TSWREIS

MATHEMATICS – IIB
IPE STUDY MATERIAL

S.No. Topic Name with Weightage 7M 4M SAQ 2M VSAQ

LAQ

1 Circles (22M) 7+7M 4M 2+2M

2 System of Circles (6M) _ 4M 2M

3 Parabola (9M) 7M _ 2M

4 Ellipse (8M) - 4 + 4M _

5 Hyperbola (6M) _ 4M 2M

6 Indefinite Integration (18M) 7+7M - 2+2M

7 Definite Integration (15M) 7M 4M 2+2M

8 Differential Equations (13M) 7M 4M 2M

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 TSWREIS
Board Model Paper Question Wise Topic Names
Time: 3 hours
Marks: 75 Marks
SECTION – A (2M)
I. Answer the following ALL Questions. 10 × 2 = 20M
1. Circles 6. Indefinite Integration
2. Circles 7. Indefinite Integration
3. System of Circles 8. Definite Integration
4. Parabola 9. Definite Integration
5. Hyperbola 10. Differential Equations

SECTION – B (4M)

II. Answer any FIVE of the following. 5 × 4 = 20M

11. Circles
12. System of Circles
13. Ellipse
14. Ellipse
15. Hyperbola
16. Definite Integration
17. Differential Integration

SECTION – C (7M)

III. Answer any FIVE of the following. 5 × 7 = 35M

18. Circles
19. Circles
20. Parabola
21. Indefinite Integration
22. Indefinite Integration
23. Definite Integration
24. Definite Integration

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INDEX

S.No. Topic Name with Weightage Page No.

1 Circles 4 - 43

2 System of Circles 44 - 59

3 Parabola 60 - 76

4 Ellipse 77 - 89

5 Hyperbola 90 - 101

6 Indefinite Integration 102 - 131

7 Definite Integration 132 - 161

8 Differential Equations 162 - 188

9 Model Question Papers 189 - 194

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1. CIRCLES (C of Points)

1. The equation of the Circle with centre (ℎ, 𝑘) and radius ′𝑟′ is (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 .
2. The equation of the Circle with centre (0, 0) and radius ′𝑟′ is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 .
3. The equation of the Circle in the standard form is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0. Then
centre (−𝑔, −𝑓), radius 𝑟 = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 .
4. The second degree equation in 𝑥, 𝑦 is 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
represents a circle if
(i) Coefficient of 𝑥 2 = Coefficient of 𝑦 2 i.e 𝑎 = 𝑏
(ii) Coefficient of 𝑥𝑦 = 0 i.e ℎ = 0.
5. The equation of Circle whose extremities (end points) of the diameter (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and
(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) is (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 ) + (𝑦 − 𝑦1 )(𝑦 − 𝑦2 ) = 0
6. The equation of the Circle in the parametric form
𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
(i) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 are } 𝜃 is parameter
𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑥 = ℎ + 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
(ii) (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 are } 𝜃 is parameter
𝑦 = 𝑘 + 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑥 = −𝑔 + 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
(iii) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 are }
𝑦 = −𝑓 + 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
7. The power of a point P(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) with respect to the Circle 𝑆 = 0 is equal to 𝑆11 = 𝑥12 +
𝑦12 + 2𝑔𝑥1 + 2𝑓𝑦1 + 𝑐
8. The position of a point P(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) w.r.t to the Circle 𝑆 = 0
(i) if 𝑆11 > 0 𝑃 lies out side the circle
(ii) if 𝑆11 < 0 𝑃 lies inside the circle
(iii) 𝑆11 = 0 𝑃 lies on the circle
9. The length of the tangent from P(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) to the circle 𝑆11 > 0 is √𝑆11 where 𝑆11 > 0.
10. The equation of circle concentric with 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is of the form
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑘 = 0.
11. The lengths of the intercepts made by the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 on
coordinate axes are 2√𝑔2 − 𝑐 and 2√𝑓 2 − 𝑐 respectively.

12. The length of the Chord is 2√𝑟 2 − 𝑑 2 (𝑟 > 𝑑)

13. The Condection for that the line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 is a tangent to the Circle
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 is 𝑐 2 = 𝑟 2 (1 + 𝑚2 ).

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 TSWREIS
14. For all read values of 𝑚 the line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 ± 𝑟√1 + 𝑚2 is tangent to the circle
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟2.
15. The equation of tangent to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑘 = 0 is
𝑦 + 𝑓 = 𝑚(𝑥 + 𝑔) ± 𝑟√1 + 𝑚2
16. The equation of the tangent at (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) to the circle 𝑆 = 0 is 𝑆1 = 0
17. The equation of normal at P(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) to the circle 𝑆 = 0 is
(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑦1 + 𝑓) − (𝑦 − 𝑦2 )(𝑥1 + 𝑔) = 0
18. Equation of the pair of tangents drawn from P(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) to 𝑆1 = 0 is 𝑆12 = 𝑆. 𝑆11 (where
𝑆11 > 0
19. Let ′𝜃′ be the angle between pair of tangents to the circle 𝑆 = 0 from an external
𝜃 𝑟
point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) then 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 = where 𝑟 = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐.
√𝑆11

20. Chord of Contact: - If the tangents drawn from 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) to a circle 𝑆 = 0 touch the
circle at points A and B then the ⃡𝐴𝐵 is called the chord of contact of P with respect
to circle 𝑆 = 0.
21. The equation of chord of contact at P(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) to the circle 𝑆 = 0 is 𝑆1 = 0
22. Pole and Polar:- Let 𝑆 = 0 be a circle and P be any point in the plane other than the
centre of 𝑆 = 0. If any line drawn through the point P meets the circle in two points
Q and R then the “Points of intersection of tangent drawn at Q and R lies on a line”.
Then that line is called Polar and P is called Pole of the Polar.
23. The equation of Polar of the point P(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) with respect to the circle 𝑆 = 0 is 𝑆1 = 0
−𝑙𝑟 2 −𝑚𝑟 2
24. The pole of the line 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0 w.r.t. the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 is ( , )
𝑛 𝑛

25. The pole of the line 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0 w.r.t. the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is
𝑙𝑟 2 𝑚𝑟 2
𝑃 = (−𝑔 + 𝑙𝑔+𝑚𝑓−𝑛 , −𝑓 + 𝑙𝑔+𝑚𝑓−𝑛)

