1. Research suggests that people with 4.

An electric conductor is any material that

diabetes who make relaxation techniques part can ---- conduct electricity, such as a metal,
of their usual routine experience significant --- ionic solution, or ionised gas.
- in their blood sugar levels.
A) adversely
A) entanglements
B) innately
B) improvements
C) devastatingly
C) references
D) efficiently
D) deformities
E) accidentally
E) obstructions

5. Sinkholes are natural, circular depressions

2. According to Piaget, an infant's initial that form when water erodes easily dissolved
knowledge is limited to innate reflexes and is or soluble rock located beneath the ground
combined with an ---- to actively use and surface, but they are also ---- by human
adapt these reflexes as a result of repeated activities.
interactions with objects.
A) hindered
A) assertion
B) suppressed
B) equivalent
C) induced
C) inclination
D) violated
D) ambiguity
E) evacuated
E) estimation

6. Like the Romans, the Aztec were a warlike

3. Cortisol, a hormone that increases in people who founded a great empire and who -
response to stress, contributes to the fight-or- --- knowledge of other peoples to further their
flight reflex that helps the body to respond to civilisation.
situations.
A) pulled through
A) explicable
B) drew on
B) challenging
C) called off
C) reversible
D) rushed into
D) fulfilling
E) turned down
E) superfluous
7. Chinese influence on Japan ---- in the 7th 10. The electricity produced by a generator
and 8th centuries as Japanese rulers --- to travels cables to a transformer, which changes
build a Chinese style of bureaucracy and electricity from low voltage to high voltage,
society. and electricity can be transmitted ---- long
distances using high voltage.
A) would peak / used to seek
A) against / to
B) has peaked / seek
B) along /over
C) was peaking/were seeking
C) into / with
D) had peaked / had sought
D) for / at
E) peaked/sought
E) between / on

11. Fashion dolls wore miniature examples of

8. Health experts emphasise that people ----
the latest fashions and, ---- the late medieval
vitamins and minerals from their food unless
period onwards, were a favourite way of
they require an amount that ---- through diet
disseminating the latest information ---- fabric,
and their doctors recommend certain
colour, cut, and decoration.
supplements.
A) from / on
A) used to get / might not be reached
B) with / in
B) should get / cannot be reached
C) over / between
C) are able to get / need not be reached
D) about / to
D) may get / must not be reached
E) at/ across
E) have to get/ should not be reached

12. In linguistics, the distinction between a

9. Greek philosopher Thales is said ---- a solar
word's sense and reference is a critical one, ---
eclipse ---- back to May 28,585 BCE, which
- it allows us to study the many cases where
famously brought a battle between the
we happily use words, even though they do
warring Lydians and Medes to a halt.
not naturally correspond to the way things are
A) to predict/ to have dated in the world.

B) having predicted / having dated A) in order that

C) to be predicted / being dated B) so that

D) to have predicted / dating C) because

E) predicting / dated D) if

E) once
13. -----there is nothing wrong with wanting to 16.The science says that products grown
look good, there are some troubling ethical organically contain higher levels of the
issues associated with aesthetic plastic antioxidant compounds linked to good health
surgery. ---- lower levels of pesticides and toxic metals.

A) Given that A) as well as

B) Although B) prior to

C) In case C) in terms of

D) Unless D) on behalf of

E) Provided that E) as a result of

14. even kings and high statesmen have a daily

life, when that concept is used in history, it
refers to the lives of the ordinary people who
became the protagonists of much
historiography in the late 20th century.

A) Whether

B) Seeing that

C) While

D) Unless

E) Until

15. Economic activity is the source of wealth

for any country, so government control and
regulation of the economy has a significant
effect ---- on prosperity and growth ---- on
political well-being.

A) the more / the less

B) neither / nor

C) not only / but also

D) so / that

E) whether / or
Mercury is the least explored of the rocky
planets. (17)---- technical difficulties, the
19.
planet has been visited by just two missions to
date: Mariner 10 in the mid-1970s and the A) visibility
more recent Messenger spacecraft, which
studied Mercury from orbit. Spacecraft (18)---- B) density
extremely fast to get to Mercury. When they C) proximity
reach the planet, they must suddenly slow
down enough to get into orbit just as the D) reflectivity
gravity is trying to accelerate them even more. E) clarity
In addition, the Sun's pull is so strong near
Mercury that orbits around the planet are
unstable, and (19) to the Sun makes it hard for
20.
spacecraft to maintain a stable temperature.
(20)----, Mariner 10 and Messenger have
reached the planet successfully and studied its
A) In other words
features and properties. A third major mission,
the joint European-Japanese BepiColombo, B) Otherwise
may reveal more (21)--- this intriguing planet.
C) Hence

D) Nonetheless
17.
E) Likewise
A) Due to

B) Together with
21.
C) In comparison with
A) for
D) According to
B) around
E) Similar to
C) beyond

D) over

E) about
18.

A) may travel

B) have to travel

C) would be travelling

D) could have travelled

E) must have travelled

The heart mystified ancient physicians. (22)---- 24.
al cultures recognised the relationship
A) similar to
between the heart and life itself, they differed
vastly in their interpretations of what that B) in the hope of
relationship was. The Egyptians held the heart
to be the base of intellect and emotion in life C) in accordance with
and the measure of that life's worth with a D) regardless of
person's passage (23)---- the afterworld.
Mesopotamian and Sumerian physicians used E) such as
medical herbs and botanicals to treat ailments
(24)---pounding of the pulse and heart
weakness. Ancient Chinese physicians 25.
speculated that the heart circulated all of the
A) deficient
body's (25)---- substances, including air,
through a complex network of vessels and B) vital
passageways. Within the tenets of primitive
C) peculiar
Chinese medicine, the pulse spoke to the
physician, its rhythms and patterns (26)---- the D) adverse
story of the body's health and illnesses.
E) obsolete

22.
26.
A) As long as
A) to be presented
B) Provided that
B) to present
C) Since
C) presenting
D) Though
D) having been presented
E) In order that
E) to have presented

23.

