International Journal of Computer Science Trends and Technology (IJCST) – Volume 11 Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2023

RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

Web-based smart irrigation system for Lemon plants

A. E. E. El-Alfi [1], M. E. A. Awad [2], F. A. A. Khalil [3]
[1]
Computer Science Department, Mansoura University/ Faculty of Specific Education, Egypt.
[2]
Computer Science Department, Mansoura University/ Faculty of Specific Education, Egypt.
[3]
Computer Science Department, Mansoura University/ Faculty of Specific Education, Egypt.

ABSTRACT
The field of agriculture has been greatly enhanced by the advanced modern technologies. Integrating smart technologies and
devices, the automation process is combined to drive devices to work autonomously and communicate, enabling them to
perform a variety of tasks without the assistance of a human being. Thus, by incorporating some associated electronic devices
and other useful tools frequently used in the field of IoT, this work provides an autonomous irrigation system based on smart
sensors that can be used in a reasonable and economical way to monitor lemons or any type of plants. . . This system includes a
temperature sensor, a water flow sensor connected to the water pump drive valve, and a soil moisture sensor located in the root
zone of the plant.
Keywords: Arduino, GSM, Temperature and Humidity sensor, Soil moisture sensor, Rain sensor

I. INTRODUCTION
Internet of Things is referred to as IoT. It is a network of temperature sensors, and sensors that measure the moisture
real-world items that have been outfitted with sensors, content of the soil, which are placed close to the plants [5].
software, and other technologies in order to connect to other
systems and devices over the internet and exchange data with This paper presents an automated irrigation system, which is a
them. Real-time IoT operates and is soon becoming a reality. mechanism that enables the lemon plant to be irrigated
Since everything is online and becoming increasingly without the need for human intervention. In addition to
intelligent, from smartphones to smart cars, IOT can be monitoring the weather conditions of the plant and making the
witnessed everywhere [1]. appropriate decision.

Using IoT technology, an automated agriculture system is The remaining portions of the essay are structured as follows:
created to monitor and maintain key farming components such Section 2 describes conventional irrigation techniques. The
as soil moisture sensors, humidity sensors, and temperature Smart Irrigation System is discussed in Section 3. Section 4
sensors. The sensors were positioned in the proper locations provides an explanation of related works. The proposed
and positions to sense and transmit the details utilizing cloud system is described in Section 4. Section 6 explains
computing to the farmers' cell phones [2]. applications and outcomes. The conclusion is found in Section
7. Section 8 serves as the paper's conclusion.
Water scarcity is a significant issue that requires farmers to
use IOT technologies to best utilize their water supplies. II. TRADITIONAL IRRAGATION SYSTEMS
Through application-specific heterogeneous sensors, the IoT
offers superior solutions. IoT-based irrigation control systems A traditional irrigation system refers to an irrigation method
assist in reducing water usage in agricultural production via a that has been in use for a very long time, maybe even
variety of means [3]. centuries. Compared to contemporary irrigation techniques,
these approaches are frequently economical, convenient, and
Smart irrigation is a type of irrigation system that uses data environmentally beneficial. It is a method of supplying water
collection and algorithmic analysis to maximize the efficiency to the land by artificial means, such as canals, ditches,
of the water distribution process [4]. sprinklers, or drips. It is used for agriculture and landscaping
purposes, especially in areas or times of low rainfall.
Every drop of water must be conserved; therefore, when a
farmer forgets to turn off the motor, water is wasted. To solve Traditional irrigation systems have been created using surface
this issue, modern technology like IOT has replaced the and groundwater, as well as rainwater harvesting and
conventional method of autonomous irrigation. The motor is utilization.
designed to operate automatically, and its operation is mostly
based on the output of sensors such as moisture sensors, Traditional irrigation systems have several advantages. They
are the best method of irrigation for leveled fields, do not

