RURAL WATER PIPELINE

HANDBOOK
FOR
SASKATCHEWAN

UNIT SIX ( VI ) -
TECHNICAL DESIGN
& OPERATIONAL GUIDE April 2009
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 2

Section 1 Rural Pipeline Overview

1.0 General/Objective
The objective of rural pipeline design is to economically provide as many rural residents,
businesses and small communities as is practical with a continuous Low Volume water
supply that meets or exceeds the Saskatchewan’s Drinking Water Quality Standards
and Objectives.

1.1 Characteristics of Rural Pipelines

The following is a list of design parameters that are employed in rural pipeline design
that are not typically used in municipal design:

 Delivery is based on an average flow over a 24 hour period;

 Fire flows are not included in the design plan
 The layout is based on branch design. Loop design is preferred but is generally
not considered because of cost.
 Most rural pipelines are designed with in-house storage (cistern) systems which
increases the reliability of water supply.
 In the event of loss of flow from the supply line, the subscriber relies on the
reserve water from their storage tank until flow is restored.
 Storage tanks help to reduce the instant demand on the water source
especially in peak periods during the day, thereby making the pipeline safer
and more economical.
 The client is expected to install their own in-house pressure system to provide
the desired pressure that they want. In some circumstances, in-house
treatment systems are also installed by the client.

1.2 Flow and Pressure Requirements

Rural pipeline designs are generally based on the assumption that each client would
simultaneously receive a predetermined design flow if each of the subscribers were to
draw water at the same time. A design flow target of 0.038 l/s (.5 igpm) is often used,
but some pipelines are designed with higher flows of 0.076 l/s (1.0 igpm). The flow must
represent a balance between cost, client need, and experience based on the operation
of previous rural pipelines. Design flows should:

 Result in an economically viable project;

 Meet the client’s current and future in-house average daily requirements; and
 Provide additional capacity for future expansion (an important consideration
given the investment of public funds).
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 3

1.3 Storage Requirements

Most rural water pipelines are designed so that in the event of an interruption of water
flow, the impact of pressure demand and flow is reduced because of in-house
reservoirs, which allow subscribers to draw water from their holding tanks until the
system resumes flow and the reservoir is topped up again. Temporary shutdowns of
the rural pipeline or its source may occur leaving the subscribers without water for short
periods of time. It is recommended that all subscribers have in-house storage and in
some cases Pipeline Organizations have implemented mandatory storage requirements
in order to qualify for grants or funding. Also, the agreement with your water supplier
may stipulate that as a condition of service, your Organization shall require every hook-
up to include a cistern that is constructed in such a manner that a suitable air gap is
maintained to prevent backflow contamination. The size of the storage should be based
on the subscriber’s need for an uninterrupted supply of water but consideration should
be given to stagnant water and dissipating chlorine residuals. If a reservoir is sized too
large, it could lead to problems due to water not being refreshed often enough. As a
rule of thumb, a two day supply is recommended which may vary from household to
household. Typical storage tanks range between 450 and 4500 litres (100 to 1000 ig).
In some cases, subscribers may have an existing cistern they wish to use for storage,
such as a buried concrete cistern or a cistern in their basement. Below ground cisterns
are not recommended and some Pipeline Organizations do not allow them because of
the inability to maintain an air gap.
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 4

Section 2 Source Development

2.0 General
Examples of suitable sources of water for pipelines are wells, rivers, lake intakes,
existing pipelines and municipal systems. The source may be either raw water or
treated water. The quality of the source water will determine what treatment process is
required. If the source is a treated water supply, all that may be required at the tie-in
location is a meter, isolation valve, sampling port and suitable backflow prevention to
protect the supply source. Please refer to UNIT V - Approvals and Agreements for
information regarding the regulatory and legal requirements for each type of water
supply source.

2.1 Existing Pipeline

2.1.1 General Considerations

An existing pipeline must have sufficient flow and capacity to supply the new rural
pipeline project without adversely affecting its existing clients. Design flow models
should be used to determine the impact on the existing pipeline’s pressure and flow
when additional subscribers are added to it.

Assuming that the existing pipeline has enough flow to accommodate its needs and also
to supply the quantity of water needed for the new pipeline, pressure requirements still
have to be considered. In some situations a booster station may be required, or it may
be possible to twin sections along the existing pipeline to boost the flow and pressure to
meet the demands of the new line.

2.1.2 Sask Water Corporation (SWC) Utility Pipeline

Connecting to a SWC Utility pipeline may be an option for some new Pipeline
Organizations that are in proximity of a SWC line. At the very minimum, SWC generally
requires a manhole or vault at the tie-in point which would house a water meter, suitable
backflow protection and an isolation valve. SWC has offices throughout the province
that would likely be able to advise if the flow and pressures would meet the demands of
a proposed pipeline. If a booster station is required, the above mechanical equipment
could also be housed inside the pumphouse or booster station.

2.1.3 Other Group Pipeline

Connecting to an existing pipeline group’s distribution system may be an option for
some organizations. This would require testing and collection of data to determine line
pressure, flows, peak usage rates and available water that could be supplied to the new
pipeline group.
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 5

2.1.4 Municipal Systems

Municipal systems usually provide reliable sources of good quality water. The capacity
and pressure available at the proposed connection point will need to be determined and
may possibly be obtained
from the water utility
department. If the
municipal system’s
pressure is not sufficient
to meet the requirements
of the rural pipeline, a
pumphouse may be added
to the pipeline design at
the point of the supply
connection to boost water
pressure and flow.
Booster stations may also
need to be incorporated
downstream to maintain
pressure and flow
requirements throughout
the distribution system.

When connecting to an existing

supply pipeline such as a
municipal waterline, the
municipality may request that a
pressure sustaining valve be
installed and set to activate if the
supply pressure falls below a
preset parameter. The pressure
sustaining valve allows the
municipality to suspend water
flow to the Pipeline Organization
when a pressure drop occurs in
the supply line due to fire fighting Pressure Sustaining
or line breaks and prioritizes flow Valve
to meet their needs.

Supply line connection points that use below ground metering vaults or manholes are
not recommended because of the problems associated with below ground systems
such as potential flooding and cross contamination, confined space protocol, and
inability to add post chlorination equipment. A preferred method of connecting to a
supply line is to erect a building that will house the water meter, backflow protection
device, isolation valve and any other equipment that may be required. Accessibility is
an important issue and should be considered so that water quality and volumes can be
monitored and water samples can be easily extracted for analysis. Also, a pumphouse
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 6

will allow the municipality a suitable site to check the current demand on the distribution
system versus the total future water demand including the new pipeline.

2.2 Wells
New and existing wells can also be used to provide a source of water for rural pipelines.
Unlike purchasing treated water from an existing supply line, the cost of the raw water is
minimal. The real cost however, will depend on what is required to find and develop the
water supply and the operational costs incurred to maintain acceptable quality
standards. If a well is chosen as the proposed water source, steps need to be taken to
determine if the well is of acceptable quality and capacity and whether it could be
developed as a source for the rural pipeline. Generally this would consist of extensive
water quality testing and also pump testing to determine the sustainable yield. As with
any water source, appropriate approvals and agreements need to be in place prior to
the development of the source. (See Unit V - Section 2.2).

2.3 River or Lake Intake

River and lake intakes can be difficult structures to engineer and construct. The
seasonal variations in water levels can fluctuate dramatically and the intake location
may be subject to severe sedimentation. Intake structures must be able to provide a
year round water supply for the life of the project. If possible, it is advisable to
investigate existing intake structures rather than develop a new one. Providing there is
sufficient flow through the wet well, a submersible pump could be used to retrofit an
existing intake works.

River and lake intakes are only one of the hurdles that need to be overcome when using
surface water. Many challenges exist in the treatment of surface water as the quality of
the raw water is always changing. Each season presents new problems for the
operators.
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 7

Section 3 Pipeline Design

3.0 General
The two most commonly used thermoplastics for water pipelines are polyvinyl chloride
(PVC) and polyethylene (PE) pipe. Both materials are acceptable for use in the
Province of Saskatchewan. There are advantages and disadvantages for using each of
these thermoplastics for water pipeline installation. One of the advantages of using
PVC pipe is that it is generally more economically priced than PE pipe. However, for
pipe sizes of 100 mm (4 inch) or less which are most commonly used for rural water
pipelines, the PE pipe can be shipped in reels and can be plowed directly into the
ground which makes it the product of choice for most rural pipeline installations. Both
types of pipe should be presented to the Pipeline Organization so that they may choose
their best option.

3.1 Pipe Material

3.1.1 Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe (PVC)

All PVC pipes that are used for rural water pipeline applications must be certified
suitable for potable water by the CSA testing Laboratory, and conform to the
requirements of CSA:B137.3-M1990.

