Physics 10-01 Magnets Name: ______________________________

Magnets
Magnets have two ______________ called ______________
 ______________ and ______________ poles
 There are no ______________ poles
Like poles ______________, Opposite poles ______________

Electromagnetism
 It was discovered that running ______________ through a ______________ produced a ______________
 The magnetism around ______________ magnets and ______________ are very similar, so both must have common ____________.
 ______________ is the cause of all ______________

Ferromagnetism
 Magnetic materials have an ______________ outer ______________.
 ______________ near each other line up so that the unpaired ______________ spin the ______________ direction.
 This ______________ creates ______________
In permanent magnet the current is ______________ in atoms.
 Move around ______________ and ______________
 Most materials ______________ out except in ______________________ materials
Ferromagnetic materials
 Electron magnetic effects ______________ cancel over large ______________ of atoms.
 This gives ______________ magnetic ______________ size of ______________ to ______________ mm called magnetic ______________.
 In a permanent magnet, these ______________ are aligned.
 Common magnetic materials are ______________, ______________, ______________, and _______________________________.

Induced Magnetism
 Usually the magnetic ______________ are
______________ arranged.
 When it is placed in a ______________, the
domains that are aligned with the B-field
grow ______________ and the orientation of
other domains may ______________ until they
are aligned.
 This gives the material an ______________
magnetism.

Homework
Read the current chapter in your textbook.

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
Physics 10-02 Magnetic Fields and Force on a Moving Charge Name: _____________________________
Magnetic Fields
 Around a magnet is a magnetic __________________ (B-field)
 At __________________ point in __________________ there is a magnetic __________________
 Can be seen with a __________________
 Unit is __________________ (T)

Magnetic Field Lines

 Magnetic fields can be __________________ with field __________________.
 Start at __________________ pole and end at __________________ pole
 The more lines in one area means __________________ field

Force on a Moving Charge

 Since currents (moving charges) make __________________, then other B-fields apply a __________________ to __________________
charges.
 For a moving charge to experience a __________________
o Charge must be __________________
o The __________________ vector of the charge must have a __________________ __________________ to the __________________
 𝐹⃑ = 𝑞𝑣𝐵 sin 𝜃
o Where F = force, q = charge, v = speed of charge, B = magnetic field, 𝜃 = angle between v and B

Direction of force on positive moving charge

Right Hand Rule
 Fingers point in direction of __________________
 Thumb in direction of __________________
 Palm faces direction of __________________ on __________________ charge
 Force will be ____________ if v and B are parallel, so a moving charge will be unaffected
Motion of moving charged particle in uniform B-field
 __________________
𝑚𝑣
 𝑟=
𝑞𝐵

A particle with a charge of −1.6 × 10−19 C and mass 9.11 × 10−31 kg moves along the positive x-
axis from left to right. It enters a 3 T B-field is in the x-y plane and points at 45° above the
positive x-axis.
What is the direction of the force on the particle?

After it has been in the B-field, the particle moves in a circle. If the radius of its path is 2 ×
10−10 m, what is the speed of the particle?

What is the magnitude of the force on the particle?

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
Physics 10-02 Magnetic Fields and Force on a Moving Charge Name: _____________________________
Homework
1. Is the Earth’s magnetic field parallel to the ground at all locations? If not, where is it parallel to the surface? Is its strength
the same at all locations? If not, where is it greatest?
2. If a charged particle moves in a straight line through some region of space, can you say that the magnetic
field in that region is necessarily zero?
3. How can the motion of a charged particle be used to distinguish between a magnetic and an electric field?
4. What are the signs of the charges on the particles in Figure 1?
5. Which of the particles in Figure 2 has the greatest velocity, assuming they have identical charges and
masses?
6. Which of the particles in Figure 2 has the greatest mass, assuming all have identical charges and
velocities?
Figure 1
7. What is the direction of the magnetic force on a positive charge that moves as shown in each of the six
cases shown in Figure 3? (OpenStax 22.1) left, into, up, no, right, down
8. Repeat Exercise 7 for a negative charge. (OpenStax 22.2) right, out, down, no, left, up
9. What is the direction of the velocity of a negative charge that experiences the magnetic force shown in each of
the three cases in Figure 4, assuming it moves perpendicular to B? (OpenStax 22.3) right, into, down
10. Repeat Exercise 9 for a positive charge. (OpenStax 22.4) left, out, up
11. What is the direction of the magnetic field that produces the magnetic force on a positive charge as shown in
each of the three cases in the Figure 5, assuming B is perpendicular to v? Figure 2
(OpenStax 22.5) into, left, out
12. Repeat Exercise 11 for a negative charge. (OpenStax 22.6) out, right, into
13. What is the maximum force on an aluminum rod with a 0.100-μC charge that
you pass between the poles of a 1.50-T permanent magnet at a speed of 5.00
m/s? In what direction is the force? (OpenStax 22.7) 𝟕. 𝟓𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 N, ⊥
14. (a) Aircraft sometimes acquire small static charges. Suppose a supersonic jet
has a 0.500-μC charge and flies due west at a speed of 660 m/s over the Earth’s
south magnetic pole, where the 8.00 × 10−5 -T magnetic field points straight
down. What are the direction and the magnitude of the magnetic force on the
plane? (b) Discuss whether the value obtained in part (a) implies this is a
significant or negligible effect. (OpenStax 22.8) 𝟐. 𝟔𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 N, south,
negligible
15. (a) A cosmic ray proton moving toward the Earth at 5.00 × 107 m/s
experiences a magnetic force of 1.70 × 10−16 N. What is the strength of the
magnetic field if there is a 45° angle between it and the proton’s velocity? (b) Is
the value obtained in part (a) consistent with the known strength of the Earth’s
magnetic field on its surface? Discuss. (OpenStax 22.9) 𝟑. 𝟎𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 T, yes Figure 3