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International Journal of Computer Science Trends and Technology (IJCST) – Volume 11 Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2023
require any technical knowledge, and are more useful in soils
with less infiltration. In addition, rainwater stays in basins; The mobile of farms can alert him when the soil needs
hence, soil erosion is not caused. Traditional irrigation watering. The farmer or homeowner then sends an SMS
systems require less economic investment, irrigate more area, message to the controller to start irrigation. After receiving an
and provide crops with sufficient water. SMS message from the microcontroller informing him that the
soil is saturated with water, the farmer or homeowner sends
In addition to the advantages of traditional irrigation systems, another SMS message to stop irrigation [10].
there are several challenges that must be taken into account.
For instance, as population grows, so does the need for water F. weather and environment analytics
for home use, hydropower, industry, mining, recreation,
tourism and culture, agriculture, cattle, and fisheries, among Smart irrigation systems can use weather and environmental
other things [6]. data to improve irrigation efficiency. For example, an IoT-
enabled wireless sensor network framework can be used to
III. SMART IRRAIGATION SYSTEM acquire real-time farm information through multi-point
measurement. This can include sensors for soil moisture, soil
Smart irrigation is a system that collects and analyzes temperature, environmental temperature, environmental
physicochemical and climatic data while also providing humidity, CO2 levels, and daylight intensity. A crucial first
irrigation water to the soil. It is an intelligent system that uses step in achieving sustainability and precision in agriculture is
sensors, actuators, water storage units, and nozzles to collect smart weather data management. It serves as a crucial input
weather and soil moisture data, analyze this data, and control for a number of processes, including crop development, yield,
the discharge of irrigation water based on the information and irrigation planning [11].
derived. Intelligent irrigation systems automatically adjust
watering schedules and run times to accommodate various
landscape needs and can significantly reduce water
consumption and preserve the quality of green spaces. A smart
irrigation system should be set up with five main features that
are shown in Fig. 1.

A. Precision agriculture

To increase the sustainability of agricultural production,

precision agriculture is a farming management method
focused on watching, measuring temporal and spatial
variability, and taking action. To maximize input returns while
protecting resources, precision agriculture aims to create a
decision-making tool for overall farm management [7].

Fig.1. Smart Irraigation System [12]

B. Smart schedules IV. RELATED WORK
Irrigation scheduling is the decision of when and how
much water to apply to the field and thus has a direct
effect on water use efficiency [8]. Kanderp Narayan Mishra et. al had stated A brand-new
global network architecture called the Internet of Things (IoT)
offers open services. These days, IoT-based applications are
C. Remote control
widely employed. A wireless sensor network connects the IoT
devices, allowing them to communicate with one another.
Remote control in smart irrigation refers to the ability to Since every gadget is connected to the internet, data may be
control an irrigation system remotely, often through a mobile transmitted between them at any time and from any location
device. Smart controllers reduce outdoor water use by without the need for human interaction. The findings
monitoring and using information about site conditions (such demonstrated the significance of IoT-based applications in all
as soil moisture, rain, wind, slope, soil, plant type, and more) spheres of human endeavour. There are many different kinds
and applying the right amount of water based on those factors of IoT-based applications where IoT strategies are crucial.
[9]. Smart cities, connected cars, smart agriculture, connected
buildings, industry, logistics, and other IoT-based applications
D. Notification system are just a few examples [13].

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International Journal of Computer Science Trends and Technology (IJCST) – Volume 11 Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2023