Rigid PVC small diameter pipe of nominal diameter of 100 mm (4 in) or greater must be
manufactured in accordance with the latest edition of CSA B137.3 Rigid Polyvinyl
Chloride (PVC) Pipe for Pressure Applications, and also the latest standards issued by
the American Water and Wastewater Association (AWWA) and the Canadian General
Standards Board (CGSB).

The CSA B137.3 standard has a maximum allowable internal pressure in kPa (psi) to
which the pipe can be subjected (operating or working and surge pressure) which is
designed by the series number (Series 100, 125, 160, etc.) for IPS-Schedule, SDR, DR
sized PVC pipe. As a rule of thumb, the maximum allowable working pressure would be
approximately 62 per cent of the series rating. For example, the allowable working
pressure of Series 160 PVC would be 160 x 0.62 = 100 psi.

CI-DR and SDR PVC pipe sizes may be referred to by the class system where class
100 is equivalent to 690 kpa (100 psi) DR 25, Class 150 is equivalent to 1035 kpa (150
psi) DR 18 etc. The class number (100, 150, 200, etc.) corresponds to the maximum
allowable working pressure in psi (kpa) to which the pipe can be subjected. The class
ratings provide for a pressure rise above the maximum working pressure caused by a
surge that does not exceed that caused by an instantaneous velocity change of 0.6 m/s
(2ft/s).

If the pipe is to be used at a temperature above 23 C then the effective pressure rating
of the pipe must be lowered. For normal water pipeline installations, the expected
internal pressures will dictate the pipe strength requirements for the PVC pipe. For
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 8

water pipelines, a minimum of Series rating 160 or Class 100 or equivalent should be
used.

3.1.2 High Density Polyethylene Pipe (HDPE)

All PE pipe used for water pipelines must be certified suitable for potable water by the
CSA testing Laboratory and conform to the requirements of the latest edition of B137.0-
1986 standards for polyethylene pipe, tubing and fittings for cold water pressure
services, and the latest standards issued by AWWA and CGSB. The CSA B137.1
standard covers pipe up to and including 150 mm (6 inch) nominal diameter.

With PE pipe, the Series number (100, 160, etc.) represents the maximum allowable
working pressure in psi (kPa) to which the pipe should be subjected at 23 C, with an
allowance for surge pressure of approximately three times the series number. Transient
or surge pressures normally experienced in pipes can be permitted to raise the total
internal pressure above the pipe series rating provided the normal working pressure is
below the series rating and the duration of the excessive pressure is short and followed
by a period of recovery. If required, contact the manufacturers for pressure-duration
specifics.

The effective pressure rating of PE pipe must be reduced if it is to be used at working

temperatures above 23 C. As an example, at temperatures between 30 and 38 C, PE
pipe should not be operated in excess of 80 per cent of the Series pressure rating.

Internal pressures will normally dictate PE pipe strength requirements for water
pipelines. Manufacturer’s design curves can provide sufficient information to allow a
designer to select the required pipe Series. Much of the pipe supplied for existing water
pipelines is coiled PE pipe. For water pipelines, a minimum of CSA Series 100 PE pipe
(DR17) may be used for main lines and laterals. Working pressures may be, for
example, 60 psi but the pipe could be subjected to 100 psi during flushing and cleaning.
Service lines should be a minimum of CSA Series 160 PE pipe.

3.2 Types of Water Pipelines

Water distribution pipelines can generally be categorized into two groups - pipelines that
require their subscribers to have suitable storage or reservoirs and those that do not.

3.2.1 Pipelines with Storage

Most pipelines are designed as low pressure distribution systems that include an in-
house storage reservoir. This type of distribution system adds reliability to the water
supply in the event of reduced water flow due to accidents or normal maintenance.
Properly designed storage facilities can also reduce the instant demand on the water
source thereby reducing the cost and size of pipes, pumps and related infrastructure.
For water pipelines with storage, each residential connection should have a storage
tank, preferably an in-house holding tank, which is sized for at least two days of future
average day demand. The typical size of water storage for in-house use with a family of
three persons is 1.4 m3 (300 imperial gallons). In addition to economic benefits to the
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 9

pipeline because of reduced costs in pipes and equipment, in-house reservoirs provide
a means of safeguarding the distribution system from backflow contamination by
installing a proper overflow below the supply inlet on the holding tank to create and
maintain an air gap. Additional information on air gaps and backflow prevention can be
found in Unit IV - Section 2.3.4.

3.2.2 Pipelines without Storage

If the proposed water pipeline calls for no in-house storage, then water pipelines must
be sized to meet the future instant demand of the water pipeline which is considerably
greater than the future peak day demand of systems with storage. The design flow of
systems without storage may be more than 10 times greater than the design flow of a
system with storage. In a zero storage water pipeline, the mainline, lateral and service
connection pipes must be designed to have a higher flow rate than systems with
storage. As an example, if 15 subscribers simultaneously opened their kitchen tap, the
instant water demand may be 30 igpm (2.3L/s). A system with in-house storage in a
similar situation would have a peak demand of less then 5 igpm (0.4L/s). If a water
pipeline that is designed to supply water to zero-storage subscribers is not able to meet
the water demands, a negative pressure event may be experienced.

3.3 Estimating Water Quantity and Flow

Many variables regarding water quantity and flow need to be considered when
designing rural water pipelines. Consideration needs to be given to the terrain in which
it is installed, particularly if there is severe change in elevation. The pipeline should be
designed to handle the operating pressure plus surge (if applicable) as well as any
pump shut off condition (if applicable).

3.3.1 Pipeline Water Demands

Pipeline water demands are to be based on evaluating the number of people living in
each household, number and types of livestock, extent of lawn and garden irrigation,
tank filling and other yard use. PFRA has collected data on several projects that they
have been involved with and this data can be viewed at: (Appendix VI - A). Design
flow for systems without storage is much higher than systems with in-house storage.
Future demand growth should also be considered in design flow calculations.

Most rural farm pipelines are designed to have a peak water demand of approximately
6.5 m3/day or 1.0 igpm if no other design information is available. However, some
operating water pipelines show peak water demands as low as 0.65m3/day or 0.1 igpm
for household purposes only. A chart showing typical water usage can be seen at
(Appendix VI - B).

3.3.2 Modeling Flows in Pipelines

The flow capacity of a water pipeline is commonly modelled by the Hazen-Williams

equation http://www.saskh2o.ca/DWBinder/EPB276WaterPipelineDesignGuidelines.pdf
(Scroll down to Point 9.2)
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 10

Flow calculation equations and associated computer simulation packages operate

under derivations of the Hazen-Williams equation. Design velocity should be a
maximum of 1.5 m/s (5ft/s), and a minimum of 0.6 m/s (2ft/s).

Most rural pipelines are designed with flow velocities that are generally less than 1.0
m/s to minimize surge problems. Pressure losses in PVC and PE pipe should be
calculated using standard friction loss formulas, as recommended by the pipe
manufacturer. The modified ISO formula may be used to select the pipe pressure
ratings as per the manufacturer specifications. Other considerations are as follows:

 The Series rating should not change in the middle of a section of pipeline,
unless elevation change is great (e.g. at coulees/river crossings)
 Changes should be made

3.3.3 Allowances for Future Capacity

Future capacity requirements should be identified by the Pipeline Organization as soon

as possible, to ensure proper design of pipe. However, existing systems without
"designed" future expansion can usually accommodate additional clients if storage is
added or by adding on a booster station(s) or twinning sections of the existing pipeline.
Adding more connections to an existing system may decrease the pressure and flow for
some subscribers. Existing projects not currently using flow restrictors may require flow
restrictors to accommodate more tapoffs.

Where the potential for future expansion exists, the pipeline should be designed to
accommodate the anticipated expansion (e.g. an extra 5 igpm (0.38 L/s) for future
connections at a specific location along and/or at the end of a current pipeline).

The Organization should consider the possibility of reasonable future expansion from
two perspectives:

1) Expansion of their own system and,

2) Expansion for other user groups to tap into the existing supply.

Expansion can be built into the system through a combination of:

1) Over sizing pipe size and pressure rating and supply manifolds;
2) Designing higher capacity pump and pressure tank systems.

The Organization is encouraged to make every effort to provide for expansion of their
system to accommodate future users.

When determining the amount of additional flow to “build” into the pipeline, a number of
factors should be considered;

 Potential for additional development within the pipeline area (e.g. Acreages,
subdivisions).
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 11

 Potential for additional commercial users (e.g. Livestock operations,

greenhouses, custom spraying).
 Location of potential additional consumers (e.g. Clusters of houses near the
pipeline vs. pasture land).