16. A cosmic ray electron moves at 7.50 × 106 m/s perpendicular to the Earth’s magnetic
field at an altitude where field strength is 1.00 × 10−5 T. What is the radius of the circular
path the electron follows? (OpenStax 22.12) 4.27 m
17. A proton moves at 7.50 × 107 m/s perpendicular to a magnetic field. The field causes the
proton to travel in a circular path of radius 0.800 m. What is the field strength? (OpenStax
22.13) 0.979 T
18. (a) Viewers of Star Trek hear of an antimatter drive on the Starship Enterprise. One Figure 4
possibility for such a futuristic energy source is to store antimatter charged particles in a
vacuum chamber, circulating in a magnetic field, and then extract them as needed. Antimatter
annihilates with normal matter, producing pure energy. What strength magnetic field is needed to
hold antiprotons, moving at 5.00 × 107 m/s in a circular path 2.00 m in radius? Antiprotons have the
same mass as protons but the opposite (negative) charge. (b) Is this field strength obtainable with
today’s technology or is it a futuristic possibility? (OpenStax 22.14) 0.261 T, yes
19. (a) An oxygen-16 ion with a mass of 2.66 × 10−26 kg travels at 5.00 × 106 m/s perpendicular to a Figure 5
1.20-T magnetic field, which makes it move in a circular arc with a 0.231-m radius. What positive
charge is on the ion? (b) What is the ratio of this charge to the charge of an electron? (c) Discuss why the ratio found in (b) should be an
integer. (OpenStax 22.15) 𝟒. 𝟖𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 C, 3

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
Physics 10-03 Magnetic Force on Current-Carrying Wire Name: ____________________________
Force on a Current-Carrying Wire in B-field
 Direction Follows __________________
 𝐹 = 𝐼𝐿𝐵 sin 𝜃
A 2 m wire is in a 2 × 10−6 T magnetic field pointing into the page. It carries 2 A of current
flowing up. What is the force on the wire?

Magnetohydrodynamic Propulsion
 Way to __________________ boats with __________________ moving parts
 __________________ enters tube under ship
 In the tube are electrodes that run __________________ through the water
 Also in the tube is a strong __________________ field created by __________________
 The interaction with the electric __________________ and __________________ push the
__________________ out the back of the tube which pushes boat forward
 𝐹 = 𝐼𝐿𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

Torque on a Current Loop in B-field

What happens when you put a loop of wire in a
magnetic field?
 Side 1 is forced __________________ and side 2
is forced __________________ (RHR)
 This produces a __________________
 The loop turns until its normal is
__________________ with the B-field
 Torque on Loop of Wire
o 𝜏 = 𝑁𝐼𝐴𝐵 sin 𝜙
 Where N = Number of loops, I = Current, A = Area of loop, B = Magnetic Field, 𝜙 = Angle between
normal and B-field
o NIA = Magnetic __________________
 Magnetic __________________ , torque 
A simple electric motor needs to supply a maximum torque of 10 Nm. It uses 0.1 A of current. The magnetic field in the motor
is 0.02 T. If the coil is a circle with radius of 2 cm, how many turns should be in the coil?

Electric Motor
 Many loops of _______________-carrying wire placed between two _______________ (B-field)
 The loops are attached to __________________
 The _______________ turns the _______________ until the normal is ________________ to B-field
 At that point the half-rings __________________ connect to electric __________________
 __________________ makes the loop turn more
 The half-rings __________________ with the current to __________________ the process
Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
Physics 10-03 Magnetic Force on Current-Carrying Wire Name: ____________________________
Homework
1. Why would a magnetohydrodynamic drive work better in ocean water than in
fresh water? Also, why would superconducting magnets be desirable?
2. Which is more likely to interfere with compass readings, AC current in your
refrigerator or DC current when you start your car? Explain.
3. What is the direction of the magnetic force on the current in each of the six
cases in Figure 1? (OpenStax 22.31) left, into, up, no, right, down
4. What is the direction of a current that experiences the magnetic force shown
in each of the three cases in Figure 2, assuming the current runs perpendicular
to B? (OpenStax 22.32) left, out, up
5. (a) What is the force per meter on a lightning bolt at the equator that carries
20,000 A perpendicular to the Earth’s 3.00 × 10−5 -T field? (b) What is the
direction of the force if the current is straight up and the Earth’s field direction
is due north, parallel to the ground? (OpenStax 22.34) 0.600 N/m, West Figure 1

6. (a) A DC power line for a light-rail system carries 1000 A at an angle of 30.0° to the
Earth’s 5.00 × 10−5 -T field. What is the force on a 100-m section of this line? (b)
Discuss practical concerns this presents, if any. (OpenStax 22.35) 2.50 N, must
attach them
7. What force is exerted on the water in an MHD drive utilizing a 25.0-cm-diameter
tube, if 100-A current is passed across the tube that is perpendicular to a 2.00-T
magnetic field? (The relatively small size of this force indicates the need for very
Figure 2
large currents and magnetic fields to make practical MHD drives.) (OpenStax
22.36) 50.0 N
8. A wire carrying a 30.0-A current passes between the poles of a strong magnet that is perpendicular to its field and
experiences a 2.16-N force on the 4.00 cm of wire in the field. What is the average field strength? (OpenStax 22.37) 1.80 T
9. (a) What is the maximum torque on a 150-turn square loop of wire 18.0 cm on a side that carries a 50.0-A current in a
1.60-T field? (b) What is the torque when ϕ is 10.9°? (OpenStax 22.42) 389 Nm, 73.5 Nm
10. Find the current through a loop needed to create a maximum torque of 9.00 N⋅m. The loop has 50 square turns that are
15.0 cm on a side and is in a uniform 0.800-T magnetic field. (OpenStax 22.43) 10.0 A
11. Calculate the magnetic field strength needed on a 200-turn square loop 20.0 cm on a side to create a maximum torque of
300 N⋅m if the loop is carrying 25.0 A. (OpenStax 22.44) 1.50 T
12. A proton has a magnetic field due to its spin on its axis. The field is similar to that created by a circular current loop
0.650 × 10−15 m in radius with a current of 1.05 × 104 A (no kidding). Find the maximum torque on a proton in a 2.50-T
field. (This is a significant torque on a small particle.) (OpenStax 22.47) 𝟑. 𝟒𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟔 Nm