26. Conjugate Points:- Two points P and Q are said to be Conjugate Points with respect
to the circle “ if polar of either passes through the other”.
27. If (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) are conjugate points with respect to circle 𝑆 = 0 then 𝑆12 = 0
28. Conjugate Lines:- If P and Q are conjugate points with respect to the circle then
their respective polars are said to be Conjugate Lines.
29. If the lines 𝑙1 𝑥 + 𝑚1 𝑦 + 𝑛1 = 0 and 𝑙2 𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑦 + 𝑛2 = 0 are conjugate with respect to
the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 then 𝑟 2 (𝑙1 𝑙2 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 ) = 𝑛1 𝑛2

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30. Inverse Points:- Let ‘C’ be the centre and ′𝑟’be the radius of the circle 𝑆 = 0. Two
points P and Q are said to be inverse points w.r.t 𝑆 = 0, if C, P, Q are Collinear such
that P, Q are lies on the same side of C and CP.CQ = 𝑟 2 .
31. The equation of the chord of the circle 𝑆 = 0 with midpoint (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is 𝑆1 = 𝑆11
32. Suppose C1, C2 are the centres of two circle and 𝑟1 , 𝑟2 are their respective radii.
(i) if ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐶1 𝐶2 > 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 then circle does not intersect each other.
(ii) if ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐶1 𝐶2 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 then circle touch each other externally
(iii) if ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐶1 𝐶2 < 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 the circles intersect each other at two points
(iv) if ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐶1 𝐶2 = |𝑟1 − 𝑟2 | then the circles touch each other internally
(v)if ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐶1 𝐶2 < |𝑟1 − 𝑟2 | then the circles not intersect and one circle lies inside of other
(vi) if ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐶1 𝐶2 = 0 and 𝑟1 ≠ 𝑟2 the two circles are concentric
33. If ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐶1 𝐶2 > 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 then we can draw four common tangents

(i) The point of intersection of pair of transverse common tangents is called the
𝑟1 𝑥2 +𝑟2 𝑥2 𝑟1 𝑦2 +𝑟2 𝑦1
internal centre of Similitude (𝑆1 ) 𝑆1 = ( , )
𝑟1 +𝑟2 𝑟1 +𝑟2

(ii) The point of intersection of pair of direct common tangents is called External
𝑟1 𝑥2 +𝑟2 𝑥2 𝑟1 𝑦2 +𝑟2 𝑦1
centre of Similitude (𝑆2 ) 𝑆2 = ( , )
𝑟1 +𝑟2 𝑟1 +𝑟2

34. If the two circles touching each other internally/externally them their point of
contacts divides the line joining the centres in the ratio of 𝑟1 : 𝑟2 externally/internally
respectively.

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 TSWREIS
CIRCLES LAQ (7M)

1. Find the value of ‘C’ if the points (Q, 0), (0, 1), (4, 5) and (0, C) are concyclic.
(AP – 15, 17, 19, 211, TS – 15, 17)

Sol: Let 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 ----------(1) be the required equation of circle

Given that, eq 1 passing through A(2, 0)

22 + 02 + 2𝑔(2) + 2𝑓(0) + 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ 4𝑔 + 𝑐 = 0 ------- (2)

eq (1) passing through B(0, 1)

02 + 12 + 2𝑔(0) + 2𝑓(1) + 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑓 + 𝑐 = 0 ------- (3)

eq (1) passing through C(4, 5)

42 + 52 + 2𝑔(4) + 2𝑓(5) + 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ 8𝑔 + 10𝑓 + 𝑐 = −41 ------- (4)

eq (2) – eq (3) ⇒ 4𝑔 − 2𝑓 = −3 ---------(5)

eq (3) – eq (4) ⇒ 2𝑓 − 8𝑔 − 10𝑓 = 40 ⇒ 8𝑔 + 8𝑓 = −40, 𝑔 + 𝑓 = −5 -------(6)

solving eq (5) & (6)

𝑔 𝑓 ┴ 𝑔 𝑓 1
−2 3 4 −2 = =
−10−3 3−20 4+2
1 5 1 1
𝑔 𝑓 1 −13 −17
= = ⇒𝑔=
6
, 𝑓=
6
−13 −17 6

−13 −13
Sub 𝑔 = in eq (2) ⇒ 4 ( ) + 𝑐 = −4
6 6

−26 26 26−12 14
+ 𝐶 = −4 ⇒ 𝐶 = −4 = =
3 3 3 3

−13 −17 14
Sub 𝑔 = , 𝑓= , 𝑐= in eq (1)we get
6 6 3

−13 −17 14
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 2 ( )𝑥 + 2( )𝑦 + =0
6 6 3

13 17 14
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑥− 𝑦+ = 0 ⇒ 3(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − 13𝑥 − 17𝑦 + 14 = 0 -----------(7)
3 3 3

be the required equation of the circle

given points are concyclic

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 TSWREIS
∴ the point (0, c) lies on eq (7)

3(0 + 𝑐 2 ) − 0 − 17𝑐 + 14 = 0 ⇒ 3𝑐 2 − 17𝑐 + 14 = 0 ⇒ 3𝑐 2 − 14𝑐 − 3𝑐 + 14 = 0

𝑐 (3𝑐 − 14) − 1(3𝑐 − 14) = 0 ⇒ (3𝑐 − 14)(𝑐 − 1) = 0

3c -14 = 0 , c – 1 = 0

3c = 14, c=1

14
c= c≠1
3

14
∴c= be the required value.
3

2. Find the equation of a circle which passes through (Q, -3) and (-4, 5) and having
the centre on 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 1 = 0 (TS – 17 , 20)

Sol: Let 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 ----------(1) be the required equation of circle

Given that, eq (1) passing through A(2, -3)

22 + (−3)2 + 2𝑔(2) + 2𝑓 (−3) + 𝑐 = 0

⇒ 4𝑔 − 6𝑓 + 𝑐 = 0 ------- (2)

eq (1) passing through B(-4, 5)

(−4)2 + 52 + 2𝑔(−4) + 2𝑓(5) + 𝑐 = 0

16 + 25 − 8𝑔 + 10𝑓 + 𝑐 ⇒ −8𝑔 + 10𝑓 + 𝑐 = −41 ------- (3)

eq (2) – eq (3) ⇒ 12𝑔 − 16𝑓 = 28 ⇒ 3𝑔 − 4𝑓 = 7 ---------- (4)

centre (−𝑔, −𝑓) lies on given line 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 1 = 0 --------(5)

solving eq (4) & (5)