It may be difficult to incorporate additional flow into the pipeline for potential large
volume users as the increase in cost vs. the possibility of a large subscriber may not be
justified.

Many of these issues are best answered by the local Pipeline Organization or Rural
Municipalities as they are often aware of development plans in the local area.

3.4 Pressure Requirements

3.4.1 Design Flow

Some subscribers require more than basic 0.076 l/s flow (large livestock operations or
small communities). In these cases, the subscriber’s actual average daily flow
requirement is used. (Appendix VI - B)contains information on how to calculate the
amount of water that a subscriber may require.

In some situations a design flow of 0.038 l/s (0.5 igpm) has been used as the basis of
design. The designer should be aware of the potential future demand that may be
placed on the system and ensure that the system capacity can handle future demand.
Future demands may involve flows required by new subscribers and/or an increase in
the flows required by existing subscribers.

3.4.2 Actual Flows

The actual flow at any given point and time along the pipeline will be different than the
design flow when the system is operational. The nature of the actual water use in the
system and the location of a specific user in the system will affect the flow that is
available for each user. However, when flows are considered over a 24 hour period,
they should be sufficient to meet the all of the subscriber’s daily water requirements.

Typical usage data for a member of a rural Pipeline Organization show the following
results: To date, the results indicate average usage rates of 800 to 1600 l/day (175 to
350 igpd). The average flow rates were 0.015 to 0.023 l/s/client (0.2 to 0.3 igpm) and
the peak flow rate was 0.053 to 0.121 l/s/subscriber (0.7 to 1.6 igpm).

3.4.3 Design Delivery Pressure

The system is designed assuming that under the design flow condition (typically 0.076
l/s), the minimum water pressure at each curbstop is 98 kPa (10 m of head, 14 psi).
This minimum pressure should be checked to ensure that it is sufficient to compensate
for any head losses between the curbstop and the subscriber’s storage tank.
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 12

3.4.4 Actual Delivery Pressure

The actual curbstop pressure may be significantly different than the pressure under the
design flow conditions. The pressure available at any specific point will depend on the
actual water use in the system and in most cases; the pressure will be higher than the
design flow pressure. During certain operating conditions, however, the pressure at
some curbstops may actually be below 98 kPa (10 m of head, 14 psi). This must be
carefully monitored with accurate data to ensure a negative head is not incurred on the
pipeline, which may result in damage to the pipeline.

3.5 Pipe Sizing and Series Selection

3.5.1 Line Sizing

Line sizing will be determined by the volume of water and the number of subscribers.
The distance of the following points should be considered when selecting line size and
series:

 The diameter of all lines shall be such that the maximum water velocity is less
than 1.0 m/s.
 In general, the minimum size of mainline serving three or more connections,
should not be less than 50 mm (2 in) nominal diameter.
 In general, the minimum size of lateral line should not be less than 38 mm (1.5
in) nominal diameter.
 The minimum size of pipe on the source side of the curbstop is 38 mm
diameter.
 Typically 25 mm CTS PE Series 200 pipe is installed from the client side of the
curbstop to the client’s cistern.

3.5.2 Series Selection (Pressure Ratings)

On rural pipelines, flow velocities are generally designed to be less than 1 m/s to
minimize surge problems.

The pipeline should be designed to handle the operating pressure plus surge (if
applicable) as well as the pump shut off condition (if applicable). The designer should
be aware that negative pressures can occur and consider the conditions that may lead
to their occurrence.

Pressure losses in PVC and PE pipe shall be calculated using standard friction loss
formulas, as recommended by the pipe manufacturers. The modified ISO formula shall
be used to select the pipe pressure ratings as per the pipe manufacturer’s
specifications:

 The Series rating should not change in the middle of a section of pipeline,
unless elevation change is great (e.g. at coulees/river crossing); changes
should be made at defined points such as valves, tees, pumphouses etc.
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 13

 The number of pipe changes in a pipeline should be minimized to avoid

confusion.
 Consideration should be given to operation and maintenance. For example,
swabbing may be impeded if the pipe diameter changes in the middle of a
section of pipeline.
 The Series rating of the pipe shall be selected based on the design procedures
recommended by the pipe manufacturers.
 The minimum Series rating for PVC pipe 75 mm diameter and smaller, will be
Series rating of 1103 kpa (160 psi).
 The minimum Series rating used for PE pipe will be 689 kPa (100 psi).
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 14

Section 4 Pipeline Mechanical Appurtenances

4.0 General
The physical location of the various pipeline mechanical appurtenances should take into
account issues such as ease of access, protection from vehicles and farming
equipment, surface drainage, and ground water levels.

4.1 Valves
4.1.1 Isolation Valves (Shut-Off Valves)

Where a mainline feeds several smaller lines, a valve should be placed at the beginning
of each of the smaller lines so they can be isolated from the larger mainline for repairs,
testing or flushing. Future connections can also be added without disrupting service on
the mainline.

4.1.2 Manual Air Release Valves

Manual air release valves are not normally placed at high points along the pipeline. In
some cases, air release valves are installed after the pipeline is trenched in to assist
with filling, flushing and testing the new line. The number of manual air release valves
should be kept to a minimum. Location of the valves requires ease of access to the
land use and suitable drainage. House connections can also be used to purge air from
the pipeline for filling and for testing.

4.1.3 Automatic Air Release Valves

Automatic air release valves and combination air release/air vacuum valves are not
common and are only installed where a line break or other situations could create a
large negative pressure in the system. These valves are required to be placed inside a
manhole/pump house for frost protection.

4.1.4 Combination Air Release Air Vacuum Valves

Backflow prevention valve assemblies are required at the source connection and at all
subscriber connections.

4.2 Curb Valve Shutoff

4.2.1 Curbstops

Curb valves or “curbstops” are required to isolate each subscriber connection from the
main line. The location of the curbstop is determined by the Pipeline Organization in
consultation with the engineer, unless otherwise instructed by a regulatory agency such
as Ministry of Environment, Sask Health/Health Regions, Sask Water, or any other
water purveyor.
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 15

4.2.2 Curbstop Location

Curbstops are typically placed at

the property line and should be
identified with a marker such as a
painted 4x4 post, metal, plastic or
fibreglass rod. Markers will offer
some protection from vehicles
and off-road traffic as well as
warn maintenance crews of the
valve placement when cutting
grass and performing other
maintenance duties. Markers
should have reflectors or
conspicuity tape on them and
identifying numbers which
correspond to map drawings or
Curbstop
records. If valve placement is
consistent, locating it during an emergency will be quicker, less stressful and may help
to avoid further damages to equipment and property. Routine maintenance should also
be quicker and easier if curbstops are easily identified and can be cross referenced with
corresponding drawings to verify valve placement.

Placing the valve close to the delivery point in the subscriber’s yard makes it quicker to
access when isolating the house from the system to repair or replace components.
Placing the curbstop too near the house, however, can result in flooded basements
should leaks occur at the curbstop.

4.3 Backflow Prevention

Backflow prevention devices vary in size and shape but are generally designed for the
purpose of reducing the risk of contamination entering the distribution system.

4.3.1 Dual Check Valves (DUC)

Dual Check Valves are one of the simplest forms of backflow prevention devices and
are used in situations where there is a very low probability of it becoming a hazard.

4.3.2 Double Check Valves (DCVA)

Double Check Valves are the minimum standard for backflow prevention in most
pipelines. They are usually part of the meter assembly and are located at the point of
water delivery to the in-house reservoir. Generally, a Dual Check Valve is considered to
be safe for any substance that has a low probability of becoming a nuisance or be
aesthetically objectionable if introduced to the domestic water supply.
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 16

4.3.3 Testable Double Check Valves (Testable DCVA)

Testable Double Check Valves are a requirement of most source connections and are
designed to be tested in place by qualified technicians. The operation and maintenance
manual for your pipeline should include scheduling and procedures for regular testing of
testable devices.

4.3.4 Air Gap

An air gap device is a

relatively inexpensive
device that is created in
the subscriber’s cistern or
storage tank and if
1” Inlet configured correctly, has a
very high degree of
backflow prevention. An
air gap is achieved by
Twice Inlet Diameter (2”) ensuring that the elevation
of the lowest point of the
inlet or point where water
is discharged into the
1 1/2” storage tank is above the
lip of the overflow. This
Overflow means that if the float
assembly in the storage
tank fails and water continues to discharge into the tank, water in the tank will not rise
above the overflow because it will take the path of least resistance and flow out the
overflow and drain away. Therefore an “air gap” is created between the highest water
level in the tank and the outlet. See (Appendix VI - C) See Unit IV – Section 2.2.4 for
more information.
The lip of the overflow should be lower than the point of discharge into the tank by at
least twice the diameter of the outlet into the tank. In other words, if the line discharging
water into the tank is 1 inch, the lip of the overflow should be 2 inches below the point of
discharge into the tank. The diameter of the overflow should also be a minimum of 1½
inches and configured so as to vent water away from the tank, preferably toward a floor
drain. It is recommended that the overflow not be connected into the existing plumbing,
as this could create the possibility of sewer gases backing up into the water storage.