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
Physics 10-04 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents Name: _____________________________
Ampere’s Law
⃗ = 𝜇0 𝐼
⃗ ⋅ Δℓ
∑𝐵
∑𝐵∥ Δℓ = 𝜇0 𝐼
 Where B = the magnetic field (B|| is the B-field _________________ to ℓ), Δℓ = a portion of the
_________________ surround the current, 𝜇0 = _______________________ of free space = 4𝜋 × 10−7
Tm/A, I = current _________________ by path

Long Straight Wire

 To make it simpler, let’s use a _________________ for our path around _________________ wire.
∑𝐵⃗ ⋅ 𝛥ℓ⃗ = 𝜇0 𝐼
𝐵(2𝜋𝑟) = 𝜇0 𝐼
𝜇0 𝐼
𝐵=
2𝜋𝑟
 Right Hand Rule
o Grab the wire with _________________ hand
o Thumb points in direction of _________________
o Fingers curl in direction of _________________
field

Loop
 Right Hand Rule
 At _________________ of loop
𝜇0 𝐼
 𝐵=𝑁
2𝑅
o N=number of loops

Solenoid
 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼
o n=loops/m
A long straight current-carrying wire runs from north to south.
A compass needle is placed above the wire points with its N-pole toward the east. In
what direction is the current flowing?

If a compass is put underneath the wire, in which direction will the needle point?

A single straight wire produces a B-field. Another wire is parallel and carries an identical current. If the two currents are in the same
direction, how would the magnetic field be affected? What if the currents are in the opposite direction?

Suppose a piece of coaxial cable is made with a solid wire at the center. A metal cylinder has a common center with the wire and its radius is
1 mm. A 2 A current flows up the center wire and a 1.5 A current flows down the cylinder.
Find the B-field at 4 mm from the center.

Find the B-field at 0.5 mm from the center.

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
Physics 10-04 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents Name: _____________________________
What current should be in the cylinder to have no B-field outside of the cylinder?

Two wires are 0.2 m apart and 2 m long and both carry 2 A of current. What is the force on the wires?

 Force of one wire on another _________________ wire

𝐹 𝜇0 𝐼1 𝐼2
o =
𝑙 2𝜋𝑟
o Attractive if same I’s in _________________ direction, repulsive if _________________

Homework
1. Suppose two long straight wires run perpendicular to one another without touching. Does one exert a net force
on the other? If so, what is its direction? Does one exert a net torque on the other? If so, what is its direction?
Justify your responses by using the right hand rules.
2. Use the right hand rules to show that the force between the two loops in Figure 1 is attractive if the currents are
in the same direction and repulsive if they are in opposite directions. Is this consistent with like poles of the loops
repelling and unlike poles of the loops attracting? Draw sketches to justify your answers.
3. (a) The hot and neutral wires supplying DC power to a light-rail commuter train carry 800 A and are separated
by 75.0 cm. What is the magnitude and direction of the force between 50.0 m of these wires? (b) Discuss the Figure 1
practical consequences of this force, if any. (OpenStax 22.50) 8.53 N, repulsive
4. The force per meter between the two wires of a jumper cable being used to start a stalled car is
0.225 N/m. (a) What is the current in the wires, given they are separated by 2.00 cm? (b) Is the
force attractive or repulsive? (OpenStax 22.51) 150 A, repulsive
5. A 2.50-m segment of wire supplying current to the motor of a submerged submarine carries
1000 A and feels a 4.00-N repulsive force from a parallel wire 5.00 cm away. What is the
direction and magnitude of the current in the other wire? (OpenStax 22.52) 400 A, opposite
6. The wire carrying 400 A to the motor of a commuter train feels an attractive force of 4.00 ×
Figure 2
10−3 N/m due to a parallel wire carrying 5.00 A to a headlight. (a) How far apart are the wires?
(b) Are the currents in the same direction? (OpenStax 22.53) 0.100 m, Yes
7. Figure 2 shows a long straight wire near a rectangular current loop. What is the direction and magnitude of
the total force on the loop? (OpenStax 22.55) 𝟐. 𝟎𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 N, repulsive
8. Indicate whether the magnetic field created in each of the three situations shown in Figure 3 is into or out
of the page on the left and right of the current. (OpenStax 22.58) out, into; into, out; into, out Figure 3
9. What are the directions of the fields in the center of the loop and coils shown in
Figure 4? (OpenStax 22.59) out, right, left
10. What are the directions of the currents in the loop and coils shown in Figure 5?
(OpenStax 22.60) CW, CW as seen from left, CW as seen from right
11. Inside a motor, 30.0 A passes through a 250-turn circular loop that is 10.0 cm in
radius. What is the magnetic field strength created at its center? (OpenStax 22.62) Figure 4
𝟒. 𝟕𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 T
12. How strong is the magnetic field inside a solenoid with 10,000 turns per meter that
carries 20.0 A? (OpenStax 22.64) 0.251 T
13. How far from the starter cable of a car, carrying 150 A, must you be to experience a
field less than the Earth’s (5.00 × 10−5 T)? Assume a long straight wire carries the Figure 5
current. (OpenStax 22.66) 0.600 m
14. Calculate the size of the magnetic field 20 m below a high voltage power line. The line carries 450 MW at a voltage of 300,000 V.
(OpenStax 22.72) 𝟏. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 T
Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
Physics 10-05 Faraday’s Law of Induction and Lenz’s Law Name: _____________________________
Faraday’s Law of Induction
Magnetic _______________ can produce _______________.
 The magnetic field must be _______________ to create current.
 The current created is called _______________ current.
 The emf that ___________ the current is called ____________ emf.
 Another way to induce emf is by changing the _______________
of a _______________ of wire in a magnetic field.
Magnetic Flux through a surface
Φ=𝐵 ⃗ ⋅𝐴
Φ = 𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜙
 The angle is between the _______________ and the _______________
to the surface.
 The magnetic flux is proportional to the _______________ of field
_______________ that pass through a _______________.
 Any _______________ in magnetic flux causes a _______________ to flow
A rectangular coil of wire has a length of 2 cm and a width of 3 cm. It is in a 0.003 T
magnetic field. What is the magnetic flux through the coil if the face of the coil is parallel to
the B-field lines? What is the flux if the angle between the face of the coil and the magnetic
field is 60°?