𝑔 𝑓 ┴ 𝑔 𝑓 1
−4 −7 3 −4 = =
4+21 −28+3 9+16
3 −1 4 3
𝑔 𝑓 1
= = ⇒ 𝑔 = 1, 𝑓 = −1
25 −25 25

Sub 𝑔 = 1, 𝑓 = −1 in eq (2) ⇒ 4(1) − 6(−1) + 𝑐 = −13

𝑐 = −13 − 10 = −23

Sub 𝑔 = 1, 𝑓 = −1, 𝑐 = −23 in eq (1) we get

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 TSWREIS
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2(1)𝑥 + 2(−1)𝑦 − 23 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 23 = 0

3. Find the equation of the circle which passes through the points (4, 1), (6, 5) and
having centre lies on 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 24 = 0 (AP -15, 20 TS -18)

Sol: Let 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 ----------(1) be the required equation of circle

Given that, eq 1 passing through A(4, 1)

42 + 12 + 2𝑔(4) + 2𝑓(1) + 𝑐 = 0
⇒ 8𝑔 + 6𝑓 + 𝑐 = 0 ------- (2)
eq (1 )passing through B(6, 5)
(6)2 + 52 + 2𝑔(6) + 2𝑓 (5) + 𝑐 = 0
16 + 25 − 8𝑔 + 10𝑓 + 𝑐 ⇒ 12𝑔 + 10𝑓 + 𝑐 = −61 ------- (3)
eq (2) – eq (3) ⇒ −4𝑔 − 8𝑓 = 44 ⇒ 𝑔 + 2𝑓 = −11 ---------- (4)
centre (−𝑔, −𝑓) lies on given line 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 24 = 0 --------(5)
solving eq (4) & (5)
𝑔 𝑓 ┴ 𝑔 𝑓 1
2 11 1 2 = =
48−33 44−24 3−8
3 24 4 3
𝑔 𝑓 1
= = ⇒ 𝑔 = −3, 𝑓 = −4
15 20 −5

Sub 𝑔 = −3, 𝑓 = −4 in eq (2) ⇒ 8(−3) + 2(−4) + 𝑐 = −17

−24 − 8 + 𝑐 = −17 ⇒ 𝑐 = 15

Sub 𝑔 = −3, 𝑓 = −4, 𝑐 = 15 in eq (1) we get

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2(−3)𝑥 + 2(−4)𝑦 + 15 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 15 = 0
4. Find the equation of the circle whose centre lies X-axis and passing through the
points (-2, 3) and (4, 5) (AP – 15)

Sol: Let 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 ----------(1) be the required equation of circle

Centre (−𝑔, −𝑓) lies on X-axis, −𝑓 = 0 ⇒ 𝑓 = 0

eq (1) passing through A = (-2, 3)
(−2)2 + 32 + 2𝑔(−2) + 2(0)(3) + 𝑐 = 0
4 + 9 − 4𝑔 + 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ −4𝑔 + 𝑐 = −13 ------- (2)
eq (1) passing through B = (4, 5)
(4)2 + 52 + 2𝑔(4) + 2(0)(5) + 𝑐 = 0
16 + 25 + 8𝑔 + 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ 8𝑔 + 𝑐 = −41 --------- (3)
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 TSWREIS
−28 −7
eq (2) – eq (3) ⇒ −12𝑔 = 28 ⇒ 𝑔 = = ---------- (4)
12 3
−7 −7 −28 −67
sub 𝑔 = in eq (2), −4 ( 3 ) + 𝑐 = −13 ⇒ 𝑐 = − 13 =
3 3 3
−7 −64
Sub 𝑔 = ,𝑐= , 𝑓 = 0 in eq (1) we get
3 3

−7 67
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 2 ( ) 𝑥 + 2(0)𝑦 − =0
3 3
14 67
∴ 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑥− = 0 ⇒ 3(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − 14𝑥 − 67 = 0
3 3

5. Find the equation of circle passing through the points (3, 4), (3, 2) and (1, 4).
(Mar – 18, May – 16) (TS – 16), 22.

Sol: Let 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 ----------(1) be the required equation of circle

eq 1 passing through A(3, 4)

32 + 42 + 2𝑔(3) + 2𝑓(4) + 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ 6𝑔 + 8𝑓 + 𝑐 = −25 ------- (2)
eq (1) passing through B(3, 2)
32 + 22 + 2𝑔(3) + 2𝑓(2) + 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ 6𝑔 + 4𝑓 + 𝑐 = −13 ------- (3)
eq (1) passing through C(1, 4)
12 + 42 + 2𝑔(1) + 2𝑓(4) + 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑔 + 8𝑓 + 𝑐 = −17 ------- (4)
eq (2) – eq (3) ⇒ 4𝑓 = −12 ⇒ 𝑓 = −3
eq (3) – eq (4) ⇒ 4𝑔 − 4𝑓 = 4 ⇒ 𝑔 − 𝑓 = 1 ⇒ 𝑔 = 1 + 𝑓 = 1 − 3 = −2
sub 𝑔 = −2, 𝑓 = −3 in eq (4), 2(-2) + 8(-3) + c = -17
-4 – 24 + c = -17 ⇒ c = 11
Sub 𝑔 = −2, 𝑓 = −3, 𝑐 = 11 in eq (1) we get
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2(−2)𝑥 + 2(−3)𝑦 + 11 = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 11 = 0 be the req eq of circle
6. Find the equation of the circle passing through the points (5, 7), (8, 1), (1, 3).

Sol: Let 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 ----------(1) be the required equation of circle

eq (1) passing through (5, 7) = A

52 + 72 + 2𝑔(5) + 2𝑓(7) + 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ 10𝑔 + 14𝑓 + 𝑐 = −74 ------- (2) B
eq (1) passing through (8, 1) = B
82 + 12 + 2𝑔(8) + 2𝑓(1) + 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ 16𝑔 + 2𝑓 + 𝑐 = −65 ------- (3)
eq (1) passing through C(1, 3)
12 + 32 + 2𝑔(1) + 2𝑓(3) + 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑔 + 6𝑓 + 𝑐 = −10 -------(4)

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 TSWREIS
eq (2) – eq (3) ⇒ −6𝑔 + 12𝑓 = −9 ⇒ 2𝑔 − 4𝑓 = 3 ----------(5)
eq (3) – eq (4) ⇒ 14𝑔 − 4𝑓 = −55 -------------- (6)
−58 −29
eq (5) – eq (6) ⇒ −12𝑔 = 58 ⇒ 𝑔 = =
12 6
−29
sub 𝑔 = , in eq (5), −4𝑓 = 3
6