A) upon

B) by

C) into

D) from

E) over
27. Even if the two-minute commute from bed 29. While human populations have expanded
to desk can be counted as one of the benefits since the Industrial Revolution, with
of working from home, ---- technologies becoming increasingly capable of
pervasive impacts,
A) it turns out to be real for many of us and
extracting the maximum benefit is not going to A) biodiversity is no longer a rallying point for
be easy conservationists who are concerned about the
rapid simplification of natural systems
B) it can also turn out to be a perilous sign of
blurred boundaries between professional and B) actions that protect biodiversity reduce soil
personal lives erosion and promote scientific interest

C) it is possible to communicate effectively with C) biodiversity can be naturally thought of as

colleagues and managers from anywhere the result of a magnificent and eternal process
usingtechnology of change

D) it might be tempting to adopt a student D) biodiversity is in decline, as a result of

lifestyle of going to bed and waking up later human activities, especially the fragmentation
than you are used to of forests and other wild habitats

E) it is often because you are spending too E) protection of habitat is mainly treated by the
much time on activities that are not in line with recovery of some endangered and threatened
your personal values species

28. Just as archaeologists are contesting 30. Although platypus populations were
shipwreck hunters over historical disasters, formerly reduced by hunting for the fur trade,

A) an underwater habitat named 'Aquarius' is A) serious concern is raised because the

sited off the Florida coast about 20m under platypus rang follows densely populated
water regions

B) the underwater riches that occur naturally as B) effective government conservation efforts
mineral deposits are being mined at shallow have resulted in a successful comeback
depths
C) the species' habitat may be disrupted by
C) marine biologists are trying to compete with dams, irrigation projects, or pollution
the mining industry in preserving nature's
D) they spend most of their time on land and
secret treasure troves
have a few physical traits that can be modified
D) scientists have attached cameras to Weddell
E) some other less aquatic species can also be
seals to study the ecology of fishes living
fairly common in suitable habitats
beneath the ice

E) the huge technological leap into deep

waters in the past century enabled scientists to
explore more minerals
31. Since dam technology has advanced with 33. ----, Telmatobius culeus has the slowest
increasing knowledge of design principles and metabolism of all frogs, to lessen its demand
a better understanding of foundation and for oxygen.
material properties, ----.
A) As though its baggy skin contains vast
A) there is no longer a question regarding amounts of capillaries that enable the
safety of construction and operational amphibian to absorb oxygen from the water
processes
B) Supposing that it has had to adapt its
B) it is estimated that about 150,000 dams movement, metabolism, and even its skin
around the world are still sustainable
C) While it is the largest aquatic frog,
C) national governments have already become reportedly reaching lengths of up to 60cm, with
involved in providing standardised regulations its legs outstretched

D) the major issue is to monitor deterioration D) As long as it bobs up and down to create
as the structures and equipment get older ripples that let oxygen-rich water flow over its
skin
E) dam failures cause loss of life and property
damage in downstream reaches E) Because its many folds increase the skin's
surface area to maximise oxygen intake

34. Many people go through a time period, in

32.-------, traditional ways of adorning the body
their early teens, when they are obsessed with
changed as Native Americans had more contact
that 'choose your own adventure in life' slogan,
with European traders and White settlers.
.
A) As much as Native Americans wore jewellery
A) but the older they get, the more they learn
and other body decorations to honour spirits or
that the world refuses to let them control it
to indicate social status
B) in case they feel pretty sure about what
B) Although Native American body decoration
might happen and how harsh the outcomes will
practices and jewellery designs were practiced
be
for many hundreds of years
C) given that they find crying as an
C) Because the Native American jewellery had
acknowledgement of how they feel in times of
social and religious significance, as well as
panic
decorative qualities
D) as it is much easier for them to obey their
D) Providing Native Americans across the North
parents' rules
American continent adorned their bodies in a
variety of different ways E) however, the more they try to find certainty
through science, the more it evades their
E) Given that Native American body decoration
curiosity
was very important to the religious and social
life of tribal members
35. Child-care providers are simply viewed as
supporters of employed parents, ----.

A) as low wages and minimal employment

benefits offered to them often cause them to
quit their jobs

B) so children whose caregivers are

encouraging can easily gain social skills like
developing empathy for others

C) although child-care affordability is no longer

an issue for low-income families in most
European countries thanks to government
funds

D) but they can also create early learning

opportunities for children and contribute to
their cognitive development

E) while parents do not generally need to

monitor caregivers remotely if they are close
relatives of the child

36. Some parts of Sicily offer the sense of

isolation to those who want to cut themselves
off from the World ---

A) though one can easily get mesmerised at the

sight of the surviving columns from ancient
theatres around

B) only if they enjoy the intoxicating scent of

orange blossoms and red cactus blooming
luxuriantly on even small rocks

C) unless they are ready to get overwhelmed by

the beautiful surroundings that can inspire
them to rest all day

D) because they are the places nestling on top

of rocky promontories stunningly high above
the Mediterranean

E) as they host a fascinating amalgam of vastly

different traditions extending from the Greeks
to Arabs
37. All plastic surgery procedures seek to 38. The only reason that the present human
restore patients' appearances; however, population has avoided starvation is that the
reconstructive surgery focuses on patients with Green Revolution of the 1950s combined
physical problems or deformities while nitrogenous fertilizers and new strains of crops
aesthetic surgery generally focuses on patients to dramatically increase food production in
who want to improve their appearance. Third World nations.

A) Tüm plastik cerrahi yöntemleri hastaların A) 1950'lerdeki Yeşil Devrim ile beraber,
görünüşünü düzeltmeyi hedefler fakat estetik Üçüncü Dünya ülkelerinde gıda üretimini büyük
cerrahi genellikle görünüşünü iyileştirmek ölçüde artırmak için azotlu gübrelerin yeni nesil
isteyen hastalara odaklanırken rekonstrüktif tahıllarla bir araya getirilmesinin tek nedeni, şu
cerrahi, fiziksel problemi veya şekil bozuklukları anki insan nüfusunun açlıktan korunmasını
olan hastalara odaklanır. sağlamaktı.