 _______________ is produced when there is a _______________ in magnetic _______________ through a _______________ of wire.
 _______________ change in flux; no _______________.
ΔΦ
 Experiments (and mathematics) show that 𝑒𝑚𝑓 = − for a _______________ of wire
Δ𝑡
 If there are _______________ than _______________ loop, _______________ by the number of loops.

Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction

Φ − Φ0 ΔΦ
𝑒𝑚𝑓 = −𝑁 ( ) = −𝑁
𝑡 − 𝑡0 Δ𝑡
 where N = number of loops, Φ = magnetic flux, t = time
 Remember Φ = 𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜙
 So changing _______________, _______________, or _______________ will produce a _______________
A coil of wire (N = 40) carries a current of 2 A and has a radius of 6 cm. The current is decreased at 0.1 A/s. Inside this coil is another coil of
wire (N = 10 and r = 3 cm) aligned so that the faces are parallel. What is the average emf induced in the smaller coil during 5 s?

Lenz’s Law
 The induced emf resulting from a changing magnetic flux has a _______________ that leads to an _______________ current whose direction
is such that the induced magnetic _______________ _______________ the original flux _______________.
Reasoning Strategy
 Determine whether the magnetic flux is _______________ or _______________.

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
Physics 10-05 Faraday’s Law of Induction and Lenz’s Law Name: _____________________________
 Find what direction the induced magnetic field must be to _______________ the change in flux by _______________ or _______________ from
the original field.
 Having found the _______________ of the magnetic field, use the __________________________ to find the direction of the _______________
current.
A copper ring falls through a rectangular region of a magnetic field as illustrated. What is the direction of the
induced current at each of the five positions?

Homework
1. Explain how magnetic flux can be zero when the magnetic field is not zero.
2. A particle accelerator sends high-velocity charged particles down an evacuated pipe. Explain how a coil
of wire wrapped around the pipe could detect the passage of individual particles. Sketch a graph of the
voltage output of the coil as a single particle passes through it.
3. What is the value of the magnetic flux at coil 2 in Figure 1(a) due to coil 1? (OpenStax 23.1) 0
4. What is the value of the magnetic flux through the coil in Figure 1(b) due to the wire? (OpenStax 23.2) 0
5. Referring to Figure 2(a), what is the direction of the current induced in coil
2: (a) If the current in coil 1 increases? (b) If the current in coil 1
decreases? (c) If the current in coil 1 is constant? (OpenStax 23.3) CCW,
CW, no
6. Referring to Figure 2(b), what is the direction of the current induced in the
coil: (a) If the current in the wire increases? (b) If the current in the wire
decreases? (c) If the current in the wire suddenly changes direction?
(OpenStax 23.4) CCW, CW, CW
7. Referring to Figure 3, what are the directions of the currents in coils 1, 2,
and 3 (assume that the coils are lying in the plane of the circuit): (a) When Figure 1
the switch is first closed? (b) When the switch has been closed for a long
time? (c) Just after the switch is opened? (OpenStax 23.5) CCW, CCW, CW; no,
no, no; CW, CW, CCW
8. Repeat the previous problem with the battery reversed. (OpenStax 23.6) CW,
CW, CCW; no, no, no; CCW, CCW, CW
9. Suppose a 50-turn coil lies in the plane of the page in a uniform magnetic field
that is directed into the page. The coil originally has an area of 0.250 m 2. It is
stretched to have no area in 0.100 s. What is the direction and magnitude of
the induced emf if the uniform magnetic field has a strength of 1.50 T?
(OpenStax 23.8) 188 V CW
10. (a) An MRI technician moves his hand from a region of very low magnetic field Figure 2
strength into an MRI scanner’s 2.00 T field with his fingers pointing in the
direction of the field. Find the average emf induced in his wedding ring, given its diameter is 2.20 cm and
assuming it takes 0.250 s to move it into the field. (b) Discuss whether this current would significantly
change the temperature of the ring. (OpenStax 23.9) 3.04 mV, no
11. Referring to the situation in the previous problem: (a) What current is induced in the ring if its resistance
is 0.0100 Ω? (b) What average power is dissipated? (c) What magnetic field is induced at the center of the
ring? (d) What is the direction of the induced magnetic field relative to the MRI’s field? (OpenStax 23.10)
0.304 A, 0.924 mW, 𝟏. 𝟕𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 T, CCW
12. A 0.250 m radius, 500-turn coil is rotated one-fourth of a revolution in 4.17 ms, originally having its plane
perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field. (This is 60 rev/s.) Find the magnetic field strength needed to Figure 3
induce an average emf of 10,000 V. (OpenStax 23.12) 0.425 T
13. (a) A lightning bolt produces a rapidly varying magnetic field. If the bolt strikes the earth vertically and acts like a current in a long
straight wire, it will induce a voltage in a loop aligned like that in Figure 2(b). What voltage is induced in a 1.00 m diameter loop 50.0 m
from a 2.00 × 106 A lightning strike, if the current falls to zero in 25.0 μs? (b) Discuss circumstances under which such a voltage would
produce noticeable consequences. (OpenStax 23.14) 251 V
Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
Physics 10-06 Motional emf and Magnetic Damping Name: _____________________________
Motional emf
 Another way to produce an induced emf is by moving a conducting _______________ through a constant magnetic
_______________.
 Each _______________ in the rod is _______________ through the magnetic field with velocity, v.
 So, each charge experiences a magnetic _______________.
𝐹 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵 sin 𝜃
 Since the _______________ can move they are ___________ to one end of the rod leaving _____________ charges at the other end.
 If there was a _______________ connecting the _______________ of the rod,
the electrons would flow through the _______________ to get back to the
_______________ charges.
o This is called _______________ _______________ (ℰ)
 If the rod did _______________ have the wire, the electrons would move
until the _______________ electrical force is balanced with the
_______________ force.
𝑒𝑚𝑓 = 𝑣𝐵𝐿
 It takes a _______________ to move the _______________.
 Once the electrons are _______________ in the rod, there is another Figure 1
_______________. The moving electrons in a B-field create a magnetic
_______________ on the rod itself.
 According to the RHR, the force is _______________ the motion of the rod. If there were no _______________ pushing the rod,
it would _______________.