Yemeserach Mekonnen et. al. had Proposed operate on

distributed wireless sensor technology to schedule precise Through a smartphone application, the user can see the
irrigation events by continuously monitoring and measuring condition of the soil and crops [18].
several environmental factors including soil moisture and
temperature. In order to reduce environmental impact and A I Rokade et. al. had growing interest in proposed green
improve resource management decisions for things like water homes for plant growth is a result of more affordable
and electricity, the system also gathers current meteorological technology that enables farmers to resume output. The
data. The users can obtain the information utilising an easy-to- greenhouse is a transparent building that can control
use mobile application from the local and other databases temperature, moisture, light infiltration, and other factors for
where it has been collected. The smartphone app's purpose is the best possible growth of plants. A method for identifying,
to enable users to remotely view or interact with the farm observing, and responding to environmental changes is known
infrastructure. In order to enable farmers and users to manage as precision agriculture. This method of greenhouse
their farms, the complete system is built with design temperature detection recognises the data and uploads it to the
requirements to be power-efficient, cost-effective, and cloud, after which the agriculturist takes the right action in
minimal maintenance [14]. accordance with the data. This may be seen in the cutting-
edge technology known as the Internet of Things (IoT), which
T Setiaji et. al had stated IoT sensors may provide employs web-based methods to connect any device to the
information on crop condition, smart agriculture is a new internet [19].
concept. IoT links agricultural equipment and gathers data. It
can be used in many different contexts, including the V. THE PROPOSED SYSTEM
connectivity of farms, smart environments, water
management, measuring instruments, crop monitoring, and In this proposed smart irrigation system using IOT, the crop is
other agriculture automation systems. The linked devices have automatically watered by sensing the quantity of soil
the ability to process aggregated data and deliver it to the moisture. The data will be recorded using the sensors. Soil
monitoring center [15]. moisture, rain sensors and GSM Modem are connected to the
Arduino. GSM modem will send the values of soil moisture,
Xuebo Jin et .al. had declared The mobile Internet, cloud temperature, humidity and rain or not to the website. GSM
computing, and Internet of Things are all combined in the modem will send the values of soil moisture, temperature,
smart agriculture system. Massive time series can be acquired humidity and rain or not to the website.
from a variety of sensor nodes and wireless communication The moisture content value is forwarded to the user’s phone.
networks, including environmental temperature , humidity and Based on the content the user will turn on the pump On/Off
soil moisture [16]. .When the moisture content is lower than the threshold value,
the motor is turned ON and it is turned off when the moisture
Fariza Sabrina et .al A hypothetical IoT-based smart
content goes above the threshold value
agriculture scenario is provided to explain how our model
When using this method, irrigation of fields occurs
functions. Data about the environment is gathered by the
automatically. In fields, human intervention is not necessary.
sensors and sent to the IoT gateway. An intelligent controller
The farmer can cut labor costs as a result. By using this
in the cloud is interconnected with the IoT gateway. For real-
method, the fields receive the appropriate amount of water,
time decision-making, the intelligent controller keeps an up-
minimizing the problems brought on by under- and over-
to-date data store. Real-time communication of the decisions
irrigation. There is therefore no chance of crop failure.
enables opportunity for prompt and effective action. However,
An IoT system's fundamental building blocks are sensors,
we want to emphasise that our system is adaptable to include
processors, and applications. The proposed model, which
data from any type and number of sensors, even though the
illustrates how these blocks are connected, is depicted in the
scenario only illustrates two types of sensors [17].
block diagram of Fig.2. Microcontroller and sensors are
Pratik Mohanty et. al. had proposed strong, economical, and connected, and cloud storage is used to display sensor data.
ensuring it needs minimal maintenance. The Internet of The cloud gives users access to continuously collected data
Things is at the centre of the project, allowing for the storing from sensors, enabling farmers to take appropriate action to
of agricultural data in the cloud for eventual use in data meet the requirements of the soil moisture level.
analytics and pattern recognition for new improvements. All
of the data that can be retrieved from the soil is acquired and
transmitted via the sensor nodes. These data are given to the
Sink node, which transforms them into IP packets that can be
transmitted to the cloud. The spectral image is sent to the
cloud on its own by the Multispectral Image Module. The data
is processed by the cloud before being sent to the user.

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International Journal of Computer Science Trends and Technology (IJCST) – Volume 11 Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2023

Fig.3. Arduino UNO

B. Temperature & Humidity

This module includes a DHT11 Temperature &
Humidity Sensor. It features a temperature & humidity
sensor complex with a calibrated digital signal output.
By using the exclusive digital-signal-acquisition
technique and temperature & humidity sensing
technology, it ensures high reliability and excellent
long-term stability.