See UNIT IV 2.2.4 for further information.

UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 17

4.4 Other Appurtenances

4.4.1 Flush out Assemblies

Flush out assemblies generally should be placed at the end of all mainlines and at every
change in pipe diameter. Flush out assemblies can be used for purging air, flushing
water, or in some cases, swab retrieval during maintenance or start-up of a new line.

Flush out assemblies should be accessible, and must have the approval of the property
owner if located on private property. Additionally, the facilities should be marked and
protected from accidental damage caused by vehicles and/or equipment operating
within the vicinity. The flush out assembly should be locked or secured to prevent
unauthorized entry and to reduce the risk of contamination entering the distribution
system. Also, the site should be routinely monitored for suspicious activity and possible
tampering.

4.4.2 Clean out Assemblies

Most pipelines today are engineered with launch and retrieval stations for pigging or
swabbing. In contrast, many older existing pipelines were not designed with this in mind
and may need to be upgraded to accommodate this type of line cleaning. Although
pigging or swabbing stations were not normally installed along the pipeline route in the
past, pigging tees or wyes are sometimes installed in the pump stations or manholes to
assist with start-up of the pipeline.

4.4.3 Tees, Caps, Saddles, etc.

Tees, caps or plugs can be used in locations of possible future expansion. A minimum
length of 2 metres of pipe should be installed at the tee to facilitate locating and
installing pipe in the future. It is also advisable to install tracer wire with the line to
assist with locating. If it is a HDPE pipeline, future expansion can continue by attaching
the new line and using heat fusion as a method of connecting the existing line.

Saddles come in various sizes and are made of different types of materials. Stainless
steel service saddles can be used for 75 mm or greater size pipe.
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 18

Section 5 Pipeline Routing

5.0 General
The “Pipeline Route” is generally proposed by the design or consulting engineer and is
usually based on past experience and of course data collected in the field to determine
the most practical path for pipeline installation. Most often, cost will be the major
influence in the route selection; however, land control may also be a factor. Population
density and potential for expansion are other important considerations and will have to
be weighed into the design route as well as plans to minimize and/or avoid disturbance
to environmentally sensitive areas. There are other important decisions which need to
be addressed as well, such as whether the pipeline should be installed in the road
allowance or should easements be obtained from private land owners for the primary
pipeline route. Although there will be much consultation with all of the stake holders,
ultimately it will be up to the Organization to decide and finalize the route of the pipeline.

5.1 Road Allowances (Main Lines)

If the pipeline is to be installed in road allowances, the Pipeline Organization must
ensure that proper approvals have been obtained from each of the RM(s) that are
affected by the installation. If the line is to cross or parallel a Provincial Highway,
approvals must also be obtained from Highways and Transportation or the agency that
is in charge of that particular highway. See Unit V, Section 1.2 & 1.3 for more details.
The Organization should be aware of any immediate, intermediate or long term plans
that the RM or Highways have to adjust the ditch grade and plan accordingly to protect
the pipeline by burying the line at a depth that allows for adequate cover. Developing
previously undeveloped road allowances will result in additional costs for the group later
if their pipeline needs to be lowered, so communication with the local governments is
essential.

5.2 Private Property (Main Lines)

When pipelines are installed on private property, the Organization must ensure that
easements have been obtained from each land owner. Generally, easements are
obtained by the engineering firm that has been awarded the project, but regardless of
who is responsible for obtaining them, it is imperative that each parcel crossed by the
pipeline has the proper approvals. The pipeline route should be identified as such that a
signed written easement would be adequate for land control and an interest registration
should be filed with Information Services Corporation (ISC). Legal surveys are not
desirable because of the higher cost, but are necessary in some cases such as
pumphouses.

Unit VII - Section 11.2 (Administration) describes in more detail the easement process.

Easement widths should be kept to 10 to 15 metres if at all possible, to minimize

disturbance, but must be wide enough to allow excavation of the pipeline, placement of
the over burden and backfilling/clean-up operations.
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 19

If the pipeline route results in crop damage, the Organization, or in some cases the
contractor, is responsible for compensation of damages. (Responsibility should be
determined prior to tendering).

5.3 Crossings
Crossing permits may be required for some underground crossings (e.g. railway
companies). In some cases there may be a cost for the crossing permit (sometimes a
yearly renewal fee may be charged) to cover administration and inspection costs.
Before proceeding to final design, the consultant or engineer should meet with the
companies that are involved to determine these costs and obtain approvals.

Each agency will have its own set of standards and guidelines (regarding notice,
method of crossing, etc.) that must be followed. These standards must be known prior
to tendering so that the plans and specifications can be adjusted accordingly. It is
advisable to have all approvals in place prior to construction so that there are no
surprises once the installation begins. Unit IV (Approvals and Agreements), Sections
1.3 and 1.4 provides more details about crossings.

5.4 Geotechnical Information

If test-hole data is available, it should be included in the pipeline tender package for the
pipeline route prior to the call for tenders. During the tender period, it is expected that
contractors would familiarize themselves with soil conditions along the proposed
pipeline route. Two methods are available to obtain this information.

The preferred method of providing information on soil conditions is to dig test pits at any
number of locations during a pre-tender site meeting. Locations will need to be
identified prior to excavation and Utility Companies must be contacted so they can
locate and flag their existing utilities. This is especially important in the case of the
trenchless plough methods, where traditional geotechnical information does not provide
the contractors with the visual observation of the sub-surface conditions. The Pipeline
Organization may arrange to have a backhoe on hand to accommodate this test dig.

The second method of obtaining soil information is by using a drill rig. Usually test holes
are drilled every 800 to 3000 metres along the pipeline route. Where it is speculated
that soil conditions may significantly affect unit prices, areas close to augured crossings
such as highways, railways, and rivers may require additional test holes. This method
will have a significantly higher cost than digging test pits with a backhoe.
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 20

5.5 Private Property (Service Lines)

As part of the preliminary survey, the Consultant should meet with the Organization to
discuss procedures for installing the water service lines from the main or lateral line, to
the subscriber’s residence or business. It is recommended that service lines are
installed with a curb valve at the property line. The service line usually is installed in the
most direct route from the curb valve to the point of entry at the house or building, but
this is sometimes not practical. If an excessive number of utilities (including the
subscribers existing water, sewer, or other lines) are in the path of the installation, an
alternative route may need to be chosen. Pipeline Organizations will need to determine
what method of trenching will be used for the installation of the water service. If the
water service is to be installed by a directional bore method, the number of utility
crossings doesn’t impact the installation as much as traditional open cut trenching
because the water service would be pulled into place under the existing utilities and not
have to be spliced and connected together at each line crossing as in traditional
trenching methods.

Subscribers generally have an idea of where they would prefer the pipeline installed and
where existing buried underground utilities are located in their yard site. This will help to
determine the final pipeline routing.

It should also be clear who is responsible for clean-up and what the expectation is for
returning the site to as near to pre-construction conditions as reasonably possible.
Long term considerations may include who is responsible for maintaining the line and
what the provisions are for land transfer.
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 21

Section 6 Pipeline Installation

6.0 General
This section discusses various aspects of pipeline installation and recommendations for
pipe burial, suggestions for supply line connection points and tips for other pipeline
considerations. To view a sample contract agreement for pipeline installation, see
(Appendix VI – L).

6.1 Depth of Cover

Pipelines are installed at varying depths to avoid damage from frost depending on your
geographical location, but are usually buried at a minimum depth of 2.6 m (8 ft) in the
province of Saskatchewan. Pipe that has a diameter smaller than or equal to 125 mm is
recommended to be buried at 2.6 m to top of pipe, and pipe that has a diameter bigger
than 125 mm should be 2.7 m to top of pipe. This depth should also be increased to a
minimum of 2.8 m (9.2 ft) for pipe installed under grid road/highway crossings.

No pipe should be intentionally laid in water, or on frozen foundations, or when the

trench conditions are unsuitable. Generally, sand bedding of the pipe is not required,
except where the foundation is rocky or when backfill material consists of hard blocks of
soil that are otherwise unsuitable or the engineered design has called for the inclusion
of sand bedding.

