Syllabus
Syllabus
Contents
Foreword iii
Rationalisation of Content in the Textbooks v
Unit 1 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 1
1.1 Importance of Chemistry 4
1.2 Nature of Matter 4
1.3 Properties of Matter and their Measurement 6
1.4 Uncertainty in Measurement 10
1.5 Laws of Chemical Combinations 14
1.6 Dalton’s Atomic Theory 16
1.7 Atomic and Molecular Masses 16
1.8 Mole Concept and Molar Masses 18
1.9 Percentage Composition 18
1.10 Stoichiometry and Stoichiometric Calculations 20
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Contents
Foreword iii
Rationalisation of Content in the Textbook v
Unit 7 Redox Reactions 235
7.1 Classical Idea of Redox Reactions-Oxidation and Reduction Reactions 235
7.2 Redox Reactions in Terms of Electron Transfer Reactions 237
7.3 Oxidation Number 239
7.4 Redox Reactions and Electrode Processes 249
Unit 8 Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques 256
8.1 General Introduction 256
8.2 Tetravalence of Carbon: Shapes of Organic Compounds 257
8.3 Structural Representations of Organic Compounds 258
8.4 Classification of Organic Compounds 261
8.5 Nomenclature of Organic Compounds 262
8.6 Isomerism 270
8.7 Fundamental Concepts in Organic Reaction Mechanism 271
8.8 Methods of Purification of Organic Compounds 278
8.9 Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds 284
8.10 Quantitative Analysis 285
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CONTENTS
FOREWORD iii
RATIONALISATION OF CONTENT IN THE TEXTBOOKS v
PREFACE ix
A NOTE FOR THE TEACHER xii
C H A P T E R 1
UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The international system of units 1
1.3 Significant figures 3
1.4 Dimensions of physical quantities 7
1.5 Dimensional formulae and dimensional equations 7
1.6 Dimensional analysis and its applications 7
C H A P T E R 2
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Instantaneous velocity and speed 14
2.3 Acceleration 15
2.4 Kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated motion 17
C H A P T E R 3
MOTION IN A PLANE
3.1 Introduction 27
3.2 Scalars and vectors 27
3.3 Multiplication of vectors by real numbers 29
3.4 Addition and subtraction of vectors – graphical method 29
3.5 Resolution of vectors 31
3.6 Vector addition – analytical method 33
3.7 Motion in a plane 34
3.8 Motion in a plane with constant acceleration 37
3.9 Projectile motion 38
3.10 Uniform circular motion 40
C H A P T E R 4
LAWS OF MOTION
4.1 Introduction 49
4.2 Aristotle’s fallacy 50
4.3 The law of inertia 50
4.4 Newton’s first law of motion 51
4.5 Newton’s second law of motion 53
4.6 Newton’s third law of motion 56
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C H A P T E R 5
WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
5.1 Introduction 71
5.2 Notions of work and kinetic energy : The work-energy theorem 73
5.3 Work 73
5.4 Kinetic energy 74
5.5 Work done by a variable force 75
5.6 The work-energy theorem for a variable force 76
5.7 The concept of potential energy 77
5.8 The conservation of mechanical energy 78
5.9 The potential energy of a spring 80
5.10 Power 83
5.11 Collisions 83
C H A P T E R 6
SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND ROTATIONAL MOTION
6.1 Introduction 92
6.2 Centre of mass 95
6.3 Motion of centre of mass 99
6.4 Linear momentum of a system of particles 100
6.5 Vector product of two vectors 101
6.6 Angular velocity and its relation with linear velocity 103
6.7 Torque and angular momentum 105
6.8 Equilibrium of a rigid body 108
6.9 Moment of inertia 114
6.10 Kinematics of rotational motion about a fixed axis 116
6.11 Dynamics of rotational motion about a fixed axis 118
6.12 Angular momentum in case of rotations about a fixed axis 120
C H A P T E R 7
GRAVITATION
7.1 Introduction 127
7.2 Kepler’s laws 128
7.3 Universal law of gravitation 129
7.4 The gravitational constant 131
7.5 Acceleration due to gravity of the earth 132