Damping
 When a conductor moves _______________ (or out of) a magnetic field, an
_______________ current is created in the conductor
 As the conductor moves into B-field, the _______________ increases
 This produces a current by _______________ Law and is _______________ in
way that _______________ change in flux.
 This current’s _______________ causes a _______________ on the conductor
 The direction of the force will be _______________ the _______________ of the
conductor
Applications of Magnetic Damping
 Stopping a _______________ from moving
 _______________ on trains/rollercoasters Figure 2
o No actual _______________ parts, not effected by rain, smoother
o Since based on speed, need _____________________ brakes to finish
 Sorting _______________
o Metallic objects move _______________ down ramp with _______________ under it
 _______________ Detectors

Homework
1. Why must part of the circuit be moving relative to other parts, to have usable motional emf? Consider, for example, that
the rails in Figure 1 above are stationary relative to the magnetic field, while the rod moves.
2. A powerful induction cannon can be made by placing a metal cylinder inside a solenoid coil. The cylinder is forcefully
expelled when solenoid current is turned on rapidly. Use Faraday’s and Lenz’s laws to explain how this works. Why might
the cylinder get live/hot when the cannon is fired?

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
Physics 10-06 Motional emf and Magnetic Damping Name: _____________________________
3. An induction stove heats a pot with a coil carrying an alternating current located beneath the pot (and without a hot
surface). Can the stove surface be a conductor? Why won’t a coil carrying a direct current work?
4. (a) A jet airplane with a 75.0 m wingspan is flying at 280 m/s. What emf is induced between wing tips if the vertical
component of the Earth’s field is 3.00 × 10−5 T? (b) Is an emf of this magnitude likely to have any consequences? Explain.
(OpenStax 23.17) 0.630 V, no
5. (a) A nonferrous screwdriver is being used in a 2.00 T magnetic field. What maximum emf can be induced along its 12.0
cm length when it moves at 6.00 m/s? (b) Is it likely that this emf will have any consequences or even be noticed?
(OpenStax 23.18) 1.44 V, no
6. At what speed must the sliding rod in Figure 1 move to produce an emf of 1.00 V in a 1.50 T field, given the rod’s length is
30.0 cm? (OpenStax 23.19) 2.22 m/s
7. The 12.0 cm long rod in Figure 1 moves at 4.00 m/s. What is the strength of the magnetic field if a 95.0 V emf is induced?
(OpenStax 23.20) 198 T
8. A coil is moved through a magnetic field as shown in Figure 3. The field is uniform inside the rectangle and zero outside.
What is the direction of the induced current and what is the direction of the magnetic force on the coil at each position
shown? (OpenStax 23.27) none; CW I, left F; none; CCW I, left F; none

Figure 3

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
Physics 10-07 Electric Generators and Back Emf Name: _____________________________
Electric Generators
 A _______________ of wire is _______________ in a _______________ field.
 Since the _______________ between the loop and the B-field is _______________, the
_______________ is changing.
 Since the magnetic _______________ is changing an emf is _______________.
 emf produced in _______________ _______________ coil
𝑒𝑚𝑓 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴𝜔 sin 𝜔𝑡
 Where N = number of loops, B = magnetic field, A = area of each loop, ω =
angular velocity = 2πf, t = time in seconds
 According to _______________ Law, the current will flow the one direction when
the angle is _______________ and it will flow the _______________ direction when the
angle is _______________.
 These generators often called _______________ current _______________.
You have made a simple generator to power a TV. The armature is attached the rear axle of a stationary bike. For every time
you peddle, the rear axel turns 10 times. Your TV needs a 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 of 110V to operate. If the B-field is 0.2 T, each loop is a circle
with r = 3 cm, and you can comfortably peddle 3 times a second; how many loops must you have in your generator so that you
can watch TV while you exercise?