-4 – 24 + c = -17 ⇒ c = 11
Sub 𝑔 = −2, 𝑓 = −3, 𝑐 = 11 in eq (1) we get
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2(−2)𝑥 + 2(−3)𝑦 + 11 = 0
∴ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 11 = 0 be the req eq of circle
7. Show that the four points (-6, 0), (-2, 2), (-2, -8) and (1, 1) are concyclic.
(AP – 17, 19, TS – 17)

Sol: Let 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 ----------(1) be the required equation of circle

eq (1) passing through A = (-6, 0)

(−6)2 + (0)2 + 2𝑔(−6) + 2𝑓(0) + 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ −12𝑔 + 𝑐 = −36 ---- (2)
eq (1) passing through B = (-2, 2)
(−2)2 + 22 + 2𝑔(−2) + 2𝑓(2) + 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ −4𝑔 + 4𝑓 + 𝑐 = −8 -----(3)
eq (1) passing through C = (-2, -8)
(−2)2 + (−8)2 + 2𝑔(−2) + 2𝑓(−8) + 𝑐 = 0
⇒ −4𝑔 − 16𝑓 + 𝑐 = −68 ------- (4)
eq (2) – eq (3) ⇒ −8𝑔 − 4𝑓 = −28 ⇒ 2𝑔 + 𝑓 = 7 ------ (5)
eq (3) – eq (4) ⇒ 20𝑓 = 60 ⇒ 𝑓 = 3
sub 𝑓 = 3 in eq (5), 2𝑔 + 3 = 7 ⇒ 2𝑔 = 4 ⇒ 𝑔 = 2
Sub 𝑔 = 2 in eq (2), −12(2) + 𝑐 = −36 ⇒ 𝑐 = −36 + 24 = −12
Sub 𝑔 = 2, 𝑓 = 3, 𝑐 = −12 in eq (1) we get
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2(2)𝑥 + 2(3)𝑦 − 12 = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 12 = 0 ---------- (6)
Sub 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1 in eq (6)
12 + 12 + 4(1) + 6(1) − 12 = 0 ⇒ 1+ 1 + 4 + 6 – 12 = 0 ⇒ 0 = 0
∴ D = (1, 1) lies on equation 6
Hence Given points are concyclic points.

11
 TSWREIS

8. Show that the points (9,1), (7, 9), (-2, 12), (6, 10) are concyclic and find the
equation of the circle which they lie. (TS – 19)

Sol: Let 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 ----------(1) be the required equation of circle

eq (1) passing through A = (9, 1)

(9)2 + (1)2 + 2𝑔(9) + 2𝑓(1) + 𝑐 = 0
⇒ 18𝑔 + 2𝑓 + 𝑐 = −82 ----- (2)
eq (1) passing through B = (7, 9)
(7)2 + 92 + 2𝑔(7) + 2𝑓 (9) + 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ 14𝑔 + 18𝑓 + 𝑐 = −130 ----- (3)
eq (1) passing through C = (-2, 12)
(−2)2 + (12)2 + 2𝑔(−2) + 2𝑓(12) + 𝑐 = 0
⇒ −4𝑔 + 24𝑓 + 𝑐 = −148 ------- (4)
eq (2) – eq (3) ⇒ 4𝑔 − 16𝑓 = 48 ⇒ 𝑔 − 4𝑓 = 12 ------ (5)
eq (3) – eq (4) ⇒ 18𝑔 − 6𝑓 = 18 ⇒ 3𝑔 − 𝑓 = 3 --------- (6)
𝑔 𝑓 ┴ 𝑔 𝑓 1
−4 −12 1 −4 = =
12−12 −36+3 −1+12
−1 −3 3 −1
𝑔 𝑓 1
= = ⇒ 𝑔 = 0, 𝑓 = −3
0 −33 11
sub 𝑔 = 0, 𝑓 = 3 in eq (2), 0 − 6 + 𝑐 = −82 ⇒ 𝑐 = −76
Sub 𝑔 = 0, 𝑓 = −3, 𝑐 = −76 in eq (1)
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2(0)𝑥 + 2(−3)𝑦 − 76 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 − 76 = 0 ------- (7) be the req
circle
Sub 𝑥 = 6, 𝑦 = 10 in eq (7)
62 + 102 + 2(0)(6) + 2(−3)(10) − 76 = 0 ⇒ 136 – 136 = 0 ⇒ 0 = 0
∴ (6, 10) lies on equation 7, So, the given points are concyclic.
9. Find the equation of the pair of direct common tangents to the circles
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 22𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 100 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 22𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 100 = 0 (AP – 18 TS – 15)

Sol: Given Circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 22𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 100 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 22𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 100 = 0

Here 𝑔 = 11, 𝑓 = −2, 𝑐 = −100 𝑐2 = (11, −2)

Centre 𝑐1 = (−𝑔, −𝑓) = (−11, 2) 𝑟2 = √121 + 4 − 100
radius 𝑟1 = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 = √25 = 5

12
 TSWREIS
= √121 + 4 + 100 = √225 = 15

𝑐1 𝑐2 = √(11 + 11)2 + (−2 − 2)2 = √484 + 16 = √500 = 10√5

10√5 > 15 + 5 ⇒ ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑐1 𝑐2 > 𝑟1 + 𝑟2
Given Circles do not intersect
Let P be the point of contact. It divides ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑐1 𝑐2 externally
in the ratio = 𝑟1 : 𝑟2 = 15: 5 = 3: 1
𝑟1 𝑥2 −𝑟2 𝑥1 𝑟1 𝑦2 −𝑟2 𝑦1
𝑃=( , )
𝑟1 −𝑟2 𝑟1 −𝑟2
33+11 −6−2
=( , ) = (22, −4)
3−1 3−1

Let m be the slope of direct common tangents of P.