B) Tüm plastik cerrahi yöntemleri hastaların B) Şu anki insan nüfusunun açlıktan

görünüşünü düzeltmeyi hedeflese de korunmasının tek nedeni, 1950'lerdeki Yeşil
görünüşünü iyileştirmek isteyen hastalara Devrim'in Üçüncü Dünya ülkelerinde gıda
estetik cerrahi, fiziksel problemi veya şekil üretimini büyük ölçüde artırmak için azotlu
bozuklukları olan hastalara ise genellikle gübrelerle yeni nesil tahılları bir araya
rekonstrüktif cerrahi odaklanır. getirmesidir.

C) Görünüşünü iyileştirmek isteyen hastalara c) üçüncü Dünya ülkelerinde gıda üretimini

estetik cerrahi, fiziksel problemi veya şekil büyük ölçüde artırmak amacıyla 1950'lerdeki
bozuklukları olan hastalara ise genellikle Yeşil Devrim tarafından azotlu gübrelerle yeni
rekonstrüktif cerrahi odaklanır ancak tüm nesil tahıllar bir araya getirilmiştir ve bu, şu anki
plastik cerrahi yöntemleri hastaların insan nüfusunun açlıktan korunmasının tek
görünüşünü düzeltmeyi hedefler. sebebidir

D) Tüm plastik cerrahi yöntemleri, fiziksel D) Üçüncü Dünya ülkelerinde gıda üretimini
problemi veya şekil bozuklukları olan ve büyük ölçüde artırmak için 1950'lerdeki Yeşil
görünüşünü iyileştirmek isteyen hastalara Devrim ile azotlu gübreler ve yeni nesil tahıllar
odaklanır ancak genellikle hastaların bir araya getirilmişti ve bunun tek sebebi, şu
görünüşünü düzeltmek rekonstrüktif anki insan nüfusunun açlıktan korunmasını
cerrahinin, iyileştirmek ise estetik cerrahinin sağlamaktı.
hedefidir.
E) 1950'lerdeki Yeşil Devrim aracılığıyla azotlu
E) Tüm plastik cerrahi yöntemleri hastaların gübrelerin yeni nesil tahıllarla bir araya
görünüşünü iyileştirmeye odaklansa da getirilmesi, şu anki insan nüfusunun açlıktan
rekonstrüktif cerrahi, fiziksel problemi veya korunmasının tek sebebidir ve bu durum aynı
şekil bozuklukları olan hastalara, estetik cerrahi zamanda Üçüncü Dünya ülkelerindeki gıda
ise genellikle görüntülerinde değişiklik isteyen üretiminin büyük ölçüde artmasını sağlamıştır.
hastalara odaklanır.
39. Elastic thinking, the ability to abandon our 40. Diş hekimliği derneklerinin kurulması, o
ingrained assumptions and open ourselves to zamana kadar çıraklık eğitim modelinin
innovations, endows us with the ability to solve egemen olduğu 19. yüzyılın ortalarında diş
novel problems and overcome the hekimliği eğitiminin resmî bir yapıya
psychological barriers that can impede us from kavuşmasında önemli bir rol oynamıştır.
looking beyond the existing order.
A) Dentistry training and education underwent
A) Kemikleşmiş varsayımlarımızı terk ederek a formalisation process with the establishment
kendimizi yeniliklere açma yeteneği olan esnek of dentistry societies in the mid-19th century,
düşünme, bizi yeni sorunları çözme yeteneği ile although the apprenticeship model of training
donatırken mevcut düzenin ötesine bakmamızı played an important role until then.
engelleyebilen psikolojik sınırları aşmamızı
B) The transition of dentistry training and
sağlar.
education from the apprenticeship model of
B) Esnek düşünme, kemikleşmiş training to a formalisation process was made
varsayımlarımızı terk etme ve kendimizi possible through the important role played by
yeniliklere açma yeteneği, bizi yeni sorunları dentistry societies in the mid-19th century.
çözme ve mevcut düzenin ötesine bakmamızı
C) Although the apprenticeship model of
engelleyebilen psikolojik sınırları aşma
training was dominant until the mid-19th
yeteneği ile donatır.
century, dentistry training and education
C) Esnek düşünme, kemikleşmiş varsayımları played an important role when dentistry
terk edip kendimizi yeniliklere açma yeteneği, societies were formed.
bizi yeni sorunları çözme yeteneği ile donatır ve
D) The formation of dental societies played an
mevcut düzenin ötesine bakmamızı
important role in the formalisation of dentistry
engelleyebilen psikolojik sınırları aşmamızı
training and education in the mid-19th century,
sağlar.
until when the apprenticeship model of
D) Esnek düşünme, kemikleşmiş training was dominant.
varsayımlarımızı terk etmemizi ve kendimizi
E) Were it not for the formalisation of dentistry
yeniliklere açmamızı sağlayan yetenektir ve
training and education which played an
mevcut düzenin ötesine bakmamızı engelleyen
important role in the formation of dental
psikolojik sınırları aşmamızı sağlayarak bizi yeni
societies in the mid-19th century, the training
sorunları çözme yeteneği ile donatır.
of dentistry would still be dominated by the
E) Esnek düşünme, kemikleşmiş apprenticeship model.
varsayımlarımızı terk etmemizi, kendimizi
yeniliklere açmamızı ve yeni sorunları
çözmemizi sağlayan yetenektir ve bizi mevcut
düzenin ötesine bakmamızı engelleyen
psikolojik sınırları aşma yeteneği ile donatır.
41. Kendi başına yeterli olmayıp dış ticarete 42.Çok uluslu bir araştırma ortamı sizi
bağımlı olmak, İrlanda'nın dünya pazarlarındaki başlangıçta farklı bakış açılarını dikkate almaya
dalgalanmalara ve kendi temel ihraç zorlar ve en sonunda fikirlerinizi çok daha
pazarlarındaki tüketim değişikliklerine karşı anlaşılır şekilde ifade etmenize yardımcı olur.
olan savunmasızlığını önemli derecede artırdı.
A) A multinational research environment is
A) Since Ireland depended on external trade, what forces the consideration of different
and not on its own capabilities, its vulnerability perspectives to begin with and helps you to
to fluctuations in world markets and to communicate your ideas more clearly in the
consumption changes in its principal export end.
markets increased.
B) A multinational research environment forces
B) For being tied to external trade rather than you to consider different perspectives to begin
to its own strength, Ireland became vulnerable with and helps you to communicate your ideas
to global market fluctuations and to more clearly in the end.
consumption changes in its main export
C) A multinational research environment not
markets.
only forces you to consider different
C) As Ireland is external trade-dependent and perspectives, but also helps you to
not self-sufficient, its susceptibility to global communicate your ideas quite clearly in the
markets' fluctuations and to its key export end.
markets' consumption changes was increased
D) In the beginning, you are forced to consider
drastically.
different perspectives in a multinational
D) Because Ireland is dependent on external research environment and this helps you to
trade rather than being self-sustaining, it communicate your ideas quite clearly in the
became susceptible to global market end.
fluctuations and consumption changes in its
E) Being forced to consider different
leading export markets.
perspectives as you begin with a multinational
E) Being dependent on external trade, and not research environment helps you to
self-sustaining, vastly increased Ireland's communicate your ideas in a pretty clearer way
vulnerability to fluctuations in world markets in the end.
and to changes in consumption in its major
export markets.
Recreation is not neutral in its impact on 43. Which of the following is not among the
ecosystems. The educational, physical, and ways in which recreation negatively impacts
mental health effects on individuals engaged in the environment?
recreation on forest lands can have positive
A) Having more people interested in
effects on sustainability of environmental and
recreational activities means traffic in
natural resources. Likewise, recreation can be
recreational roads.
detrimental. Wildlife can be adversely affected,
as in some instances of harassment by off-road B) Campsites and campgrounds can be lost, so
vehicle users, and of traffic on recreational it might be necessary to build new ones.
road. Campsites and campgrounds can be
expanded, resulting in the loss of vegetation C) Opening space for recreational activities
and soil absorbency. Trees and other could result in the loss of forests.
vegetation can be chopped down for firewood. D) The use of some pollutants could lead to the
Trails and roads can be impacted by use such pollution of natural water.
that they fail and lead to problems of soil
erosion and stream and lake pollution. E) Wild animals can be disturbed by people
Campers can introduce soap and other who drive their cars into natural areas.
pollutants into lakes and streams. The sheer
volume of recreational use means that people
cover much of the landscape with recreational
activity, and without careful and considered
44. Which of the following cannot be inferred
use, significant impacts to the environment can
about recreational activities?
occur. A maior challenge for
forestlandmanagers is to help people achieve A) The flora might be harmed while expanding
their recreational goals, but in ways that the sites for recreational activities.
minimise negative impacts on ecosystems.
B) People are likely to behave irresponsibly
Many activities, from educational programs to
while participating in recreational activities.
the design of facilities, can be effective in this
work. The benefits-based management C) Recreational activities might have some far-
paradigm helps focus on the benefits that are reaching impacts on the environment.
to be realised and the appropriate supportive
management techniques. D) Recreational activities are usually organised
to ensure the sustainability of environmental
programs.

