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Module-5-_-Electromagnetism

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26 views

Module-5-_-Electromagnetism

Uploaded by

jmcabaya02
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODULE 5

ELECTRO MAGNETISM

Magnetism –
Magnetism is the force exerted by magnets when they attract or repel each
other. Electromagnetism is a branch of Physics that deals with
the electromagnetic force that occurs between electrically charged
particles. The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces
and exhibits electromagnetic fields such as magnetic fields, electric fields,
and light.

Four Fundamental Forces Of Nature: These are called the four fundamental
forces of nature, and they govern everything that happens in the universe.
1. Gravity - is the attraction between two objects that have mass or
energy
2. The weak force - also called the weak nuclear interaction, is
responsible for particle decay. This is the literal change of one type of
subatomic particle into another.
3. Electromagnetism - is a branch of physics involving the study of
the electromagnetic force
4. The strong force - The strong nuclear force, also called the strong
nuclear interaction, is the strongest of the four fundamental forces of
nature. It's 6 thousand trillion (that’s 39 zeroes after 6!) times
stronger than the force of gravity,

FUNDAMENTAL MAGNETIC ELEMENTS.


1. Electric Charge

Electric charge is an innate property of all charged fundamental


particles and can be either positive or negative. The charged particles that
are most common in the universe are negatively charged electrons and
positively charged protons. A charged object, such as a statically
charged balloon, has an excess or lack of electrons. When charged
particles are moving, they are known as electric currents. An example
of an electric current is the flow of electrons along an electrical wire.

2. Intrinsic Magnetic Moment

In contrast to electric charge, there is no evidence that magnetic


charge exists. However, some fundamental particles do have an innate
magnetic property known as the intrinsic magnetic dipole moment. A
particle with a magnetic moment, such as an electron, can roughly be
thought of as a very small bar magnet. A permanent magnet is a
collection of particles with aligned magnetic moments.

3. Electromagnetic Field

The electromagnetic field is a physical field created by charged


particles and particles with a magnetic moment. The field itself does
not carry electric charge or magnetic moment, but it does carry energy
and momentum. The field can transfer its energy and momentum to
charged particles and particles with magnetic moment. This field can
also occasionally create or destroy particles. The electromagnetic field
contains two components: an electric field and a magnetic field. Both
are inseparable components of one unified field.

A qualitative understanding of magnetics include the following ten


statements:

1. North magnetic poles point north, south magnetic poles point south.
2. Like poles repel, unlike poles attract.
3. Magnetic forces attract only magnetic materials.
a. Magnetic materials include the elements iron, nickel, cobalt.
4. Magnetic forces act at a distance.
5. While magnetized, temporary magnets (a piece of iron) act like
permanent magnets.
6. A coil of wire with an electric current flowing through it becomes an
electromagnet.
7. Putting iron inside a current-carrying coil increases the strength of the
electromagnet.
8. A changing magnetic field induces an electric current in a conductor.
a. The best electrical conductors are silver, copper, gold, aluminum (in
that order).
9. A charged particle experiences no force when moving parallel to a
magnetic field, but when it is moving perpendicular to the field it
experiences a force perpendicular to both the field and the direction of
motion.
10. A current-carrying wire in a perpendicular magnetic field experiences
a force in a direction perpendicular to both the wire and the field.

Links for the TOPIC:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetism

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lines_of_force

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_line

CURRENT FLOW –
1. Conventional - current flows from the + end of a battery to the - end.
2. Electron flow - that is from the - end of a battery to the + end

Current into and out of a cross-sectional view of a wire


In order to indicate the direction of current flow, when looking at a cross
section of a wire, a "cross" (or "X") and a "dot" are used. A "cross" indicates
the current is going into the page, as though you were watching the fletching
(feathers) of an arrow as it travels away from you. A "dot" indicates the
current is coming out of the page, as though you were watching the point of
an arrow as it comes toward you!

Magnetic Flux Flow -


We say that magnetic lines of flux flow from the North pole to the South pole
outside of a magnet. Inside the magnet, the magnetic lines flow from the
South pole where they entered the magnet, to the North pole where they will
exit the magnet. This is simply a convention with which engineers have
agreed upon. There isn't something physical that determines this, as is the
case where electrons physically move from the - end of a battery to the +
end of a battery.
Magnetic field lines

Magnetic field lines seen in drawings or computer plots are an aid to


visualize the magnetic field. They are not real but are very useful! When
using magnetic field lines, note that they are closed paths, like rubber-bands
laid out. They don't cross each other, nor do they start at some point and
end at another point. Each one always loops back onto itself.

We have these six basic rules for magnetic field lines:

i) Magnetic field lines are continuous and will always form closed loops.
ii) Magnetic field lines will never cross one another.
iii) Parallel magnetic field lines traveling in the same direction repel one
another. Parallel magnetic field lines traveling in opposite directions
tend to unite with each other and form into single lines traveling
in a direction determined by the magnetic poles creating the field
lines.
iv) Magnetic field lines tend to shorten themselves. Therefore, the
magnetic field lines existing between two unlike poles cause the
poles to be pulled together.
v) Magnetic field lines pass through all materials, both magnetic and
nonmagnetic. Type I superconductors would be an exception to this.

vi) Magnetic field lines always enter or leave a magnetic material at right
angles to the surface.

Direction of the field

The Right Hand Rule (RHR) can determine the direction of the magnetic field
around the wire. The thumb of the right hand points in the direction of the
conventional current flow, and the fingers of the right hand wrap around the
wire, pointing in the direction of the magnetic flux.
The flux density around the wire carrying current is:

How do we measure Magnetic Flux?

The SI unit of magnetic flux is the Weber (named after German physicist and
co-inventor of the telegraph Wilhelm Weber) and the unit has the symbol B.

Because the magnetic flux is just a way of expressing the magnetic field in a
given area, it can be measured with a magnetometer in the same way as
the magnetic field magnetic field reading changes with position, it would be
necessary to find the average reading.
A related term that you may come across is the magnetic flux density. This is
measured in \mathrm{Wb/m^2}Wb/m2W, b, slash, m, squared. Because we
are dividing flux by area we could also directly state the units of flux density
in Tesla. In fact, the term magnetic flux density is often used synonymously
with the magnitude of the magnetic field.

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