Mana Barnootaa Haayiliigi

ሃይሊግ ትምህርት ቤት
Heilig School
0221124055 1045 Adama, Ethiopia E-mail: heiligschool@gmail.com

Grade__12_ Subject: Physics

Unit -6
Magnetism
Magnetism is defined as an attractive and repulsive phenomenon produced by a moving electric charge.
Magnetism is a phenomena related to electricity.
It is phenomenon associated with magnetic fields, which arise from the motion of electric charges.
This motion can take many forms. It can be an electric current in a conductor or charged particles moving
through space, or it can be the motion of an electron in an atomic orbital.
Magnets
A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field. A magnet attracts magnetic substance. For
example an iron is attracted by a magnet. A magnet has two poles (North Pole and South Pole). If you cut a
magnet into pieces to the atomic level each piece is still a magnet with the two poles.
6.1. Concepts of a magnetic field
An iron filling and nails brought to a magnet experience a magnetic force.
A compass needle near a magnet is deflected by a magnet. All these phenomena are explained by the
magnetic field of a magnet.

A magnetic field is a region where a magnet exerts a force.

A magnetic field can be visually represented by the magnetic field lines (also called magnetic flux lines).
The direction of the field lines is determined by using a compass needle.
Magnetic field lines show where the fields have the same strength point from the North Pole of a magnet to
the south pole of the magnet as shown below.
Magnetic field lines run out from the North Pole and enter into the South Pole of a magnet.

A magnetic field is a vector quantity as it has both magnitude (which depends on the strength of the
magnet which produced it) and direction.
The stronger the magnetic field, the closer the flux lines.

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 Magnetic field strength (magnetic flux density)
 The magnetic field strength (B) is a measure of the force exerted by a magnetic field on a moving charged
particle.
 The strength of a magnetic field is also indicated by the quantity of flux ( ) through any given area.
 Flux is measured in Webers (Wb).
 The flux for a particular region is calculated by multiplying the area of the region by the component of flux
density perpendicular to the area.

 The SI unit for magnetic field strength is the Tesla.

 The magnetic flux density is a measure of the number of magnetic field lines passing through a given area.
 The SI unit for magnetic flux density is the weber per square meter ( .

Example:
1. The bar magnet in figure below causes a magnetic field with a strength of 30 mT at an angle of 750 to the
region of area A, how much flux will be contained by this region if the area is 5 ?
Solution
(
( (

2. The bar magnet in figure below causes a magnetic field with a strength of 20 mT at an angle of 600 to the
region of area A, how much flux will be contained by this region if the area is 10 ?
Solution
(
( (

Exercise
1. A magnetic field of 20T is directed 3. Calculate the magnetic flux through each square
perpendicular to the face of a circular coil with (50cm x 50cm) shown below. The magnitude of
a radius of 25cm. calculate magnetic flux in the magnetic field is 10T.
this coil.
2. A magnetic field of 30T is directed parallel to
the face of a square coil (10cm x 10cm).
Calculate the magnetic flux.

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 6.2. The Earth and magnetic fields
If we hold a bar magnet by string tied around its center, one end will point toward the north and the other
end will point toward the south.
If we turn the magnet around, it will swing back to the north.
The poles are named by the direction they point.
The north and south poles of the magnet point as they do because the earth’s magnetic poles attract them.
The magnetic poles of the earth are more than a thousand kilometers apart from the geographical poles.
Long ago it was thought that the earth is like a huge magnet. However, according to recent theories, the
magnetism of the earth is caused by currents of charged particles in the earth’s liquid core.

The geographic North Pole is the south pole of the magnet, and the geographic South Pole is the
north pole of the magnet.

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 Magnetic properties of matter
We use the term magnetism to describe how the atom of materials responds to a
magnetic field.
1. Diamagnetism
 Diamagnetism is a property of all materials.
 It is the tendency of a material to oppose an applied magnetic field.
2. Paramagnetic
 Some materials will reinforce a magnetic field because they have unpaired
electrons which will to align themselves in the same direction as the applied
magnetic field as shown in figure below. There are known as paramagnetic
materials.