E) Offering facilities can help reduce the

negative impact of recreational activities on
the environment.
45. According to the passage, forestland
managers ----.

A) think that educational programs and

building environments might not be enough for
sustainable recreational practices

B) try hard to strike a balance between creating

room for recreational activities and protecting
the environment

C) take advantage of appropriate supportive

management techniques to help people make
the most out of recreational facilities

D) often find themselves attempting to expand

the range of recreational activities in natural
areas

E) experience great difficulty in organising

educational programs to raise people's
environmental awareness

46. What is the main idea of the passage?

A) It looks as though recreational activities are

harmful for the environment, due to some
exaggerated impacts on the environment.

B) Recreation appears to be an innocent

activity for people and also harmless for the
environment, although the latter might be
affected to certain extent.

C) Although recreational activities might have

positive impacts on human beings, they seem
to exert a widen variety of negative effects on
the environment.

D) As recreation proves harmful for the

environment, managers should avoid
launching new recreational programs for the
community.

E) Although recreation might be detrimental to

the environment, it should be encouraged due
to its positive effects on campers' physical and
mental health.
Svante August Arrhenius was a Swedish 47. It can be understood from the passage that
chemist and one of the founders of the science young Arrhenius ----.
of physical chemistry. At the age of three,
A) did not actually like being forced to watch
Arrhenius taught himself to read, despite his
his father working with numbers
parents' wishes, and by watching his father's
addition of numbers in his account books, B) had to work and struggle for a long time to
became an arithmetical prodigy. This amazing be recognised as an arithmetical prodigy
scientist was the first person to predict what
the future atmosphere might look like in the C) was not supported much by his father, who
wake of the Industrial Revolution. He spent was also a chemist
many of his days (and likely nights) at the end D) had always wanted to be the founder of
of the 19th century calculating how the carbon physical chemistry
released by burning coal (the major source of
fuel at the time) might actually change the E) was not encouraged by his parents to learn
atmospheric carbon balance. In the end, he how to read
calculated that humanity could double the
concentration of atmospheric carbon - in 3,000
years. The fact that Earth is now closing in on 48 İt is clear from the passage that Arrhenius
doubling that concentration just over 100 years was primarily interested in finding out about --
after Arrhenius made his calculations has --.
nothing to do with this great visionary's grasp
A) the relationship between the atmosphere
of chemistry or math - it has everything to do
and carbon release
with the fact that he had to base estimates on
what he knew. The internal combustion engine B) the ways of releasing reduced amounts of
was only a speculative invention, with none in carbon into the atmosphere
use. No cars were on the road, and Arrhenius
C) the amount of carbon in the atmosphere
certainly had no idea about traffic jams, drive-
way before the Industrial Revolution
through windows, or airplanes. Who could
have imagined today's level of fossil-fuel D) the future technological developments of
consumption 100 years ago? the Industrial Revolution

E) the more efficient methods of burning

industrial coal
49. According to the passage, Arrhenius's
prediction turned out to be wrong because ----

A) the amount and variety of carbon-releasing

products have increased beyond his
imagination

B) the concept of fossil-fuel consumption was

not available to him at the time

C) he thought the number of cars on roads

would always remain the same

D) he was not very good with disciplines like

chemistry and maths

E) even technologies like the internal

combustion engine had not been invented yet

50. What is the author's attitude towards

Arrhenius?