Fig.4.Temperature & Humidity

C. Soil moisture sensor
A soil moisture sensor can read the amount of moisture
present in the soil surrounding it. It is ideal for monitoring
Fig.2.Block diagram of suggested system garden, or your plant's water level

Proposed system has three main stages:

1. Measurement of sensors.
2. Switch on relay for pumb motor
3. Sending and receiving notifications via web server
and LCD Module. Figure (9) depicts the proposed
system's flowchart.

The smart irrigation system circuit consists of eight

components, as shown in Figure (10).

A. Arduino Uno Fig.5. Soil moisture sensor

The ATmega328P is the core of the Arduino UNO
microcontroller board. It has a USB port, a power jack, an
D. Rain sensor
ICSP header, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, six analog inputs,
is used for rain detection. It is also for measuring rainfall
fourteen There are six digital input/output pins that may be
intensity. The module includes a rain board and a control
utilized as PWM outputs along with a reset button. all the board that is separate for more convenience.
components required to support the microcontroller is
included; all you need to do to get started is connect it to a
computer, an AC-to-DC adapter, or a battery via a USB cable.

Fig.6. Rain sensor

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International Journal of Computer Science Trends and Technology (IJCST) – Volume 11 Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2023

E. Pump motor F. GSM Modem

A water pump controlled by an Arduino It is an exceptional type of modem that perceives a SIM
microcontroller is a type of system that uses an card and runs on an adaptable overseer enrollment, nearly
Arduino to control the operation of a water pump. The equivalent to a cell phone.
Arduino can be used to turn the pump on and off, as
well as to control the flow rate and direction of the
water. This type of system can be used for various
applications such as irrigation, water treatment, and
industrial process control.

Fig.8.GSM SIM800L Module

Fig.9. Implementation of the suggested system

Fig.7. Pump motor

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Fig.10.Flow chart of suggested system

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Fig.11.The Schematic for Smart Irragition System

Rules for turn on/ off the pump in the farm VI. APPLICATIONS AND OUTCOMES
According to Fig.11, the rules for opening the pump on/off The primary objective of the suggested system will be to
the farm can be clarified as follows. send the values recorded from temperature, humidity,
soil moisture and rain sensors to the user's web page and
based on the value of soil humidity the pump is turned
Rule on or off.
The tests listed in Table 1 are carried out to determine
If soil moisture sensor value == 0 whether the suggested smart irrigation is effective. The
table clearly shows that when the moisture level is lower,
OR rain sensor value == 0 the motor is turned ON, and when the required moisture
level is reached, the motor is turned OFF.
OR temperature, humidity sensor value > threshold
S. No. Type of soil Moisture Pump
Sound Alarm content (%) ON/OFF

1 Wet soil 80 OFF

Switch on pump
2 Partially Wet soil 50 ON
3 Dry soil 40 ON
send measure data to GSM to display GUI

ELSE
Table1: Performance test on different soils.
Switch off pump

Display measure data LCD Mmodule

End IF

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International Journal of Computer Science Trends and Technology (IJCST) – Volume 11 Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2023
To register a new user or login to the user page by e- mail and
password , as shown in Figure (12).

Fig.15. Graphic representation of soil moisture

Fig.12. Start page to register a new user or login to the user

page if you have already registered

After recording, the user's dashboard shows the values of

humidity, Temperature, soil moisture, rain sensors and a chart
for all values , as shown in Figure (13).

Fig.16. Graphic representation of Temperature

Fig.13. The user's dashboard

Fig.17. Graphic representation of Humidity

Fig.14. Control of water pumping

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International Journal of Computer Science Trends and Technology (IJCST) – Volume 11 Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2023
VII. CONCLUSION [9] Blessy, Angelin, et al. “Sustainable Irrigation
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introduced into smart irrigation. By leveraging real-time data Learning.” Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 10, 1 Jan. 2023, p.
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interference from the human element .To irrigate when
needed, thereby saving and not wasting water. [10] Yasin, Hajar M., et al. “Arduino Based Automatic
Irrigation System: Monitoring and SMS Controlling.” IEEE
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