Figure: The alignment of unpaired electrons

3. Ferromagnetic
Ferromagnetic materials have unpaired electrons.
The tendency these electrons to align themselves in the same direction as an applied
magnetic field, they will also align themselves so that they are parallel to each other.
When the applied field is removed, the electrons in the material maintain a parallel
orientation.
Examples of ferromagnetic materials are: nickel, iron, cobalt and their alloys.
6.3. Motion of charged particles in a magnetic field (magnetic force on a moving charge)
 A moving charged particle creates a magnetic field.
 A charged particle moving in a magnetic field will create a force ⃗ .
 The magnitude of this force depends on:
1. The speed of the particle ⃗
2. The strength of the magnetic field ⃗⃗
This force can be calculated using the vector cross product
⃗⃗ (⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗)
⃗ where is the angle between ⃗ and ⃗⃗.
The direction of the magnetic force F is perpendicular to the plane formed by v and B, as determined by the
right hand rule.

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 Figure: The right hand rule for magnetic force
One way to remember this is that there is one velocity, represented accordingly by the thumb. There are many
field lines, represented accordingly by the fingers.
The force is in the direction you would push with your palm. The force on a negative charge is in exactly the
opposite direction to that on a positive charge. Because the force is always perpendicular to the velocity
vector, a pure magnetic field will not accelerate a charged particle in a single direction; however will produce
circular or helical motion.
Properties of magnetic force on a moving charge
1. The magnetic force is always perpendicular to the velocity and to the magnetic field (since it is given by
their cross-product).
2. The direction of the magnetic force depends on the sign of the charge.
3. The magnetic force can do no work, since it is always perpendicular to the velocity (and thus to
displacement).
4. There is no force if the particle’s velocity is in the same direction as the magnetic field vector.
5. The force increases with charge, speed, and strength of the magnetic field.
Example:
1. Find the size of the force felt by an electron 2. Find the size of the force felt by an electron
travelling perpendicular to the Earth magnetic field travelling an angle of 300 to the Earth magnetic
at 500 m/s. The charge on an electron is field at 600 m/s. The charge on an electron
and the magnitude of the Earth’s magnetic field is and the magnitude of the Earth’s
is and what direction will the force act? magnetic field is .
Solution Solution
⃗⃗ (⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗) ⃗⃗ (⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗)
⃗ ⃗
⃗ ⃗
⃗⃗ ⃗
The force will act in a direction that is
⃗⃗
perpendicular to both the Earth’s magnetic field
and the direction in which the electron is travelling.

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 The motion of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields
Particles can move in both electric and magnetic fields.
If the particle is moving in an electric field, then

Where

When a charged particle q is moving with velocity ⃗ in a region where there is an electric field ⃗⃗ and
magnetic field ⃗⃗, the total force is the vector sum of the electric force ⃗ and ⃗ .
⃗ ⃗ ⃗
⃗ ⃗⃗ ( ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ )
⃗ [ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ]
There are useful devices that use a combination of electric and magnetic fields. An example is a vector
selector.
Velocity selector
 A uniform electric field is directed vertically downward (in the plane of the page as shown in Fig.) and a
uniform magnetic field is applied in the direction perpendicular to the electric field (into the page).
 If q is positive and the velocity v is to the right, the magnetic force (⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗) is upward and the electric force
is downward.

Figure: Velocity selector

 When the magnitudes of the two fields are chosen so that , the particle moves in a straight
horizontal line through the region of the fields.
 From the expression , we find that

 In a velocity selector, charged particles must move at a speed of .

 Particles having this speed pass undeflected.
This device uses a combination of electric and magnetic fields to trap particles moving at different speeds.

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When the force on a particle as a result of the electric field is the same as the force on the particle as a result of
the magnetic field.

Example
1. Find the speed of an electron travelling perpendicular to the electric and magnetic fields in
a velocity selector operating with an electric field of 3.0kV and a magnetic field of 3.0T.
Solution

J.J Thompson’s experiment of charge to mass ratio

J.J Thompson used balanced electric and magnetic fields to measure the charge to mass ratio for an electron.
His apparatus is shown below.

In this case , so

The electron beam is accelerated by the potential difference between the cathode and the anode.
The kinetic energy of an electron is given by:

where v is the velocity of an electron, m is the mass of an electron, q is the charge on an electron and V is the
accelerating potential difference.

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 Example
a) Find the charge mass ratio for an electron accelerated through 600 V in a magnetic field of
strength 45 mT where the speed of the electron is 1.4 × 107 m/s.
b) What is the percentage difference between your result and
the accepted ratio with the values q = 1.6 × 10-19 C and m = 9.11 × 10-31 kg?
Solution
a)

(
(
b)