6.2 Supply Line connections

6.2.1 Manhole Connection

Depending on the source of the

water supply, a below ground
metering vault or “manhole” may
be required. If the source water is
part of an existing pipeline and
infrastructure, the manhole
connections are often used as a
starting point for the distribution
system. The manhole generally
includes a water meter, isolation
valve, backflow prevention device,
and in some cases, a pressure
sustaining valve. The manhole
and connection may be installed
by the source utility (i.e. City of
Moose Jaw) but it is generally the responsibility of the Pipeline Organization to maintain
the connection. Manholes can be constructed of various approved materials which can
include precast concrete, corrugated steel pipe or fibreglass. Consideration should be
given to ground water levels and the uplift force on the manhole. Also, a drain sump
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 22

should be installed to vent water from the vault should a leak occur. Frost protection of
the piping and mechanical assemblies within the manhole should also be considered.

Manhole or metering vaults are quite common and although they offer a relatively
inexpensive method of connecting to a water supply, the problems are they tend to fill
with water, access is restricted, and they present some safety concerns (e.g. build up of
gases, confined space entry). There are also some concerns about the ability to re-
chlorinate and operate chemical feed pumps in a normally damp environment.

6.2.2 Pumphouse Connection

A preferred method of connecting to a supply line is by housing the connection in a

building referred to as a pumphouse. Unlike a manhole connection, pumphouse
buildings are user friendly and allow the opportunity for expansion.

The Organization should be aware of all options with regard to choices of equipment,
telephone monitoring etc. so that they can make an informed choice. In general, the
Organization wants a simple fully functional pumphouse, requiring minimum
maintenance at a low cost with provisions for additional equipment, if required.

(Appendix VI – T) presents typical pumphouse plans which have been used very
successfully for the last number of years. The plans include typical mechanical
equipment used for a range of sizes and flows. (Appendix VI – T2).

6.3 Methods of Pipeline Installation

In general, four types of pipeline installation methods are common and are outlined
below:

 Plough method - involves construction equipment with a plough shoe and pipe
placing sleeve. This method minimizes ground disturbance. Contractors have
successfully installed up to and including 150 mm diameter PE pipe.

 Chain trencher method -

involves construction
equipment with a moving
chain complete with teeth.
This method causes some
ground disturbance, with
excavated soil placed on each
side of the trench. Care must
be used when backfilling the
pipe so that falling soil or
rocks do not damage the pipe.
Rocky soil conditions can
hinder or prevent installation
of pipe with a chain trencher.
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 23

 Backhoe method - this method may result in major ground disturbance,

depending on the soil being excavated. Extreme care must be used when
backfilling the pipe so that falling soil or rocks do not damage the pipe. Soil
settlement along the trench line after construction, is more of an issue with this
type of pipe installation method.

 Directional bore method -

commonly used where access is
limited and where no ground
disturbance is tolerated (eg. At
river/stream crossings, at large
deep sloughs and sensitive areas,
some farm yards with lots of utility
crossings, and road and utility
crossings.

6.4 Other Considerations for Pipeline Installation

6.4.1 Line Looping

Although line looping adds additional costs to the water pipeline, the benefits of line
looping outweigh the costs. One of the reasons for incorporating line looping into your
pipeline design would be to achieve a higher degree of safety in your distribution
system. The characteristics of chlorine disinfectant are such that branch lines which are
extremely long or have intermittent flow may experience dissipating disinfectant to a
point that the chlorine residuals could fall below the parameters for safe drinking water.
By incorporating line looping, water is refreshed quicker and is more likely to maintain
proper amounts of disinfectant.

Line looping also helps to relieve some of the pressure and/or flow demands in areas of
the pipeline that are experiencing marginal flow or pressure. Conditions may change as
the subscriber base grows and line looping may be necessary in order to maintain the
system’s design requirements. It is a good idea to develop a list of priority or preferred
segments of line that should be considered for line looping. Critical areas and places
where it is suspected that water demands may be reaching a point where it is no longer
possible to meet the flow demands should be monitored. It is important to document
any complaints of low volume or flow so that they can be reviewed and addressed in a
waterworks system assessment. The distribution system may be in danger of
depressurising if the situation is allowed to continue unchecked. Suspected lines
should be designated high priority and corrective action should be taken.
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 24

6.4.2 Grids

Grids can be created as the pipeline expands and when lateral lines are added to the
infrastructure to accommodate new subscribers. Grids are quite favourable as it allows
alternative routing for water distribution, thereby reducing the chance of a disruption in
service.

6.4.3 Flush Outs and Cleaning

Most of the pipelines today are designed with the ability to flush lines and clean them as
necessary. Pipelines that use HDPE pipe will remain relatively clean for several years
and have a much higher service life than pipelines that use ductile steel or some of the
other products.

6.4.4 As-Built Maps

It is essential to have accurate maps outlining the pipeline as it has been installed. The
maps should include all of the information about the pipeline such as where changes in
the pipe size occur, location and types of valves, location of pumphouses, manholes
and booster stations. As technology evolves, new tools are readily available to use for
identifying distribution lines and service connections. An example of this is the satellite
imagery that is available through Google™ Maps. Computer generated images of
terrain can easily be marked to show installed lines or GPS data can be overlayed into
the program to show as-built construction.

6.4.5 Tracer Wire

A shielded copper wire referred to as “tracer wire” is installed with the pipe to assist with
locating the line in the future. By attaching a cable or frequency locater to the end of the
tracer wire and sending a signal through the wire, it is possible to locate or “trace” the
signal at ground level and mark the water service line on the surface. Frequency
locaters are quite expensive, however, and utilities may choose to rent them when they
are required rather than buy their own. Care should be taken when installing tracer wire
to make sure the ends of the wire are accessible and easy to find. If the tracer wire has
been buried or cut off below the ground, it has no value and defeats the purpose of
installing it. Therefore it is a good idea to run the tracer wire up the curb valve or
isolation valve and attach the end of the wire to the top of the curb valve with tape so
that it is readily available for use. Likewise, the tracer wire should be attached to the
building at the point of entry or in a consistent manner that will be easily located by the
user.
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 25

Section 7 Pipeline Maintenance

7.0 General
Pipelines that use HDPE pipe will generally remain relatively clean for several years and
have a much higher service life than pipelines that use ductile steel or some of the other
products.

7.1 Maintenance Records

As always, it is important to document any maintenance that has been performed on the
pipeline. Pertinent information such as what type of work has been done, when it was
done and by whom needs to be documented. If the work was an emergency repair,
follow up documentation should also be completed and filed. Incident reports should be
generated for any event that is out of the normal operating procedures.

7.2 Line Breaks

7.2.1 Line Break Reporting

Line breaks are a reality with water distribution. Generally water line breaks are brought
to the attention of the Pipeline Organization by subscribers or concerned citizens that
have noticed water pooling in areas where it normally doesn’t pool or they may have
noticed a sudden cave-in. It is in the Organization’s best interest to investigate all
reported water line leaks and repair them as quickly as possible. Should the distribution
system develop a problem in which depressurization occurs, the potential for back
siphoning contaminated water is a real concern and can jeopardize the health and
safety of the subscribers.

7.2.2 Methods of Repair

Line break repair methods may vary according to each situation and the location of the
break, but Pipeline Groups should have an action plan ready with emergency repair
procedures. An action plan would include the contact numbers of available contractors
and personnel needed to repair the line. The plan will also include procedures for
locating other utility lines, steps required to alert downstream users of a possible water
outage, and the protocol for ensuring that the line is bacteriologicaly safe before it is put
back into service. All repairs must be completed in a safe, professional, and timely
manner. Consideration should be given to traffic flow and detours should be planned in
advance. If possible, repairs should be made when there is the least amount of traffic,
and therefore the minimum amount of disruption. Attention needs to be given to sign
placement as well as site and worker protection. Any excavation that has to be left
open for an extended period of time must be clearly marked, and preferably enclosed or
surrounded by suitable fencing. Care should be taken to keep pipes clean by covering
the ends so that dirt or debris will not enter the line, and lines should be plugged or
sealed when pipe laying is not in progress. Disinfection protocol must also be followed
according to the guidelines set out by Ministry of Environment.
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 26

7.2.3 Types of Repair Assemblies

There is a wide assortment of repair assemblies that can be purchased as a complete

package to install over a line rupture or line break. Most patches fit over the pipe and
clamp together to seal the hole or rupture, but quite often the damaged or leaking
section is removed instead and a new line is installed. Couplers made from various
materials such as brass, stainless steel, or PVC plastic are used to reconnect the new
line, or a heat-fusion fitting may also be used if the pipeline is polyethylene plastic.