Back emf
 When a coil is _______________ in a B-field an emf is _______________
 If an electric motor is _______________, its coil is _______________ in a B-field
 By _______________ Law, this emf will _______________ the emf used to _______________ the motor (called back emf)
 It will _______________ the _______________ across the motor and cause it to draw _______________ current (𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅)
 The back emf is ____________________ to the _______________, so when motor starts it draws _______________ I, but as it speeds
up the I _______________

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
Physics 10-07 Electric Generators and Back Emf Name: _____________________________
Homework
1. Suppose you find that the belt drive connecting a powerful motor to an air conditioning unit is broken and the motor is
running freely. Should you be worried that the motor is consuming a great deal of energy for no useful purpose? Explain
why or why not.
2. Calculate the peak voltage of a generator that rotates its 200-turn, 0.100 m diameter coil at 3600 rpm in a 0.800 T field.
(OpenStax 23.28) 474 V
3. At what angular velocity in rpm will the peak voltage of a generator be 480 V, if its 500-turn, 8.00 cm diameter coil rotates
in a 0.250 T field? (OpenStax 23.29) 𝟕. 𝟑𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 rpm
4. (a) A bicycle generator rotates at 1875 rad/s, producing an 18.0 V peak emf. It has a 1.00 by 3.00 cm rectangular coil in a
0.640 T field. How many turns are in the coil? (b) Is this number of turns of wire practical for a 1.00 by 3.00 cm coil?
(OpenStax 23.32) 50.0, Yes
5. This problem refers to the bicycle generator considered in the previous problem. It is driven by a 1.60 cm diameter wheel
that rolls on the outside rim of the bicycle tire. (a) What is the velocity of the bicycle if the generator’s angular velocity is
1875 rad/s? (b) What is the maximum emf of the generator when the bicycle moves at 10.0 m/s, noting that it was 18.0 V
under the original conditions? (c) If the sophisticated generator can vary its own magnetic field, what field strength will it
need at 5.00 m/s to produce a 9.00 V maximum emf? (OpenStax 23.33) 15m/s, 12.0 V, 0.960 T
6. (a) A car generator turns at 400 rpm when the engine is idling. Its 300-turn, 5.00 by 8.00 cm rectangular coil rotates in an
adjustable magnetic field so that it can produce sufficient voltage even at low rpms. What is the field strength needed to
produce a 24.0 V peak emf? (b) Discuss how this required field strength compares to those available in permanent and
electromagnets. (OpenStax 23.34) 0.477 T, can use normal magnet
7. Suppose a motor connected to a 120 V source draws 10.0 A when it first starts. (a) What is its resistance? (b) What current
does it draw at its normal operating speed when it develops a 100 V back emf? (OpenStax 23.39) 12.0 𝛀, 1.67 A
8. A motor operating on 240 V electricity has a 180 V back emf at operating speed and draws a 12.0 A current. (a) What is its
resistance? (b) What current does it draw when it is first started? (OpenStax 23.40) 𝟓. 𝟎𝟎 𝛀, 48.0 A
9. What is the back emf of a 120 V motor that draws 8.00 A at its normal speed and 20.0 A when first starting? (OpenStax
23.41) 72.0 V
10. The motor in a toy car operates on 6.00 V, developing a 4.50 V back emf at normal speed. If it draws 3.00 A at normal
speed, what current does it draw when starting? (OpenStax 23.42) 12.0 A

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Physics 10-08 Transformers and Electrical Safety Name: _____________________________
Transformers
 The ________________ in a wall outlet is approximately ________________.
 Many electrical appliances ________________ handle that many ________________.
o Computer speakers
________________
o Projection TV
________________
 A ___________________ changes the
voltage for the ________________.

 The ________________ coil creates a

________________ field in the
________________ core.
 Since the ________________ in the
coil is ________________, the B-field is always ________________.
 The ________________ makes the B-field go through the ________________ coil.
 The ________________ B-field means the ________________ in the ________________ coil is also ________________ and thus
________________ a emf.
Transformer equation
𝐼𝑃 𝑉𝑆 𝑁𝑆
= =
𝐼𝑆 𝑉𝑃 𝑁𝑃
 A transformer that steps ________________ the ________________, steps ________________ the ________________ and vise versa.
 To keep electrical lines from getting ________________, electrical companies use transformers to step ________________ the
voltage to up to ________________. The box on electrical pole is a ___________________ that steps the voltage down to _________.
A TV requires 15000V and 0.01 A to accelerate the electron beam. The outlet in the house supplies 120V. The primary coil of
the transformer in the TV has 100 turns. How many turns should the secondary coil have?

How much current does the TV draw from the outlet?

Safety
 Two ________________
o ________________ wire
 ________________ prong
 ________________ through ground
o ________________ wire
 ________________prong
 Grounds the ________________
 ________________ wire
o ________________________________
o Carries the ________________ voltage

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
Physics 10-08 Transformers and Electrical Safety Name: _____________________________
Circuit Breaker
 If the current load gets too ________________, an _____________________ pulls a ________________ to stop the current
 Stops wires from getting ________________ in ________________ circuits
Ground Fault Interrupter
 Both sides (hot and neutral) are wrapped around a metal ________________ like a
____________________, but the number of loops are ________________
 Normally the induced current is __________ since the two sides ________________
 If an ________________ occurs (like current going through a person to the ground),
an ________________________ pulls a ________________