∴ equation of the direct common tangents is 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑦 + 4 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 22) ----- (1) ⇒ 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑦 − 22𝑚 − 4 = 0 ----- (2)
eq (2) is a tangent to second circle then 𝑟2 = 𝑑
𝑟2 = perpendicular distance from 𝑐2 (11, −2) to eq(2)

|11𝑚+2−22𝑚−4|
5= ⇒ 5√𝑚2 + 1 = |−2 − 1||𝑚|
√𝑚2 +1

Squaring on both sides

25(𝑚2 + 1) = (2 + 11𝑚)2 ⇒ 4 + 44𝑚 + 121𝑚2 = 25𝑚2 + 25

121𝑚2 − 25𝑚2 + 44𝑚 + 4 − 25 = 0 ⇒ 96𝑚2 + 44𝑚 − 21 = 0

96𝑚2 + 72𝑚 − 28𝑚 − 21 = 0

24𝑚(4𝑚 + 3) − 7(4𝑚 + 3) = 0

(4𝑚 + 3)(24𝑚 − 7) = 0

4𝑚 + 3 = 0 24𝑚 − 7 = 0

4𝑚 = −3 24𝑚 = 7

−3 7
𝑚= 𝑚 = 24
4

−3
Sub 𝑚 = in eq(1) we get
4

3
𝑦 + 4 = − 4 (𝑥 − 22)

4𝑦 + 16 = −3𝑥 + 66
13
 TSWREIS
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 16 − 66 = 0 ⇒ 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 50 = 0

7
Sub 𝑚 = 24 in eq(1) we get

7
𝑦 + 4 = 24 (𝑥 − 22)

24𝑦 + 96 = 7𝑥 − 154

7𝑥 − 24𝑦 − 250 = 0

equation of direct common tangents are 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 50 = 0, 7𝑥 − 24𝑦 − 250 = 0

10. Find the transverse common tangents to the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 28 = 0

and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 4 = 0 (AP – 15,19 TS – 17)

Sol: Given circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 28 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 4 = 0

Here 2𝑔 = −4, 2𝑓 = −10, 𝑐 = 28 2𝑔 = 4, 2𝑓 = −6, 𝑐 = 4

𝑔 = −2, 𝑓 = −5 𝑔 = 2, 𝑓 = −3

Centre 𝑐1 = (−𝑔, −𝑓) = (2, 5) 𝑐2 = (−2, 3)

radius(𝑟1 ) = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 radius(𝑟2 ) = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐

= √4 + 25 − 28 = 1 = √4 + 9 − 4 = √9 = 3

𝑐1 𝑐2 = √(−2 − 2)2 + (3 − 5)2 = √16 + 4 = √20 = 2√5

∴ ̅̅̅̅̅

2√5 > 1 + 3 ⇒ ̅̅̅̅̅

𝑐1 𝑐2 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2

Given circles do not intersect.

Let P be the point of contact.

It divides ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑐1 𝑐2 internally in the ratio =
𝑟1 : 𝑟2 = 1: 3

𝑟1 𝑥2 −𝑟2 𝑥1 𝑟1 𝑦2 −𝑟2 𝑦1 −2+6 3+15

𝑃=( , ) =( , )
𝑟1 −𝑟2 𝑟1 −𝑟2 1+3 1+3

4 18 9
𝑃 = (4 , 4 ) = (1, 2)

Let m be the slope of direct common tangents of P.

∴ equation of the direct common tangents is 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
14
 TSWREIS
9
𝑦 − 2 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 1) --- (1) ⇒ 2𝑦 − 9 = 2𝑚𝑥 − 2𝑚 ⇒ 2𝑚𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 9 − 2𝑚 = 0 ---- (2)

eq (2) is a tangent to second circle then 𝑟2 = 𝑑

𝑟2 = perpendicular distance from 𝑐2 (2, 5) to eq(2)

|2𝑚 (2)−2(5)+9−2𝑚|
1= ⇒ √4𝑚2 + 4 = |2𝑚 − 1|
√(2𝑚)2+(−2)2

Squaring on both sides we get

4𝑚2 + 4 = 4𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 1

−3 1
4𝑚 = 1 − 4 = −3 ⇒ 𝑚 = or 𝑚 = 0 (undefined)
4

−3 1
∴𝑚= or 𝑚 = 0
4

−3
Sub 𝑚 = in eq(1) we get
4

9 3
𝑦 − 2 = − 4 (𝑥 − 1)

3
2𝑦 − 9 = − 4 (𝑥 − 1) ⇒ 4𝑦 − 18 = −3𝑥 + 3

3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 21 = 0

1
Sub 𝑚 = 0 in eq(1) we get

1
𝑦 − 2 = 0 (𝑥 − 1) ⇒ 0 = 𝑥 − 1

𝑥−1=0

Hence, the transverse common tangents at P are 𝑥 − 1 = 0 and 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 21 = 0

11. Find the equation of the circle with radius √13 units and touching 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 1 = 0
at (1,1).

Sol: Given radius of the circle (𝑟) = √13, P = (1, 1) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

2
Circle touching the line 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 3

Let C = (h, k) be the centre of the required circles

Line is perpendicular to ̅̅̅̅̅̅

𝑐1 𝑐2

15
 TSWREIS
−1 −3
∴ slope of ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑐1 𝑐2 = = = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 < 0, 𝜃 ∈ 𝑄2
𝑚 2

−2 3
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
√ 3 √13

The coordinates of centres of the required conic = (𝑥1 ± 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦1 ± 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)

−2 3
= (1 ± √13 ( ) , 1 ± √13 ( )) = (1 ∓ 2, 1 ± 3)
√13 √13

𝐶1 = (1 − 2, 1 + 3) = (−1, 4) and 𝐶2 = (1 + 2, 1 − 3) = (3, −2)

i) if C1 = (-1, 4), 𝑟 = √13 ii) if C2 = (3, -2), 𝑟 = √13

equation of the circle is equation of the circle is

(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2

2 2
(𝑥 + 1)2 + (𝑦 − 4)2 = (√13) (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = (√13)

𝑥 2 + 1 + 2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 16 − 8𝑦 = 13 𝑥 2 + 9 − 6𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 4 + 4𝑦 = 13

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 4 = 0 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 0

12. Prove that the equation to the pair of tangents drawn from 𝑃 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) to the circle
𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is 𝑆12 = 𝑆. 𝑆11 . (AP – 14)

Sol: Given that 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is an external point to the circle S = 0

Let AB be the chord of contact of P to the circle S = 0 and its

equation is S1 = 0 i.e., 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑦 + 𝑦1 ) + 𝑐 = 0

Let 𝑄 = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) be any point on the locus and be a point on the pair of
tangents.

∴ The line S1 = 0 divides the line segment joining 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and 𝑄(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) in
the ratio is PA : PQ = –S11 : S12

𝑃𝐴 −𝑆11
=| |
𝐴𝑄 𝑆12

∵ 𝐿 = 0 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )and 𝑄 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 − 𝐿11 : 𝐿22

{ }
𝑃𝐴 = √𝑆11 , 𝐴𝑄 = √𝑆22 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠.