7.3 Leak Detection

7.3.1 Mechanical Detection

Commercial leak detection equipment is available to assist in locating line leaks. This
can include very expensive equipment such as ground penetrating radar, or relatively
inexpensive equipment like a stethoscope type of listening device which is used to hear
water venting from the damaged line.

7.3.2 Mathematical Detection

Mathematical detection is done by recording the volume of water that is being used by
the subscribers and subtracting the volume from the supply line. If there is an
excessively high amount of unaccounted water, it is possible there is a line leak.
Pipelines that have an automated read system for data collection can use the system to
read segments or legs of the distribution system and compare the numbers to help
determine if a leak is present.

7.4 Line Cleaning

Most new lines are designed with provisions for flushing and have valves placed near
the end of lateral lines and at specific locations throughout the distribution system.
Flush out capability allows lines to be disinfected and cleaned by purging the system.

7.5 Line Cave-Ins

Cave-ins are usually reported by someone that frequently passes by the area in which
the cave-in occurred. Quite often it is the subscriber that will report a cave-in on a line
that services their residence or a mainline that runs by their property. It is a good idea
to record cave-in information such as who reported the cave-in, when it was made and
what action was taken. A spreadsheet can be used to record the information so that the
complaint isn’t forgotten and the repair work can be scheduled and completed. The
spreadsheet can then be used to reference all particulars including site location,
geographical coordinates, person doing the repairs and if the work was completed
satisfactorily.
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 27

7.6 Line Freeze-Ups

Line freeze-ups can be a serious issue for
Pipeline Organizations and may lead to
unexpected costs that may not have been
included in your budget. If the problem is
re-occurring, corrective measures need to
be taken. This usually involves lowering
the pipe below the frost line, or in some
cases Styrofoam Insulation can be placed
above the pipeline to prevent the frost from
penetrating. A temporary solution would be
to keep the water flowing through the line
during periods of low temperature by
opening a tap or venting the water out onto
the ground.

7.7 Valve Maintenance and Repair

7.7.1 Valve Maintenance

Valves that are not used for several years may become seized or stuck and are useless
in the event of an emergency shut off. Therefore, it is a good idea to develop a
schedule in which valves would be exercised to prevent them from seizing. A good
preventative maintenance plan would document when and what valves have been
exercised. This is particularly important for priority valves or isolation valves that may
need to be closed in a hurry.

7.7.2 Valve Repair

It is not uncommon for leaks to develop at the location of a valve. This may be because
of the connections made to the pipeline or it may be a failure of the valve itself. In either
case the site will need to be excavated and the leak repaired. Usually the valve will be
replaced at the same time, regardless of the condition of the valve.
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 28

Section 8 Pumphouses and Booster Stations

8.0 General
Pumphouses and Booster Stations can be designed in various sizes and shapes to
meet the needs of the Pipeline Organization. Pumphouses are generally used as a
starting point for delivery of water by connecting to a supply line or water source.
Booster Stations are designed to extend the service area of a water pipeline. They are
also used to overcome problems associated with extreme elevations by boosting
working pressure to accommodate increased head.

8.1 Pumphouses
8.1.1 Site Selection

In general, an above ground building is ideal for a pumphouse, in an area that will
provide good drainage. It should be accessible year-round, visible from the road and
close to a suitable power source (3-phase power may be required). It is recommended
that it be inspected daily to monitor equipment and temperatures inside the building.
This may also be accomplished through remote monitoring. Appropriate signage should
be visible and include contact information with an emergency phone number.

8.1.2 Building Requirements

Buildings should be designed so that they can accommodate the necessary equipment
that is to be housed inside. There also needs to be provisions for the supply and
discharge lines which should be sleeved at the point of entry into the building. A
structural plan for pumps, piping and
equipment can be seen at (Appendix
VI – T3). It is very important to
maintain the buildings in good repair
so that they will continue to provide
years of useful service. Consideration
should be given to future expansion as
well as adequate space for servicing
equipment and performing regular
maintenance. Buildings should have
adequate lighting and proper
ventilation. There should also be easy
access to safety equipment such as
eye wash stations. All guards, railings
or items pertinent to Occupational Health and Safety Regulations must be kept in place.
Blueprints of a typical building structure can be seen at (Appendix VI - T).
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 29

8.1.3 Sample Stations

Sample ports or stations should be

set up at pumphouses and booster
stations to monitor water quality.
Data should be recorded and
evaluated as determined in your
Permit to Operate. It is strongly
recommended that operators have
a safe and user- friendly place to
draw samples for analysis.

8.1.4 Building Monitoring

Buildings should be monitored routinely to ensure that all systems are functioning
properly. Several companies offer monitoring services which can be programmed to
notify when there is a loss of heat or power, or when it senses smoke, fire or intrusion.
Equipment monitoring can also be used to protect equipment from adverse conditions
and warn of potential failure or shut downs. Usually a list of contacts is provided so that
the alarm company can go down the list and call out in the event of a problem.

8.1.5 Pumps and Equipment

A dual pump system is recommended

and should be incorporated into the
design of the distribution system.
Engineers will normally design the
system so that if one pump is taken out
of service, the remaining pump will be
able to keep up even with peak water
demands. The system is also
designed with all necessary equipment
to deliver water safely to downstream
customers, but consideration should be
given to in-house water quality.
Disinfection equipment may need to be
added so that the water delivered
downstream complies with the regulatory requirements for safe drinking water. A
blueprint of a booster station with a single pump configuration can be seen at (Appendix
VI – T2).
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 30

8.2 Booster Stations

Booster stations are generally used to overcome problems associated with inadequate
working pressure. It may be necessary to boost the water pressure or flow to overcome
a difference in elevation or to achieve longer distances in the pipeline. Boosting water
pressure may also be necessary to accommodate growth of the distribution system and
to expand the service area.

8.3 Building, Grounds and Equipment

8.3.1 Building Maintenance

Regular inspections of all buildings that are operated by your Organization are essential
for longevity of the buildings and to ensure that health and safety issues are being
addressed.

8.3.2 Grounds Maintenance

Care should be taken to keep the grounds accessible year round and reasonably
groomed. This shows credibility and promotes the Organization as being responsible.
It also makes routine visits easier and allows emergency repairs to be completed
quicker.

8.3.3 Equipment Maintenance

Scheduled monitoring should be

conducted and recorded for all
buildings and property that your
Organization owns or operates. All
maintenance and scheduled visits
should be documented as to when the
visit occurred, what was observed,
and who was present. Any repairs or
changes that were made should also
be documented. Maintenance records
should be stored in a safe place
(preferably off-site) and include the
date and time repairs were made and
by whom. Maintenance records could
prove to be invaluable in the event of a loss or damage those results in an insurance
claim. It may also be necessary to provide records to prove due diligence.
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 31

Section 9 Household Mechanical

9.0 General
This section describes some typical household mechanical system layouts.

9.1 Household Mechanical

9.1.1 Isolation Valves

Ball valves should be used as an isolation valve inside the household, preferably at the
point of entry inside the house. They can be used to isolate the house downstream of
the curbstop when it is necessary to replace components of the meter assembly. In-
house valves offer a means of home owners to shut the water off in the event of an
emergency and allow responders and maintenance personnel more time to prepare for
the leak or repair.

9.1.2 Water Meters

A water meter with remote readout should be installed at every house/yard connection
to monitor water consumption for billing purposes and verify water consumption. Meters
must be installed according to manufacturer’s specifications and should be in a location
that is easily accessible. It is not recommended to install meters inside cisterns
because of contamination issues and also because of the normally damp environment.

9.1.3 Pressure Reducing Valves

Pressure reducing valves are generally installed as part of the meter assembly or
manifold in the house. Pressure reducing valves are normally equipped with a strainer
and a pressure gauge. Leakage from household mechanical systems could result if
pressure reducing valves are not installed and line pressure in the distribution system
exceeds the mechanical systems pressure rating.

9.1.4 Flow Restrictors

It is advisable that flow restrictors are placed at each client’s location. This will ensure
that the pipeline system will operate as designed and provide each subscriber with the
flow, pressure and quantity of water that it was designed for. Flow restrictors should be
installed on the meter assembly or at a location that is easily accessible as they can
become plugged and require servicing.

Although flow restrictors are not used on all rural pipelines, it is advisable to incorporate
them into the distribution system. Pipelines that do not have flow restrictors may find it
difficult to maintain the minimum pressure requirements set out in Ministry of
Environment guidelines. Elevation differences along the pipeline route can result in
highly variable flows at the points of delivery. This can affect the operation of the
system and further complicate the design of booster stations.
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 32

9.1.5 Strainers and Filters

Most water meters and pressure reducing valves have screens built into them which
prevent debris from within the pipeline to cause damage or malfunction. In-line
strainers or filters are not recommended because these devises could pose a health
concern by harbouring bacteria if not maintained properly.

