Earth from the
Move horizontally (side to side)
focus to the distant point

Fault Line Rayleigh wave

crack across which the rocks have been offset Move upward, backward and downward
first.
 PARTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE
FAULT

Distribution of Fault
CLASSIFICATION OF FAULTS

Other Fault in the Philippines

Normal Fault
Hanging wall goes down ward

Reverse Fault
Hanging wall (upward)

Strike-Slip Fault
Forward, backward and side to side
 WEST VALLEY FAULT  Gen. Mariano Alvarez
 Carmona
 Silang

Laguna
 San Pedro City
 Biñ an City
 Santa Rosa City
 Cabuyao City
-Popular fault in NCR  Calamba City

TYPES OF EARTHQUAKES
1. Tectonic Earthquake
2. Volcanic Earthquake
3. Collapse Earthquake
4. Explosion Earthquake

LOCATION OF EARTHQUAKES
First Seismic Zone:
Line of Mid-Ocean Ridges
CITIES and MUNICIPALITIES
Transected by the Valley Fault System Second Seismic Zones:
Shallow-Focus Event (0-70 km deep)
Bulacan
 Doñ a Remedios Trinidad Third Seismic Zones:
 Norzagaray Subduction between Continental and Oceanic
 San Jose del Monte City Plates

Rizal Fourth Seismic Zones:

 Rodriguez Along the boundaries of continental plates
 San Mateo
CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKES
Metro Manila  release of a massive amount of energy at
 Quezon City Earth’s crust that allows seismic waves
 Marikina City to propagate along the Earth’s surface
 Pasig City  Tension from the tectonic plates put on
 Makati City the ground
 Taguig City
 Muntinlupa City

Cavite
 Foreshocks – are small
earthquakes that precede a
major earthquake

Aftershocks – smaller
earthquake after the major
earthquake

EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE
Tsunami
Japanese word for tidal wave or big wave in the
port

Seiche
large waves that move up and down instead of
forward

Floods