16
 TSWREIS
√𝑆11 𝑆11
| |=
√𝑆22 𝑆12

Squaring on both sides we get

𝑆11 2
𝑆11 1 𝑆11
= 2 ⇒ = 2
𝑆22 𝑆12 𝑆22 𝑆12

2
𝑆12 = 𝑆11 . 𝑆22

Locus of 𝑄(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) is 𝑆12

2
= 𝑆11 . 𝑆22

Hence proved.

13. i) Show that the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 12 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 + 18𝑦 + 26 = 0

touch each other also find point of contact and common tangent at this point
of contact.

Sol: Given circles are 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 12 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 + 18𝑦 + 26 = 0

Here, 2𝑔 = −4, 2𝑓 = −6, 𝑐 = −12 2𝑔 = 6, 2𝑓 = 18, 𝑐 = 26

𝑔 = −2, 𝑓 = −3 𝑔 = 3, 𝑓 = 9

Centre 𝑐1 = (−𝑔, −𝑓) = (2, 3) 𝑐2 = (−3, −9)

radius(𝑟1 ) = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 radius(𝑟2 ) = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐

= √4 + 9 + 12 = 5 = √9 + 81 − 26 = √64 = 8

𝑐1 𝑐2 = √(−3 − 2)2 + (−9 − 3)2 = √25 + 144 = √169 = 13

∴ ̅̅̅̅̅

13 = 5 + 8 ⇒ ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑐1 𝑐2 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2
Given circles touch each other externally that

Let P be the point of contact.

It divides ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑐1 𝑐2 internally in the ratio = 𝑟1 : 𝑟2 = 5: 8

𝑟1 𝑥2 −𝑟2 𝑥1 𝑟1 𝑦2 −𝑟2 𝑦1 5(−3)+2(8) 5(−9)+8(3)

𝑃=( , ) =( , )
𝑟1 −𝑟2 𝑟1 −𝑟2 5+8 5+8

1 −21
𝑃 = (13 , )
13

equation of the common tangent is 𝑆 − 𝑆 ′ = 0

17
 TSWREIS
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 12 − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 + 18𝑦 + 26) = 0

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 12 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 18𝑦 − 26 = 0

−10𝑥 − 24𝑦 − 38 = 0 ⇒ 5𝑥 + 12𝑦 + 19 = 0

ii) Show that the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 9𝑦 + 13 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 16𝑦 = 0

touch each other also find the point of contact and common tangent at this
point of contact.

Sol: Given circles are 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 9𝑦 + 13 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 16𝑦 = 0

Here, 2𝑔 = −6, 2𝑓 = −9, 𝑐 = 13 2𝑔 = −2, 2𝑓 = −16, 𝑐 = 0

9
𝑔 = −2, 𝑓 = − 2 𝑔 = −1, 𝑓 = −8

9
Centre 𝑐1 = (−𝑔, −𝑓) = (3, ) 𝑐2 = (1, 8)
2

radius(𝑟1 ) = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 radius(𝑟2 ) = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐

81 √65
= √9 + − 13 = = √1 + 64 − 0 = √65
4 2

9 2 49 √65
𝑐1 𝑐2 = √(1 − 3)2 + (8 − 2) = √4 +
∴ ̅̅̅̅̅ =
4 2

√65 √65
=| − √65| ⇒ ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑐1 𝑐2 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2
2 2

Given circles touch each other internally at P.

It divides ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑐1 𝑐2 externally in the ratio = 𝑟1 : 𝑟2 = 5: 8

𝑟1 𝑥2 −𝑟2 𝑥1 𝑟1 𝑦2 −𝑟2 𝑦1 1(1)−2(2)

𝑃=( , ) =( ,
𝑟1 −𝑟2 𝑟1 −𝑟2 1−2
1(8)−2(9/2)
)
1−2

𝑃 = (1, 1)

equation of the common tangent at P is 𝑆 − 𝑆 ′ = 0

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 9𝑦 + 13 − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 16𝑦) = 0

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 9𝑦 + 13 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 + 16𝑦 = 0

18
 TSWREIS
−4𝑥 + 7𝑦 + 13 = 0

∴ 4𝑥 − 7𝑦 − 13 = 0

iii) Show that the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 1 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 13 = 0

touch each other, find the point of contact and the equation of common
tangent at their point of Contact.
(AP-16, 17, 19)

Sol: Given circles are 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 1 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 13 = 0

Here, 2𝑔 = −6, 2𝑓 = −2, 𝑐 = 1 2𝑔 = 2, 2𝑓 = −8, 𝑐 = 13

𝑔 = −3, 𝑓 = −1 𝑔 = 1, 𝑓 = −4

Centre 𝑐1 = (−𝑔, −𝑓) = (3, 1) 𝑐2 = (−1, 4)

radius(𝑟1 ) = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 radius(𝑟2 ) = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐

= √9 + 1 − 1 = 3 = √1 + 16 − 13 = 2

𝑐1 𝑐2 = √(3 + 1)2 + (1 − 4)2 = √16 + 9 = 5

∴ ̅̅̅̅̅

5 = 3 + 2 ⇒ ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑐1 𝑐2 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2

Given circles touch each other internally at P.

It divides ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑐1 𝑐2 externally in the ratio = 𝑟1 : 𝑟2 = 5: 8

𝑟1 𝑥2 −𝑟2 𝑥1 𝑟1 𝑦2 −𝑟2 𝑦1 −3+6 12+2

𝑃=( , ) =( , )⇒ 𝑃 = (35 , 14 )
𝑟1 −𝑟2 𝑟1 −𝑟2 3+2 3+2 5

equation of the common tangent at P is 𝑆 − 𝑆 ′ = 0

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 13 = 0

−8𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 12 = 0 ∴ 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 6 = 0

14. If the Polar of points on the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 w.r.t. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑏2 touches the

circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐 2 then show that a, b, c are in G.P.