A) Critical

B) Admiring

C) Neutral

D) Indifferent

E) Sceptical
Applied to various materials across many 51. It is understood from the passage that
industries, nanotechnology is the science of the nanotechnology ---.
very small. Originally, it dealt with the
A) has not received full recognition among
engineering of nanoparticles to build
scientific circles
mechanisms on an atomic level, but this has
become only one definition, now referred to as B) has limitations on its applications in some
MNT, or molecular nanotechnology. The engineering fields
meaning of nanotechnology has evolved to
now include all scientific endeavours below C) embodies a wide range of applications
'micro technology', thereby encompassing any D) differs from micro technology in its
products and materials dealing with nanoscale functions
operations. Due to the possibilities of
nanotechnology in so many fields, the science E) is a newly-emerging technique in
has received increased attention from both engineering
businesses and masses in recent years. 'Nano'
refers to the infinitesimal nanometre, one
billionth of a metre; at this level, the 52. Which of the following statements about
components of molecules, atoms, and their nanotechnology is true?
parts are large enough to be physically
A) Molecular construction abilities at nanoscale
manipulated, arranged, and built into layers. At
does not require any further improvement for
the technical level, nanotechnology is
machines to operate efficiently.
interested in using these molecular
construction abilities to create machines and B) It is still difficult to physically manipulate
computers at this nanoscale. In theory, these molecules and atoms at the 'nano' level, yet the
tiny systems will be capable of incredible speed field is improving
and atomic precision performance. On a more
C) The present universal and practical
universal and practical level, nanotechnology
applications of nanotechnology for everyday
can arrange molecules to help create every
life are limited.
day, life-size products with new qualities such
as weather resistance, conductivity, and D) Both businesses and people have become
enhanced efficiency. However, the large scale more and more interested in the field of
investment in nanotechnology still outpaces its nanotechnology.
current profits, if not its expectations.
E) The components of molecules and atoms at
the 'nano' level move at incredible speeds and
are very precise.
53. Which inference about nanotechnology can
be made based on the passage?

A) The science of nanotechnology needs more

investors if it is to succeed at a practical level.

B) The profits made through the use of

nanotechnology applications are greater than
expected.

C) The investments in the universal and

practical application of nanotechnology are
limited.

D) Investors need to see more profitable

applications before they consider increasing
funding.

E) Investors in nanotechnology are optimistic

about the future of this scientific field.

54.What is the main purpose of this passage?

A) To encourage people to invest in this field of

science

B) To describe how useful this technology will

be in thefuture

C) To give a brief description of the field

D) To exemplify how all-encompassing the field

is

E) To reinforce the importance of this field for

daily life applications
Yoga can be performed by those of any age and 55. According to the passage, yoga ----
condition, although not all poses should be
A) should not be performed by anyone without
attempted by everyone. All that is needed is a
consulting a doctor
flat surface large enough to stretch out on, a
mat or towel, and enough overhead space to B) provides its fans with the chance to try each
fully raise the arms. It is a good activity for position without limitations
those who cannot go to gyms, who do not like
other forms of exercise, or have very busy C) can be performed much better when the
schedules. Teachers recommend waiting three stomach is full
or more hours after meals. Loose and D) includes positions that should be performed
comfortable clothing should be worn. People with care to avoid injury
with injuries, medical conditions, or spinal
problems should consult a doctor before E) should be avoided by people with medical
beginning yoga. Those with medical conditions problems
should find a teacher who is willing to give
them individual attention. Pregnant women
can benefit from yoga, but should always be
guided by an experienced teacher. Certain
56. Which of the following does the author not
yoga positions should not be performed with a
focus on in the passage?
fever. Beginners should exercise with care and
concentration when performing yoga postures, A) The yoga postures that need special
and not try to stretch too much too quickly, as attention
injury could result. Some yoga postures, like
B) How people with special conditions should
the headstand and full lotus position, can be
behave while doing yoga
difficult and require strength, flexibility, and
gradual preparation, so beginners should get C) Who should be accompanied by an expert
the help of a teacher before attempting them. during sessions

D) What less experienced yoga performers

should do

E) An age-based classification of yoga positions

57. Which of the following could be inferred
about the nature of yoga?

A) For yoga to be more effective, it is wise to

use some specialised equipment essential for
this form of exercise.

B) Yoga is a highly accessible exercise which

appears appropriate for people from all walks
of life.

C) There are certain questions about when

yoga should be done so as to make the most of
it.

D) Yoga performers benefit from this exercise

enormously if they wear tightly fitting outfit
during the sessions.

E) Yoga might be more appropriate for those

who lead a less active life with lots of free time.

58. Which of the following could be the best

title for this passage?