Homework
1. Explain what causes physical vibrations in transformers at twice the frequency of the
AC power involved.
2. Does plastic insulation on live/hot wires prevent shock hazards, thermal hazards, or
both?
3. Why are ordinary circuit breakers and fuses ineffective in preventing shocks?
4. A plug-in transformer supplies 9.00 V to a video game system. (a) How many turns are in its secondary coil, if its input
voltage is 120 V and the primary coil has 400 turns? (b) What is its input current when its output is 1.30 A? (OpenStax
23.44) 𝟑𝟎. 𝟎, 𝟗. 𝟕𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 A
5. An American traveler in New Zealand carries a transformer to convert New Zealand’s standard 240 V to 120 V so that she
can use some small appliances on her trip. (a) What is the ratio of turns in the primary and secondary coils of her
transformer? (b) What is the ratio of input to output current? (c) How could a New Zealander traveling in the United
States use this same transformer to power her 240 V appliances from 120 V? (OpenStax 23.45) 2.00, 0.500
6. A cassette recorder uses a plug-in transformer to convert 120 V to 12.0 V, with a maximum current output of 200 mA. (a)
What is the current input? (b) What is the power input? (c) Is this amount of power reasonable for a small appliance?
(OpenStax 23.46) 20.0 mA, 2.40 W, yes
7. (a) What is the voltage output of a transformer used for rechargeable flashlight batteries, if its primary has 500 turns, its
secondary 4 turns, and the input voltage is 120 V? (b) What input current is required to produce a 4.00 A output? (c) What
is the power input? (OpenStax 23.47) 0.96 V, 32.0 mA, 3.84 W
8. (a) The plug-in transformer for a laptop computer puts out 7.50 V and can supply a maximum current of 2.00 A. What is
the maximum input current if the input voltage is 240 V? Assume 100% efficiency. (b) If the actual efficiency is less than
100%, would the input current need to be greater or smaller? Explain. (OpenStax 23.48) 0.063 A, greater

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Physics 10-09 Inductance Name: ______________________________
Inductance
 _________________ is process where _________________ is induced by changing magnetic _________________

Mutual Inductance
 Mutual inductance is _________________ of one _________________ to _________________ like a transformer
o Change in _________________ usually by changing _________________ since they are solid pieces
o Can be reduced by __________________________________ coils
Δ𝐼1
𝑒𝑚𝑓2 = −𝑀
Δ𝑡
o Where M = mutual inductance, (Unit: H (henry)), I = current, t = time, emf = induced emf

Self-inductance
 A changing _________________ in a coil causes a changing _________________ in _________________ of coil
 Changing B-field causes _________________ emf in the _________________ coil
 Resists _________________ in _________________ in the device
Δ𝐼
𝑒𝑚𝑓 = −𝐿
Δ𝑡
o Where L = self-inductance, (Unit: H (henry))
 Self-Inductance
ΔΦ
𝐿=𝑁
Δ𝐼
 For _________________
𝜇0 𝑁 2 𝐴
𝐿=
ℓ
o Where L = inductance, 𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 Tm/A, N = number of loops, A = cross-sectional area, ℓ = length of
solenoid
The 4.00 A current through a 7.50 mH inductor is switched off in 8.33 ms. What is the emf induced opposing this?

Energy stored in an inductor

1 2
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝐿𝐼
2
o Where, 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑑 = energy, L = inductance, I = current

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
Physics 10-09 Inductance Name: ______________________________
Homework
1. How would you place two identical flat coils in contact so that they had the greatest mutual inductance? The least?
2. How would you shape a given length of wire to give it the greatest self-inductance? The least?
3. Two coils are placed close together in a physics lab to demonstrate Faraday’s law of induction. A current of 5.00 A in one is
switched off in 1.00 ms, inducing a 9.00 V emf in the other. What is their mutual inductance? (OpenStax 23.55) 1.80 mH
4. If two coils placed next to one another have a mutual inductance of 5.00 mH, what voltage is induced in one when the 2.00
A current in the other is switched off in 30.0 ms? (OpenStax 23.56) 0.333 V
5. A device is turned on and 3.00 A flows through it 0.100 ms later. What is the self-inductance of the device if an induced
150 V emf opposes this? (OpenStax 23.58) 5.00 mH
6. Camera flashes charge a capacitor to high voltage by switching the current through an inductor on and off rapidly. In what
time must the 0.100 A current through a 2.00 mH inductor be switched on or off to induce a 500 V emf? (OpenStax 23.60)
𝟒. 𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 s
7. A large research solenoid has a self-inductance of 25.0 H. (a) What induced emf opposes shutting it off when 100 A of
current through it is switched off in 80.0 ms? (b) How much energy is stored in the inductor at full current? (c) At what
rate in watts must energy be dissipated to switch the current off in 80.0 ms? (d) In view of the answer to the last part, is it
surprising that shutting it down this quickly is difficult? (OpenStax 23.61) 31.3 kV, 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 J,
1.56 MW, no
8. (a) Calculate the self-inductance of a 50.0 cm long, 10.0 cm diameter solenoid having 1000 loops. (b) How much energy is
stored in this inductor when 20.0 A of current flows through it? (c) How fast can it be turned off if the induced emf cannot
exceed 3.00 V? (OpenStax 23.62) 19.7 mH, 3.95 J, 0.132 s
9. A precision laboratory resistor is made of a coil of wire 1.50 cm in diameter and 4.00 cm long, and it has 500 turns. (a)
What is its self-inductance? (b) What average emf is induced if the 12.0 A current through it is turned on in 5.00 ms (one-
fourth of a cycle for 50 Hz AC)? (c) What is its inductance if it is shortened to half its length and counterwound (two layers
of 250 turns in opposite directions)? (OpenStax 23.63) 1.39 mH, -3.33 V, 0
10. The heating coils in a hair dryer are 0.800 cm in diameter, have a combined length of 1.00 m, and a total of 400 turns. (a)
What is their total self-inductance assuming they act like a single solenoid? (b) How much energy is stored in them when
6.00 A flows? (c) What average emf opposes shutting them off if this is done in 5.00 ms (one-fourth of a cycle for 50 Hz
AC)? (OpenStax 23.64) 𝟏. 𝟎𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 H, 𝟏. 𝟖𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 J, 12.12 mV

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
 Physics
Unit 10: Magnetism