Sol: Let 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) be a point on 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2

∴ 𝑥12 + 𝑦12 = 𝑎2 ------- (1)

Polar 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) w.r.t. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑏2 is

19
 TSWREIS
∴ 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 − 𝑏2 = 0 ------- (2)

eq (2) is a tangent to 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐 2

∴𝑟=𝑑

𝑟 = perpendicular distance from (0, 0) to eq(2)

|−𝑏2 | 𝑏2
𝑐= = √𝑎2 {∵ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑞 (1)}
√𝑥12 +𝑦12

𝑏2
𝑐= ⇒ 𝑏2 = 𝑎𝑐 ∴ 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in G.P.
𝑎

15. Find the equation of the circle passing through the points (1, 2), (3, -4), (5, -6).

Sol: Let 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 ----------(1) be the required equation of circle

eq (1) passing through A = (1, 2)

(1)2 + (2)2 + 2𝑔(1) + 2𝑓(2) + 𝑐 = 0
⇒ 2𝑔 + 4𝑓 + 𝑐 = −5 ----- (2)
eq (1) passing through B = (3, -4)
(3)2 + (−4)2 + 2𝑔(3) + 2𝑓 (−4) + 𝑐 = 0
⇒ 6𝑔 − 8𝑓 + 𝑐 = −25 ----- (3)
eq (1) passing through C = (5, -6)
(5)2 + (−6)2 + 2𝑔(5) + 2𝑓 (−6) + 𝑐 = 0
⇒ 10𝑔 − 12𝑓 + 𝑐 = −61 ------- (4)
eq (2) – eq (3) ⇒ −4𝑔 + 12𝑓 = 20 ⇒ 𝑔 − 3𝑓 = −5 ------ (5)
eq (3) – eq (4) ⇒ −4𝑔 + 4𝑓 = 36 ⇒ 𝑔 − 𝑓 = 9 --------- (6)
𝑔 𝑓 ┴ 𝑔 𝑓 1
−3 5 1 −3 = =
−27+5 5−9 −1+3
−1 9 1 −1
𝑔 𝑓 1
= = ⇒ 𝑔 = −11, 𝑓 = −2
−22 −4 2
sub 𝑔 = −11, 𝑓 = −2 in eq (2), 2(−11) + 4(−2) + 𝑐 = −5 ⇒ 𝑐 = 25
Sub 𝑔 = −11, 𝑓 = −2, 𝑐 = 25 in eq (1)
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2(−11)𝑥 + 2(−2)𝑦 + 25 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 22𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 25 = 0

20
 TSWREIS
16. Find the pair of tangents drawn from (1, 3) to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 11 = 0
and also find the angle between them. (M-16, TS)

Sol: Given circle 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 11 = 0, P = (1, 3) = (𝑥1, 𝑦1 )

Here 𝑔 = −1, 𝑓 = 2, 𝑐 = −11

equation of pair of tangent at 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) to S = ) is 𝑆12 = 𝑆. 𝑆11

(𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑦 + 𝑦1 ) + 𝑐 )2 =

(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 )(𝑥12 + 𝑦12 + 2𝑔𝑥1 + 2𝑓𝑦1 + 𝑐 )

(1(𝑥) + 𝑦(3) − (𝑥 + 1) + 2(𝑦 + 3) − 11)2 =

(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 11)(12 + 32 − 2(1) + 4(3) − 11)

(𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑥 − 1 + 2𝑦 + 6 − 11)2 = 9(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 11)

(5𝑦 − 6)2 = 9𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 − 18𝑥 + 36𝑦 − 99

25𝑦 2 − 60𝑦 + 36 − 9𝑥 2 − 9𝑦 2 + 18𝑥 − 36𝑦 + 99 = 0

9𝑥 2 − 16𝑦 2 − 18𝑥 + 36𝑦 − 135 = 0

Here, 𝑎 = 9, 𝑏 = −16, 2ℎ = 0 ⇒ ℎ = 0

Let 𝜃 be angle between pair of lines then

|𝑎+𝑏| |9−16| |−7| 7 7

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = = = = ∴ 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (25)
√(𝑎−𝑏)2 +4ℎ 2 √(9+16)2 +4(0)
2 √252 25

17. If 𝜃1 , 𝜃2 are the angles of inclination of tangents through a point P to the circle
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 then find the locus of P when 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃2 = 𝐾.

Sol: Let 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) be a point on the locus

Equation of the tangent to 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 having slope 𝑚 is

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 ± 𝑎√1 + 𝑚2 ------ (1) passing through 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

𝑦1 = 𝑚𝑥1 ± 𝑎√1 + 𝑚2

(𝑦1 − 𝑚𝑥1 )2 = 𝑎2 (1 + 𝑚2 )

𝑦12 − 2𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑚 + 𝑚2 𝑥12 − 𝑎2 − 𝑎2 𝑚2 = 0

21
 TSWREIS
(𝑥12 − 𝑎2 )𝑚2 − 2𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑚 + (𝑦12 − 𝑎2 ) = 0 be a quadratic equation interms of 𝑚.

Let 𝑚1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃1 , 𝑚2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃2 are the roots of quadratic equation and are

slope of tangents at P.

2𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑦 2 −𝑎2
∴ 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 = 2 2, 𝑚1 𝑚2 = 12 2
𝑥1 −𝑎 𝑥1 −𝑎

Given that, 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃2 = 𝐾

1 1
+ =𝐾
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃2

1 1
+ 𝑚 = 𝐾 ⇒ 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 = 𝐾𝑚1 𝑚2
𝑚1 2

2𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑦12 −𝑎2

= 𝐾( )
𝑥12 −𝑎 2 𝑥12 −𝑎2

2𝑥1 𝑦1 = 𝐾 (𝑦12 − 𝑎2 )

Locus of 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝐾 (𝑦 2 − 𝑎2 )

CIRCLES – SAQ (4M)

1. Find the length of the chord intercepted by the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 22 = 0

on the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 3. (Mar-18,20, May16)

Sol: Given circle 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 22 = 0

1 3 1 −3
𝑔 = − 2 , 𝑓 = 2 , 𝑐 = −22, 𝑐 = (−𝑔, −𝑓) = (2 , )
2

1 9 98 7
Radius (𝑟1 ) = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 = √4 + 4 + 22 = √ 4 = =𝑟
√2

1 −3
d = perpendicular distance from 𝑐 = (2 , ) to the line 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3 = 0
2

1 3
| + −3| 1
2 2
𝑑= =
√12 +(−1) 2 √2

Length of chord = 2√𝑟 2 − 𝑑 2

49 1
AB = 2√ 2 − 2

22
 TSWREIS
48
AB = 2√ 2 = 2√24

The length of chord AB = 4√6 units

2. Find the of the chord intercepted by the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 8 = 0 on the

line 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 = 0 (Mar-16 TS)

Sol: Given circle 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 8 = 0

𝑔 = −4, 𝑓 = −1, 𝑐 = −8, 𝑐 = (−𝑔, −𝑓) = (4,1)

Radius (𝑟1 ) = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 = √16 + 1 + 8 = √25 = 5 = 𝑟

d = perpendicular distance from 𝑐 = (4, 1) to the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 = 0

|4+1+1| 6
𝑑= = = 3√2
√12 +12 √2

Length of chord = 2√𝑟 2 − 𝑑 2

AB = 2√25 − 18

AB = 2√7

The length of chord AB = 2√7 units

3. Find the equation of the circle with centre (-2, 3) having a chord of length 2 units
on the line 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 4 = 0.