A) How to Organise Yoga Sessions

B) Useful Tips for a Smooth Start to Yoga

C) Preparing Your Body for Yoga Sessions

D) How to Perform Yoga Postures

E) Self-Imposed Restrictions on Yoga

To produce foods that meet consumer needs, 59. Which of the following is true about
food manufacturers need to know the relative descriptive analysis?
contributions of the various sensory qualities -
A) Correct identification of sensory qualities
tastes, odours, and textures to the flavour of
can take time because it requires
foods. Arguably, until this is known, it is difficult
comprehensive training.
if not impossible to understand the consumers'
responses to the product. Such information can B) A limited number of people designated for
be used to guide product development and each panel prevents obtaining accurate results
ensure a quality product by allowing from the analysis.
measurement of the effects of different
production methods, changes in ingredients, C) Panellists are selected from individuals who
and storage. The process of describing and have prior knowledge about product
measuring the sensory qualities of foods and development.
beverages is known as descriptive analysis D) Accurate labelling of food odours and
(DA). To perform DA, small panels of typically flavours depends on the quality of foods and
ten or twelve individuals receive extensive beverages.
training. For a long period of time, the
panellists try to learn to be consistent in their E) The training for the analysis falls short in
use of specific labels to describe sensory providing guidance on how to label some
qualities. Such a training is necessary because sensory qualities.
of our generally poor ability to identify odours
and flavours. Even with common food flavours,
correct identification can be as low as 50 60. The 'tip of the nose' phenomenon is used
percent. Despite being able to say that an when ----
odour or flavour is highly familiar, we are often
A) panellists cannot decide on how to describe
at a loss to identify the correct name. This has
the texture of a familiar food
been labelled the 'tip of the nose'
phenomenon. In addition, to describe texture B) targeted consumers do not accurately
qualities, an entire vocabulary must be learned predict the taste or odour of a certain food
and applied appropriately. Importantly,
C) the product under analysis possesses a very
training allows 'concept alignment'- essentially
strong scent
an agreement as to the meaning of sensory
descriptors and what constitutes examples of D) the sensory descriptors do not match the
the concept. For example, the panel might features of a product
need to agree that the term "lemon odour'
refers to the odour of fresh lemon juice but not E) panellists fail to correctly name an odour or
that of lemonade, flavour despite finding it familiar
61. What is the main purpose of the passage? 63. Tiffany:

A) To provide information on how an analysis - I'm reading an article about organisations and
of sensory qualities helps make economic wondering what NGO stands for.
profits
Patrick:
B) To argue over the best way to enhance
- It's the abbreviation for 'non-governmental
customer satisfaction for foods and beverages
organisation'. It's a specific type of voluntary
C) To discuss how to improve the accuracy level organisation.
of the descriptive analysis
Tiffany:
D) To predict the potential benefits of
-------
analysing sensory qualities of foods and
beverages Patrick:
E) To introduce a method to understand - Basically an NGO is a part of the voluntary
consumers needs regarding food products sector, so in general they're private, non-profit-
distributing and self-governing.

Tiffany:
62. According to the passage, in order to design
products for consumer needs, food - The article also claims it's possible to
manufacturers need to ---. distinguish between NGOs based in developed
countries and those based in developing
A) examine the role of sensory qualities in
countries.
determining the flavour of foods

B) come up with different production methods

to enhance the quality of foods A) I can understand the scale and importance
of the voluntary sector is vast.
C) make the processes involved in food
production available to consumers B) How are they distinct from government and
commercial organisations?
D) enrich the flavour of foods by changing
particular ingredients C) I must ask then if it's necessary to divide
organisations into such categories.
E) create a system where consumers can give
feedback on the quality foods D) Are governments funding the voluntary
sector to deliver public services?

E) Why do NGOs based in developing countries

restrict themselves to specific geographic
areas?
64. Thomas: 65. Alan:

- Yesterday I read about the effects of high - I never got the appeal of this 'takeaway
caffeine intake, and as you're addicted to culture' with coffee. You're supposed to take
coffee and tea, I thought I needed to share this your time and enjoy every last sip when it
with you. comes to drinking something as aromatic as
coffee.
Katie:
Judy:
- Actually everyone knows about some of the
harmful effects of excessive caffeine -------
consumption, but I'm curious about what you'll
Alan:
say.
- What do you mean by that?
Thomas:
Judy:
- As I've learned, high caffeine intake can
trigger calcium loss from bones, increase blood - Well, you have to be on the run for work or
pressure and affect fertility in women. some kind of errand all the time. You're not
given a choice other than either taking the
Katie:
coffee with you or not having it at all.
-------
Alan:
Thomas:
- You've a point. But then again, I'd rather have
- Actually, the article I read mentioned the opportunity to sit with a friend over coffee
replacing coffee with tea which has a lower and get away from the worries of the day than
level of caffeine. If you really need coffee, then just rush into new ones.
limit it to two cups daily.

A) Some of these are new to me and they are

A) Coffee has never been on the top of my list
quite worrying, but I don't know how to avoid
of things to try when I'm in a new environment.
these risks.
I prefer something I can consume faster, like
B) I heard that people suffering from migraine soda.
are sensitive to caffeine intake. Did you read
B) I believe where you live plays a big role in
anything about that?
such matters. If you live in the city centre,
C) Besides these, one needs to pay attention to everything is more accessible.
healthier eating habits such as drinking more
C) Why not try other drinks, then? You can find
water, and cutting out or limiting their sugar
all kindsof beverages in every corner of the city
intake.
nowadays.
D) But coffee makes me stay awake while
D) You seem to be going through some hectic
studying for my exams late at night. Do you
times. But you have the chance to sit down at
mean that I need to find more appropriate
that café next to your workplace during the
times to study?
lunch break.
E) Getting a list showing the amounts of
E) I think it has more to do with the fast-paced
caffeine in drinks may be a good start for
lifestyle modern societies impose on you than
overcoming the addiction, but I don't know
with anything else.
where to find one.
66. Mary: 67. Sarah:

- Could you please lend me some money? I'm - Talking about festivities, what do you know
badly in need of some for my weekend trip. about Chinese New Year?

John: Bill:

- Well, yes. But I'll have to exchange some - Well, it can take place anytime in the first two
cryptocurrency to do that M months of the year with people dining with
relatives and enjoying outdoor spectacles such
Mary:
as firecrackers, fireworks and dragon dancing.
--------
Sarah:
John:
-----
- Yeah, that's right, but you know things are
Bill:
changing, so am I.
- That has something to do with the rising of the
A) In fact, I don't like spending money on new
second new moon after the winter solstice and
and risky things. I don't want to lose my hard-
can occur anywhere between the 21 January
earned cash on something that may fail.
and 20 February.
B) I can't understand how on earth you could
do such a thing on terribly important
educational issues. A) Wouldn't it be extraordinary to participate
in such festive activities even in February?
C) I didn't know that you used cryptocurrency.
I thought you'd never rely on something that B) Don't you think it would be better to avoid
you couldn't hold in your hands. having festivals for such a long duration?