1. Know the fundamental properties of permanent magnets.

2. Know how to induce emf.
3. Know the RHR’s, and Lenz’s Law.
4. A solenoid that is 2 m long and has a diameter of 0.5 m has 150 turns. Find the magnitude and direction of the magnetic
field at the center of the solenoid if the current is 5 A clockwise.
5. A straight wire carries 5 A of current. If the wire is vertical and the current runs down, find the magnitude and direction
of the magnetic field 2 cm from the wire.
6. A loose proton enters a magnetic field whose direction is coming out of the page. What does its path look like? If the path
is bent, what way does it bend?
7. The path of a charged particle is bent clockwise in a magnetic field that is pointed out of the page. What is sign of the
charge of the particle?
8. The force on a 3 cm wire that carries 10 A is 0.051 N. The wire is in a 0.5 T magnetic field. What is the angle between the
wire and the magnetic field?
9. A current goes down and the magnetic field points to the right. What is the direction of the force on the wire carrying the
current?
10. A single circular loop of wire is in a 0.5 T B-field. The normal makes an angle of 30° with the B-field. If there is a 5 A
current in the loop (r = 5 cm), what is the torque on the loop?
11. Two wires are side by side and very close to each other. One wire carries 2 A and the other 3A in the same direction.
What is magnetic field 5 cm from the wires?
12. A circular loop of wire (r = 5 cm) is in a magnetic field (B = 0.5 T) with the normal of the loop parallel to the B-field. The
B-field increases at a rate of 0.1 T/s. What is the induced emf in the loop? What direction would a current flow through
the loop?
13. A transformer’s primary coil has 160 turns and 240 V. How many turns are needed in the secondary coil to get 80 V? Is
this a step-up or step-down transformer?
14. A solenoid with 10 turns has a cross-sectional area of 2.0 cm2 and length of 5 cm. How much energy is stored in the
magnetic field of the solenoid when it carries a current of 5.0 A?
15. Two coils share a common axis. The mutual inductance of this pair of coils is 10.0 mH. If the current in coil 1 is changing
at the rate of 10 A/s, what is the magnitude of the emf generated in coil 2?
4. 𝐿 = 2 𝑚, 𝑑 = 0.5 𝑚, 𝑁 = 150, 𝐼 = 5 𝐴 11. Ampere’s Law
𝑁 150
𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼; 𝑛 = = = 75 𝑚 −1
𝐿 2𝑚
𝑇𝑚
𝐵 = (4𝜋 × 10−7 ) (75 𝑚−1 )(5 𝐴) = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟏 ×
𝐴
𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑻
RHR says points into paper

𝜇0 𝐼
𝐵=
2𝜋𝑟
𝑇𝑚
𝐵(2𝜋0.05 𝑚) = (4𝜋 × 10−7 ) (3 𝐴 + 2 𝐴)
𝐴
5. 𝐼 = 5 𝐴, 𝑟 = 0.02 𝑚 𝐵(0.31416 𝑚) = 6.2832 × 10−6 𝑇𝑚
𝜇 𝐼
𝐵= 0 𝑩 = 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝑻
2𝜋𝑟
𝑇𝑚 𝛥𝐵 𝑇
(4𝜋×10−7 )(5 𝐴) 12. 𝑁 = 1, 𝑟 = 0.05 𝑚, 𝐵 = 0.5 𝑇, = 0.1
𝐵= 𝐴
= 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝑻 𝛥𝛷
𝛥𝑡 𝑠
2𝜋(0.02 𝑚)
𝑒𝑚𝑓 = −𝑁 , 𝛷 = 𝐵𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
Goes in on left, out on right 𝛥𝑡
𝐵𝑓 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0−𝐵0 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0
𝑒𝑚𝑓 = −1 ⋅
𝛥𝑡
𝐴(𝐵𝑓 −𝐵0 )
𝑒𝑚𝑓 = − ( )
𝛥𝑡
𝛥𝐵
𝑒𝑚𝑓 = − (𝐴 )
𝛥𝑡
𝑇
𝑒𝑚𝑓 = −(𝜋(0.05 𝑚)2 ) (0.1 ) = −𝟕. 𝟖𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑽
𝑠
Flux is getting stronger so induced B-field should
6. Since the proton is charged, the path is bent.
cancel the original B-field.
RHR – curl your fingers through the loop in the
direction of the induced B-field. Your thumb will
point the direction of the current.
13. 𝑁𝑝 = 160, 𝑉𝑝 = 240 𝑉, 𝑉𝑠 = 80 𝑉
RHR – fingers 𝑉𝑠
=
𝑁𝑠
- thumb in direction of v 𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑝
80 𝑉 𝑁𝑠
- palm points in direction of F =
240 𝑉 160
𝑁𝑠 = 53.3
54 turns; Step-down since V decreases.
𝑢0 𝑁 2 𝐴
14. 𝐿 =
Bends to right (electron would bend left) ℓ
7. Positive 𝑇𝑚
(4𝜋 × 10−7 ) (10)2 (0.0002 𝑚2 )
𝐿= 𝐴
0.05 𝑚
= 5.0265 × 10−7 𝐻
1
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝐿𝐼 2
2
1
8. 𝐿 = 0.03 𝑚, 𝐼 = 10 𝐴, 𝐹 = 0.051 𝑁, 𝐵 = 0.5 𝑇 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑑 = (5.0265 × 10−7 𝐻)(5 𝐴)2
𝐹 = 𝐼𝐿𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2
0.051 𝑁 = (10 𝐴)(0.03 𝑚)(0.5 𝑇) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑱
𝛥𝐼2
0.34 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 15. 𝑒𝑚𝑓1 = −𝑀
𝛥𝑡
𝜽 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟗° 𝐴
9. RHR – fingers B 𝑒𝑚𝑓1 = −(0.010 𝐻) (10 ) = −𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑽
- thumb I 𝑠
- palm F

F is out of page
10. 𝑁 = 1, 𝐵 = 0.5 𝑇, 𝜃 = 30°, 𝐼 = 5 𝐴, 𝑟 = 0.05 𝑚
𝜏 = 𝑁𝐼𝐴𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝜏 = 1(5 𝐴)(𝜋(0.05 𝑚)2 )(0.5 𝑇) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 30° =
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟖𝟐 𝑵𝒎