9.1.6 Backflow Prevention Device

A backflow prevention device assembly is mandatory at every subscriber connection.

9.1.7 Pressure Gauge

A pressure gauge is recommended for every subscriber connection and is generally

part of the meter assembly. Some Organizations install two pressure gauges so that
line pressure coming into the assembly can be monitored before it is reduced by the
pressure reducing valve.

9.1.8 Storage

Storage systems come in all sizes and shapes and are available to meet the needs of
the subscribers. A minimum 450 litre (100 gal) storage cistern is recommended for
every subscriber connection. Although it is not recommended, existing cisterns have
also been used for water storage in the past. Some examples of storage cisterns and
typical house connections can be seen at (Appendix VI - U).

9.2 Meter Assembly and Maintenance

9.2.1 Meter Assembly

Meter assemblies may vary

slightly from organization to
organization, but generally
consist of the same types of
components. A typical meter
assembly will include a meter
with remote read, a pressure
reducing valve with pressure
gauge, and some type of
shutoff or ball valve. Most
assemblies will also have a
backflow prevention device
such as a Dual Check Valve
and possibly an in-line flow
restrictor.
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 33

9.2.2 Assembly Maintenance

Meter assemblies may require attention from time to time and could develop a leak due
to fatigue or corrosion. Each of the components is subject to failure such as the
pressure reducing valve which could lead to further problems. Generally, the subscriber
will notify the Organization of any leaking or abnormal noises that they have noticed. All
reported abnormal conditions should be investigated as soon as possible to prevent
further damages and possibly a major line leak or flood.

9.2.3 Preventative Maintenance Plan

A preventative maintenance program should be developed to address issues that arise

as your pipeline ages. For example, it is a good idea to look at replacing older meters
and/or components well in advance of their life expectancy to prevent potential failures
from turning into a disaster. Having said that, it is also a good idea to have a plan in
place to deal with emergency clean up and repair of a water line break or leak at a
subscriber’s residence. Contacts and numbers of available companies that provide site
restoration for floods should be kept on file and can be forwarded to the subscriber. In
emergency situations, damage can be minimized by initiating the restoration as soon as
possible regardless of who is responsible for the cleanup costs.

9.2.4 Maintenance Records

All maintenance and repair records should be well documented and kept for a minimum
of five years. Records should be stored in chronological order as per the regulations.
Original documents or record sheets should be filed for regulatory review and a hard
copy version should be created to extract data for completing charts and graphs that are
necessary for the organization to evaluate its position. Digital pictures can also be
included in the record files if possible. Also included are the records of all data relating
to water consumption, equipment run time, general conditions of pumphouses and
booster stations, repair and maintenance schedules. In addition, all records of
equipment failure and or replacements should be documented and filed.
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 34

Section 10 Operational Procedures

10.0 General
This section has been prepared to provide insight into the day to day operations of a
waterworks distribution system and to assist start up organizations in developing an
operational plan. Much of the information is based on situations encountered by
existing Pipeline Organizations and is intended to be used as a guide to identify areas
that might require further consideration and may be relevant to your Organization. As
owners of a rural water pipeline, some important decisions will have to be made in
regard to who will be in charge of the operations, how the pipeline will be staffed, and
how the workload will be accomplished.

10.1 Staffing
Each Pipeline Organization will have to determine how the work duties will be
accomplished and what will be the amount of compensation paid for the duties that are
performed. Some associations depend on volunteers to carry out specific duties.
Larger associations may have the resources to hire the necessary staff required to
maintain the pipeline. A combination of volunteer and paid positions may be an
alternative for Organizations that need to look at creative ways to be sustainable.

10.2 Operational Plan and Maintenance Manual

An operation plan and maintenance manual should be developed for each rural pipeline
outlining all pumphouses, booster stations, sampling stations, vaults and any other part
of the infrastructure. Waterworks Organizations are unique in design and operation and
require tailoring to suit their own needs. Some Organizations will be sourcing and
treating their own water supply, while others may be purchasing treated water from an
existing water treatment facility and re-distributing to their subscribers. Therefore,
operating procedures need to be developed and documented according to what works
best for the Organization to keep the waterworks operating smoothly while still
complying with current regulations.

The operational plan and maintenance manual should include system operating and
maintenance instructions for all components. Daily, weekly and monthly testing
procedures should be outlined for each of the components and detailed records of all
equipment that is required to be tested or calibrated. A summary of household
mechanical systems should be included showing various assemblies that are used in
your distribution system. Also, pipeline and pumphouse design features that are
incorporated into your system like backflow prevention devices and pressure sustaining
valves should be included. A list of all pertinent information such as the manufacturer's
data and a suggested maintenance schedule should accompany the summary of
components used in your waterworks system. Other items of importance include
detailed maps of the entire system, schematic drawings of pump houses, pipelines and
individual subscriber’s yards.
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 35

It is a good idea to document other important details in your plan such as policies that
your Organization has adopted on operational procedures and safety protocol. Plans
should be updated and reviewed regularly as new techniques or methods are
developed. The successors of the Organization will then have a better understanding of
what is required to keep the system operating smoothly and can easily modify the plan
to accommodate growth or structural changes.

10.3 Subscriber Listing

A complete list of current subscribers should be readily available and may include the
following items:

 addresses and phone numbers

 detailed yard maps
 start-up sample analysis
 Health Region Plumbing Permits
 subscriber agreements
 line locates and maintenance
 a copy of all correspondence

Subscriber lists are an important aspect of record keeping for the Pipeline Organization
and should be accessible for quick reference so that all subscribers contact information
can easily be retrieved in the event of an emergency. Lists should be arranged in
chronological order and up-dated as new subscribers are added or whenever it is
necessary to do so. Electronic files can be created so that detailed information can be
easily accessed from a laptop in the field.

10.4 Meter Reading and Repairs

Each Organization will have to establish a method of reading the water meters so that
the billing process can be initiated. One method that is used to accomplish this is to
send a self read card out to subscribers so that the meter information can be collected.
The subscriber enters the meter information and returns the card to the billing clerk or
administrator so that that data can be calculated and the invoices prepared.
Alternatively the Organization may elect to have someone read the meters. Because
rural pipelines usually involve long distances between subscribers, meter reading can
be a costly and time consuming endeavor. Some larger pipelines have incorporated
automated meter reading technology into their distribution system. Some automated
meter read systems have the ability to collect the water meter information by sending a
signal to the water meter and triggering the meter to broadcast meter data over a radio
frequency so that it can be intercepted by a mobile unit. More sophisticated units can
also interface with billing software and import the data into the billing cycle.
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 36

10.5 Customer Complaints

All customer complaints should be taken seriously. It is in the Organization’s best

interest to investigate and document all reported water complaints. A customer
complaint file should be established which documents the nature of the complaint, date
the complaint was received and by whom, and any follow up action that was taken. The
health and safety of the subscribers must be first and foremost.

10.6 Line Locates

Line locates are generally requested by subscribers wanting to know where their
service line is so that they can make modifications to their house or yard like building a
garage or installing a fence. Other utility companies or contractors also may need to
know where the water pipeline is located so as to avoid damage to the line. Requests
for line locates may come at any time but usually the peak season is during the summer
months. Some requests require more precise locating which can be provided by using
a frequency locator if tracer wire has been installed with the pipeline (see Section 6.4.5
– Tracer Wire). Most utilities provide line locating as a free service. The school of
thought is that it is safer and more cost effective to advise of possible water line
conflicts, rather than repair the line after the damage has been done.

Many commercial types of marking paint are available for line locating. Applicators are
relatively inexpensive and make the task much easier. Consideration should be given
to the color of marking paint used so as not to duplicate the color that other utility
companies are using to identify their lines. Normally a blue paint is used to signify a
water line. In addition, various colors of flags are available and once again the
preferred choice is blue for identifying a water line. Customized pin-flags can be
purchased through various companies but not-for-profit agencies are also located in our
province.

10.7 Tools and Equipment

Tools and equipment will vary according to size and finances for each Pipeline
Organization. A suggested list of inventory is shown below. The list may vary
depending on the Organizations needs. A completed list of all current inventories
should be kept on file for each service vehicle, piece of equipment or building and
updated as necessary. Some Organizations choose to equip an enclosed trailer with
items that they may need in an emergency. This provides a great place to keep your
tools and equipment secure and out of the weather and ready to go when you need it.
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 37

10.7.1 Service Vehicle Inventory

Common items that could be carried in a service vehicle would include the following:

 Fire Extinguisher
 First Aid Kit
 Warning Devices
 Squeeze-off Tools
 Flashlight
 Maps
 Reporting Forms
 Manuals
 Communication Equipment
 Camera
 Line Locater
 Assorted Fittings
 Hand Tools
 Shovels

10.8 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Personal protective equipment should be provided for all employees working in a
sensitive environment, as defined by Occupation Health and Safety. PPE gear should
be CSA approved and worn where required by regulation.