D) I know that you're a star when it comes to C) Then, where is the logic in not holding
finance, so I'm sure you'll make it in investing Chinese New Year on the same day every year?

E) I'm sorry. I've spent all my money on a new D) Isn't it also known as the Spring Festival to
course on cryptocurrency. That's why I have to usher outthe old year and bring in the new?
do this.
E) Aren't these major celebrations held on
New Year's Eve and New Year's Day?
68. Caterpillars' flesh contains more protein 69. Culturally shared ideas about language and
than chicken, so it is no surprise they are on the its users are known as language ideologies, and
menu of so many insectivorous animals. they can profoundly shape attitudes toward
speakers who do not speak prestigious dialects.
A) The flesh of caterpillars includes as much
protein as chicken flesh does; therefore, one A) It is probable that culturally shared ideas
should not be surprised to learn that insect- about a language and its users, also known as
eating animals like to eat them. language ideologies, deeply affect the
approaches to people who do not speak high-
B) Caterpillar flesh consists of higher amounts
status dialects.
of protein compared to chicken flesh, which is
unsurprisingly why they constitute a part of B) Because culturally shared ideas about a
many insectivorous animals diet. language and its users are also known as
language ideologies, the attitudes towards the
C) It should be no surprise that, rather than
speakers who do not speak prestigious dialects
eating chicken flesh which includes little
are totally shaped by these ideologies.
protein, insect-eating animals feed on protein-
rich caterpillar flesh. C) Speakers often embrace language ideologies
which can extremely affect their culturally
D) Due to higher amounts of protein in chicken,
shared ideas about language and the speakers
compared to caterpillar fiesh, it is no surprise
who do not use highly-regarded dialects.
that chickens constitute a regular part of many
insectivorous animals' diet. D) People who do not speak highly-valued
dialects most likely adopt attitudes promoted
E) Surprisingly enough, unlike chicken flesh,
by language ideologies, which are also known
which contains a lower amount of protein,
as culturally shared ideas about language and
caterpillar flesh is an important item in the diet
its users.
of insect-eating animals.
E) Attitudes towards speakers who do not
speak high-status dialects are constantly
altered because of the culturally shared ideas
about language and its speakers, also known as
language ideologies.
70. Since the Middle Ages, humans have had a 71. While choosing a creative pastime activity,
close relationship with honeybees as we have the important thing is to make sure that it is
captured and reared them for their valuable unrelated to tasks or surroundings that feel like
and delicious honey. work if you want to give your mind a rest.

A) Since the Middle Ages, the relationship A) Even if you are in a work-related surrounding
between humans and honeybees has been so to complete a task, it is important to spare time
close that humans have caught and raised and do a creative pastime activity unrelated to
them for their priceless and tasty honey. work to refresh your mind.

B) Since the Middle Ages, humans have caught B) Making a creative choice in your pastime
and raised honeybees for their precious and activity is important if you want to achieve
tasty honey. so they have had a close mental rest when you are away from work-
relationship with these animals. related tasks and surroundings.

C) The roots of the enduring connection C) Though adopting a creative pastime activity
between humans and honeybees have been to soothe your mind is an important thing, you
dated before the Middle Ages, when we need to make sure it is not connected to work-
started to catch and rear them for their related tasks or surroundings.
precious and tasty honey.
D) Choosing a creative pastime activity is
D) Human beings' close relationship with important if you want to ease your mind from
honeybees goes back to the Middle Ages the tasks and surroundings you associate with
although these animals were first captured and work.
raised for their priceless and tasty honey.
E) It is essential to avoid tasks or surroundings
E) Since the Middle Ages, it is human beings that resemble work when deciding which
who have been in direct contact with creative pastime activity to take on if you wish
honeybees upon catching and rearing them for to ensure mental rest
their precious and tasty honey.
72. Science has a gender problem and we need 73. The geographical knowledge of Muslims
a culture change. It is in everyone's interest to had reached a very high level of development
correct the issue and prevent women by the 10th century. It is in this development
scientists, officers, and workers from that the work of al-Birûnî is significant. Al-
experiencing failure as they try to advance their Birûnî presented a critical summary of the total
careers. Discrimination against women is often geographical knowledge up to his own time. He
unintended.------- Our failure to eliminate the made some remarkable theoretical advances in
inequities facing women in science would general, physical, and human geography. Al-
represent a failure for women and men alike, Birûnî did not confine himself to a simple
as well as for any kind of enterprise from description of the subject matter with which he
medical research to the tourism industry. was concerned.------ Thus, al-Birûni has been
considered as one of the great leaders of his
time because of his relative freedom from
A) Therefore, we can fix the salary equity prejudice and his intellectual curiosity.
problem by inviting decision makers into action
A) Although his interests ranged from
for removing the concerns about women being
mathematics to moral philosophy, al-Biruni
disadvantaged.
became interested in geography at a young
B) However, the stereotypes we carry age.
unconsciously lead to biases, which have
B) Al-Biruni noticed the peculiarities of the
powerful effects on satisfaction, productivity,
Indian monsoon, observed the time of its
and career advancement of both genders.
breaking, and described its westward and
C) In brief, we know that flexible work northward movements.
arrangements can improve satisfaction and
C) He compared it with relevant materials and
even performance of females who are doing
evidence, and evaluated it critically, offering
well in their careers.
alternative solutions.
D) Still, workforce diversity should be a critical
D) In the study of physical phenomena,
elementfor designing a desired working
including landforms, weather, and geology, al-
environment to allow both men and women to
Birūni adopted the methods of the physical
do their best.
sciences.
E) At least, women are encouraged to claim
E) He knew Persian but preferred Arabic,
compensation for career-pausing actions
because the latter was more suitable for
which favour their male colleagues and make
academic pursuit.
them more advantaged.
74. Until the 17th century, the Ottoman Empire 75. Game theory is the science of interactive
was one of the most powerful countries in the decision-making. It was created in 1944 with
world. Then it dramatically lost its power the publication of John von Neumann and
because it failed to keep up with Europe's Oskar Morgenstern's Games and Economic
scientific and technological gains, especially in Behavior. Widely hailed when it was published,
the 18th century. For successive sultans, the book became an instant classic, Its impact
development of the Empire's army was the top was enormous.-----Soon afterward,
priority. To achieve this goal, many officers, applications, extensions, and modifications of
scientists and experts, mostly from Europe, the framework presented by Neumann and
were brought in to aid the Ottoman Morgenstern began to appear in other fields,
modernisation. ---- Under Ottoman Sultan including sociology, psychology, and through
Mustafa III, the Royal School of Naval political science, international relations and
Engineering was established to educate chart security studies.
masters and ship builders.
A) In retrospect, it is not surprising that game
A) A new artillery school was established by theory was readily adapted into security
Sultan Mahmoud I, and Alexander Comte de studies.
Bonneval from France was named
B) Two states locked in an economic conflict,
administrator.
for instance, obviously have an interest in
B) The Ottoman ideology was further securing the best possible terms of trade.
disseminated through a network of provincial
C) A game can be thought of as any situation in
centres in western and central Anatolia that
which an outcome depends on the choices of
hosted princes' courts.
two or more decision-makers.
C) After 1861, Turkish secondary education
D) Game theorists have developed a number of
was affected by the telegraph as a number of
distinct ways to represent a game structure.
technical high schools were opened.
E) Almost immediately, game theory began to
D) The madrasas and all other religious schools
penetrate economics as one might well expect.
maintained by the religious establishment
were taken over by the Ministry of Education.