7.6 Acceleration due to gravity below and above the surface of earth 133
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APPENDICES 144
ANSWERS 160
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CONTENTS
Foreword iii
Rationalisation of Contens in the Textbooks v
Preface vii
A Note for the Teachers xiii
C hapter 8
Mechanical Properties of Solids
8.1 Introduction 167
8.2 Stress and strain 168
8.3 Hooke’s law 169
8.4 Stress-strain curve 169
8.5 Elastic moduli 170
8.6 Applications of elastic behaviour of materials 174
C hapter 9
Mechanical Properties of Fluids
9.1 Introduction 180
9.2 Pressure 180
9.3 Streamline flow 186
9.4 Bernoulli’s principle 187
9.5 Viscosity 190
9.6 Surface tension 192
C hapter 10
Thermal Properties of Matter
10.1 Introduction 202
10.2 Temperature and heat 202
10.3 Measurement of temperature 203
10.4 Ideal-gas equation and absolute temperature 203
10.5 Thermal expansion 204
10.6 Specific heat capacity 208
10.7 Calorimetry 209
10.8 Change of state 210
10.9 Heat transfer 214
10.10 Newton’s law of cooling 219
C hapter 11
Thermodynamics
11.1 Introduction 226
11.2 Thermal equilibrium 227
11.3 Zeroth law of thermodynamics 228
11.4 Heat, internal energy and work 229
11.5 First law of thermodynamics 230
11.6 Specific heat capacity 231
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C hapter 12
Kinetic Theory
12.1 Introduction 244
12.2 Molecular nature of matter 244
12.3 Behaviour of gases 246
12.4 Kinetic theory of an ideal gas 248
12.5 Law of equipartition of energy 252
12.6 Specific heat capacity 253
12.7 Mean free path 254
C hapter 13
Oscillations
13.1 Introduction 259
13.2 Periodic and oscilatory motions 260
13.3 Simple harmonic motion 262
13.4 Simple harmonic motion and uniform circular motion 264
13.5 Velocity and acceleration in simple harmonic motion 266
13.6 Force law for simple harmonic motion 267
13.7 Energy in simple harmonic motion 268
13.8 The Simple Pendulum 270
C hapter 14
Waves
14.1 Introduction 278
14.2 Transverse and longitudinal waves 280
14.3 Displacement relation in a progressive wave 281
14.4 The speed of a travelling wave 284
14.5 The principle of superposition of waves 287
14.6 Reflection of waves 288
14.7 Beats 293
answers 300
Bibliography 307
index 309
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3. Trigonometric Functions 43
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Angles 43
3.3 Trigonometric Functions 49
3.4 Trigonometric Functions of Sum and Difference of Two Angles 57
4. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations 76
4.1 Introduction 76
4.2 Complex Numbers 76
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4.3 Algebra of Complex Numbers 77
4.4 The Modulus and the Conjugate of a Complex Number 81
4.5 Argand Plane and Polar Representation 83
5. Linear Inequalities 89
5.1 Introduction 89
5.2 Inequalities 89
5.3 Algebraic Solutions of Linear Inequalities in One Variable
and their Graphical Representation 91
6. Permutations and Combinations 100
6.1 Introduction 100
6.2 Fundamental Principle of Counting 100
6.3 Permutations 104
6.4 Combinations 114
7. Binomial Theorem 126
7.1 Introduction 126
7.2 Binomial Theorem for Positive Integral Indices 126
8. Sequences and Series 135
8.1 Introduction 135
8.2 Sequences 135
8.3 Series 137
8.4 Geometric Progression (G.P.) 139
8.5 Relationship Between A.M. and G.M. 144
9. Straight Lines 151
9.1 Introduction 151
9.2 Slope of a Line 152
9.3 Various Forms of the Equation of a Line 159
9.4 Distance of a Point From a Line 164
10. Conic Sections 176
10.1 Introduction 176
10.2 Sections of a Cone 176
10.3 Circle 179
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10.4 Parabola 182
10.5 Ellipse 187
10.6 Hyperbola 195
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Appendix 2: Mathematical Modelling 323
A.2.1 Introduction 323
A.2.2 Preliminaries 323
A.2.3 What is Mathematical Modelling 327
Answers 335
Supplementary Material 357
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