 Head Protection
 Hearing Protection
 Eye and Face Protection
 Foot Protection
 Reflection Wear
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 38

Section 11 Operating Requirements

11.0 General
Considerations need to be made in respect to meeting the regulatory requirements
implemented by Ministry of Environment and to ensure a safe and reliable water source.

This section outlines regulatory issues that may affect your Organization and offers
some suggestions on how to accomplish these tasks. Other sections in this manual
may describe the topics in more detail and will be referred to as indicated.

11.1 Permit to Operate

The Permit to Operate is issued by Ministry of Environment and states the conditions
that the Organization must follow in order to have authorization to operate. More
information on obtaining a “Permit to Operate” and protocol can be found in the
Regulatory Requirements Unit IV Section 2.2.

11.2 Certified Operator

Every group operating a pipeline that is supplying potable water to subscribers and
meets the criteria that deems it to be a Ministry of Environment regulated waterworks,
will require a certified operator in direct responsible charge at all times. Regulations
state that a “Regional Contract Operator” (see UNIT IV 2.4.4) may be brought in from
another utility or municipal system to oversee the operations. Some of the duties of the
certified operator include, but are not limited to, taking water samples and tests as set
out in the “Permit to Operate”, preparing reports, and often performing maintenance on
the pipeline. More information on Certified Operators can be found in Unit IV Section
2.4.3.

11.3 Operator Responsibilities

Pipeline Organizations that fall into the category that is governed by Ministry of
Environment and have had a “Permit to Operate” issued to them, will have certain
requirements for water sampling and monitoring that they must adhere to. The permit
will outline the frequency in which the sampling must be conducted and the number of
samples that must be submitted for analysis.

11.3.1 Chlorine Sampling

Most pipelines are required to monitor chlorine residuals on a daily basis. Chlorine
monitoring can be achieved by collecting samples of water and adding a reagent to the
sample which reacts with the chlorine and turns the colour of the water sample to a
pinkish or purple colour. By observing the colour in the sample cell, the amount of
chlorine residual in the water can be determined. A colour wheel can used to compare
the colour chart to the sample cell, and thereby indicate the chlorine levels, but a
preferred method is to obtain a colorimeter for a more accurate measurement. More
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 39

information on Chlorine sampling and protocol can be found in Unit IV Section 2.5.3
under Water Sample Testing.

11.3.2 Bacteriological Sampling

The requirements for bacteriological sampling are defined in the “Permit to Operate”.
The number of samples required as well as the location and frequency of sampling will
be listed in the permit. Operators must record all information relevant to the sample
collection to verify compliance of sample submission and to track and record the sample
analysis. All entrees need to have the date and the initials of the person making the
entry assigned to them. Time of sample collection, location and sample identification
also need to be documented.

A follow up file should be established to record analysis reports and assist in preparing
lab reports that are to be presented to the council or board of directors. As a regulatory
requirement, reports must be presented to the permittee on a monthly basis for review
and to confirm that the Organization is operating within its parameters. An authorized
official should sign the report indicating that it has been reviewed. More information on
Bacteriological sampling and protocol can be found in the Unit IV Section 2.5.3 under
Water Sample Testing.

11.3.3 Trihalomethanes Sampling

Trihalomethanes are basically a measurement of organic by-products in the water and

are generally required quarterly, usually following the seasonal changes. Special
sampling jars are sent to your administration office or designated receiving site for your
operator to collect and submit the water sample. The sample location will be
determined by Ministry of Environment and outlined on your “Permit to Operate”. More
information on Trihalomethanes can be found in the Unit IV Section 2.5.3 under Water
Sample Testing.

11.4 Rechlorination
According to Ministry of Environment regulations, pipelines are required to have the
ability to add chlorine to the water if chlorine tests reveal that the chlorine residuals do
not meet the parameters that are defined as safe for drinking water. Typically, this
would be done by injecting chlorine disinfectant into the distribution system usually at
the connection point to the supply line. This is a good argument for having an above
ground pump house at the connection point, as it may be too difficult to provide
additional chlorine if there is only a manhole at the tie-in point.

Rechlorination may vary from pipeline to pipeline and depends on the type of product
being used for disinfectant. Generally a chemical feed pump draws the product from
the supply and injects it into the distribution system. All records of chemical usage need
to be carefully monitored and recorded as well as equipment calibration and repair
records. As always the person recording the data needs to date and initial the entry.
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 40

11.5 Start-up Testing

Testing requirement of the pipelines may vary based on a number of factors, such as
number of subscribers and number of tie-in locations, length of the pipeline and potable
water vs. hygienic water vs. raw water. Testing requirements are defined in more detail
in Unit IV Section 2.5.1.

11.6 Extension or Alteration of Pipeline

Each segment of new pipeline must be super-chlorinated and flushed with water upon
completion. The protocol for conducting super-chlorination, parameters for chlorine
residual readings, and flushing requirements are outlined in the Unit IV Section 2.5.1.
All bacteriological sampling must be submitted and analysis completed prior to delivery
of water for subscriber usage, in accordance to Ministry of Environment’s guidelines.

11.7 Reports to the Board

As stated in Section 43(2) of the Water Regulations 2002, all Pipeline Organizations
must present monthly notice to council or to the Board of Directors or permittee of the
waterworks. Reports contain detailed information regarding bacteriological sampling
and compliance. The number of samples submitted, results of samples, and follow up
procedures for positive samples along with results are included in the report. In
addition, the sampler’s name, date, time, and location must also be shown.

All data is presented for review and the signing authorities are asked to sign the data
sheet to ensure that operating parameters and water quality parameters of the
waterworks are being achieved.

More information can be found at:

http://www.saskh2o.ca/DWBinder.asp

11.8 QA/QC and Emergency Response Plan

As of December 31st, 2003, all waterworks in the Province of Saskatchewan were
required to have a Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) policy and
Emergency Response Plan (ERP) in place. The QA/QC should contain a plan on how
the Pipeline Organization will propose to meet its obligations to its subscribers and
provide safe drinking water. It may also include a mission statement outlining how the
Organization will conduct itself to achieve the goals set out in the statement. The
QA/QC will require yearly revisions as some information may become outdated.

Emergency Response Plans are also a regulatory requirement and are essential in the
event of an emergency. It is critical to have a plan in place so that important decisions
are not made in haste and emergency protocol can be followed. Templates are
available at:
UNIT VI – Technical Design & Operational Guide VI – 41

http://www.saskh20.ca/DWBinder/EPB241BWaterworksEmergencyResponsePla
nningTemplate.pdf

11.9 Waterworks System Assessment (WSA)

Under current regulations, all waterworks in the province of Saskatchewan must
complete a WSA every five years. The WSA must be completed by a certified
engineering firm and a copy must be forwarded to MOE for approval. Your
Environmental Project Officer will review the document and inform your Organization of
any adjustments. A copy of the assessment should be on file at the utility office or
primary location of the Pipeline Organization. Also refer to Unit IV Section 2.10 for
further information.

11.10 Annual Notice to Consumers

Pipeline Organizations must provide the following information to all consumers at least
once per year:

a) the quality of water produced or supplied by the waterworks in comparison

with the levels set out in these regulations; and
b) the Permittee’s compliance with sample submission requirements described
in the Permittee’s permit.

A template for your Annual Notice can be found at:

http://www.saskh2o.ca/DWBinder.asp

Scroll down to Point #7 and click on Annual Notification to Consumers Guidelines for
Compliance and Templates.

11.11 Regional Contract Operator

Pipeline Organizations that are unable to acquire a certified operator, may enter into an
agreement with another nearby community or pipeline group so that a certified operator
may be contracted to act as operator in “Direct Responsible Charge” (DRC). The
Regional/Contract Operator Program allows smaller Organizations to meet the health
and safety objectives without their own designated certified operator. Please see the
following link for more information. Also refer to Unit IV – Section 2.4.4 for further
information.

http://www.saskh2o.ca/PDF/Regional-ContractOperatorProgram.pdf

11.12 Annual Inspections

Pipeline Organizations must provide all records to MOE upon request. Generally,
annual inspections are conducted by a MOE Environmental Project Officer (EPO) who
has the authority to enter the waterworks at any time to ensure compliance to MOE
regulations.