E) Foreign professors signed contracts obliging

them to focus all of their activities on the
requirements of their faculties.
76. (II) In the late 18th century, the progressive 77. (1) Historically, humans have looked upon
increase in literacy throughout Britain, bats with fear and revulsion. (II) Laboratory and
especially for the lower classes, created a field studies have revealed much about the
greater demand for reading materials. (II) fascinating biology and behaviour of bats,
Books had been a luxury item, but pamphlets though. (III) Many people now recognise that
and very small books were sold cheaply. (III) bats are not a menace to humans, and that
Due to heavy working conditions, the lower they play integral roles in various ecosystems.
classes had less leisure time to spend on (IV) Despite the shift in many peoples' attitudes
reading although there was a significant toward bats, they are still persecuted in some
increase in the literacy rate. (IV) The regions: roosts are destroyed and forest
establishment of commercial lending libraries habitats are logged. (V) The highest diversity of
and reading societies made printed materials bat species occurs in the neotropics, where
available to the educated poor at a small cost. some localities have more species of bats than
(V) Journals and newspapers, which in Britain all other mammal species combined.
had been burdened with an expensive stamp
A) I
tax, became widely available and circulated for
free in lending libraries and coffeehouses. B) II
A) I c) III
B) II D) IV
C) III E) V
D) IV

E) V
78 (1) The contradictions, paradoxes and 79.(1) Over 200 million people worldwide are
ironies of California are almost as immense as affected by vision loss due to degeneration of a
the state itself. (II) It is a state more blessed layer of cells in the eyes called the retinal
than any other with beautifully preserved pigment epithelium (RPE). (II) But researchers
natural landmarks, but one that also contains have successfully transplanted human retinal
some of the ugliest urban sprawl in the cells into monkeys' eyes, giving hope for this
country. (III) It is rich in history, and yet its method as a treatment for blindness. (III) Using
people are among the most forward-looking in stem cells could provide an unlimited source of
the US. (IV) It is more than three times the size transplants, and could ensure that the
of England and bigger than any US state except transplants are matched to the recipients, the
Alaska and Texas. (V) It is home to the highest researchers say. (IV) In this proof-of-concept
point in the contiguous United States, Mount study, an international group of scientists took
Whitney, and also the lowest point in the stem cells from the donated eyes of human
Western Hemisphere, Death Valley National adults and turned them into retinal cells. (V)
Park, which sits almost 90 metres below sea They then transplanted these cells into the
level. eyes of monkeys, where they survived for three
months with no serious side effects, such as
A) I
attack from the immune system or light
B) II sensitivity.

c) III A) I

D) IV B) II

E) V c) III

D) IV

E) V
80. (1) Intrapersonal intelligence is
characterised by the ability to access and
understand one's own internal experiences,
including a range of emotions, and to draw on
internal experiences as a means of making
decisions about, and guiding, one's behaviour.
(II) People with strong intrapersonal
intelligence also have an accurate
understanding of how they fit in relation to
other people and have a strong sense of self.
(III) They have the ability to be both creative
and intimate, and they possess the capacity to
be alone. (IV) As is the case with interpersonal
intelligence, the frontal lobe is involved with
personality. (V) Because this particular
intelligence is psychically manifested,
language, music, or other creative expression is
often used to describe the experiences of an
intrapersonally intelligent perso

A) I

B) II

c) III

D) IV

E) V
CEVAP ANAHTARI 29. D 59. A
30. B 60. A
1. B
31. A 61. E
2. C
32. B 62. E
3. B
33. C 63. B
4. D
34. A 64. A
5. C
35. D 65. E
6. B
36. D 66. C
7. E
37. A 67. C
8. B
38. B 68. B
9. D
39. B 69. A
10. B
40. D 70. B
11. A
41. E 71. E
12. C
42. B 72. B
13. B
43. B 73. C
14. C
44. D 74. A
15. C
45. B 75. E
16. A
46. C 76. C
17. A
47. E 77. E
18. B
48. A 78. D
19. C
49. A 79. C
20. D
50. B 80. D
21. E
51. C
22. D
52. D
23. C
53. E
24. E
54. C
25. B
55. D
26. C
56. E
27. B
57. B
28. C
58. B