Sol: Given centre of the circle = (-2, 3), line is 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 4 = 0

Length of chord = 2 ⇒ 2√𝑟 2 − 𝑑 2 = 2 = 𝑟 2 − 𝑑 2 = 1 ------ (1)

d = perpendicular distance from 𝑐 = (−2, 3)

to the line 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 4 = 0
|3(−2)+4(3)+4| |−6+12+4|
𝑑= = = 2 ⇒ d2 = 4
√32 +42 5

from eq(1) 𝑟 2 − 4 = 1 ⇒ 1 + 4 = 5 ⇒ 𝑟 = √5
equation of the circle with centre c(-2, 3) = (h, k) = 𝑟 = √5 is
( 𝑥 − ℎ )2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘 )2 = 𝑟 2
2
⇒ (𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = (√5)
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 + 9 − 5 = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 8 = 0
23
 TSWREIS
4. Find the equations of tangents to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 12 = 0 which are
parallel to 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 8 = 0.

Sol: Given circle 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 12 = 0

𝑔 = 2, 𝑓 = −3, 𝑐 = −12, 𝑐 = (−𝑔, −𝑓) = (2, −3)

Radius (𝑟1 ) = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 = √4 + 9 + 12 = √25 = 5 = 𝑟

Slope of tangents parallel to 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 8 = 0 is m = –1

Equation of tangents are 𝑓 + 𝑦 = 𝑚(𝑥 ≢ 𝑔) ± 𝑟√1 + 𝑚2

𝑦 + 𝑓 = 𝑚(𝑥 + 𝑔) ± 𝑟√1 + 𝑚2

𝑦 + 3 = − ( 𝑥 − 2 ) ± 5 √1 + 1

𝑦 + 3 = −𝑥 + 2 ± 5√2 ⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 ∓ 5√2 = 0

5. If a point P is moving such that the lengths of the tangents drawn from P to the
circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 12 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 + 18𝑦 + 26 = 0 are in the ratio
2 : 3 then find the equation of locus of P. (Mar-17, 19 AP)

Sol: given circles 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 12 = 0 and 𝑆 ′ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 + 18𝑦 + 26 = 0

Let 𝑃 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) be a point on the locus

Given that 𝑃𝐴
̅̅̅̅: 𝑃𝐵
̅̅̅̅ = 2: 3

̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝐴 2
̅̅̅̅: 2𝑃𝐵
= 3 ⇒ 3𝑃𝐴 ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝐵

′
3√𝑆11 = 2√𝑆11

Squaring on both sides we get

′
9𝑆11 = 4𝑆11

9(𝑥12 + 𝑦12 − 4𝑥1 − 6𝑦1 − 12) = 4(𝑥12 + 𝑦12 + 6𝑥1 + 18𝑦1 + 26)

9𝑥12 + 9𝑦12 − 36𝑥1 − 54𝑦1 − 108 − 4𝑥12 + 4𝑦12 − 24𝑥1 − 72𝑦1 − 104 = 0

5𝑥12 + 5𝑦12 − 60𝑥1 − 126𝑦1 − 212 = 0

24
 TSWREIS
6. Find the angle between the tangents drawn from (3, 2) to the circle
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 2 = 0.

Sol: Given circle 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 2 = 0

𝑔 = −3, 𝑓 = 2, 𝑐 = −2, 𝑐 = (−𝑔, −𝑓) = (3, −2)

radius (𝑟1 ) = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 = √9 + 4 + 2 = √15 = 𝑟, 𝑃(3, 2) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

Let θ be the triangle between tangents drawn from P to S = 0 then

𝑟 √15
⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃/2 = =
√𝑆11 √9+4−18+8−2

√15
⇒ = √15
1

1−𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝜃/2 1−15

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = |1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 θ/2| = |1+15|

−14 −7 7
= | 16 | = | 8 | = 8

7
∴ 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (8)

7. Show that the tangent at (-1, 𝛼) of the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 7 = 0 touches

the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 0 and find the point of contact.

Sol: Given Circle 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 7 = 0, 𝑔 = −2, 𝑓 = −4, 𝑐 = 7

Equation of tangent to S = 0 at P(-1, 2) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is S1 = 0

⇒ 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑦 + 𝑦1 ) + 𝑐 = 0

⇒ 𝑥(−1) + 𝑦(2) − 2(𝑥 − 1) − 4(𝑦 + 2) + 7 = 0

⇒ −𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 2 − 4𝑦 − 8 + 7 = 0

−3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 1 = 0 ----- (1)

Given second circle S’= 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 0, 𝑔 = 2, 𝑓 = 3, 𝑐 = 0

Centre 𝑐 = (−𝑔, −𝑓) = (−2, −3), 𝑟 = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 = √4 + 9 = √13

d = perpendicular distance from c(-2, -3) to eq(1)

|3(−2)+2(−3)−1| |−6−6−1| 13
𝑑= = = = √13 = 𝑟
√32 +22 √13 √13

25
 TSWREIS
r = d ⇒ eq(1) is a tangent to second circle

Let A(h, k) be the point of contact then it is the foot of

the perpendicular from c(-2, -3) to eq(1)

ℎ−𝑥1 𝑘−𝑦1 −(𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐)

= =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 2 +𝑏2

ℎ+2 𝑘+3 −(3(−2)+2(−3)−1)

= =
3 2 32 +22

ℎ+2 𝑘+3 13
= = 13 = 1
3 2

ℎ+2 𝑘+3
=1 and =1
3 2

ℎ+2 =3 ⇒ℎ =3−2= 1 𝑘 + 3 = 2 ⇒ 2 − 3 = −1

∴ A = (1, -1) be the point of contact.

8. Find the locus of mid point of chord of contact 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 from the point lying
on the line 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0.

Sol: Let Q(h, k) be a point lying on 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0

i.e., 𝑙ℎ + 𝑚𝑘 + 𝑛 = 0 -------- (1)

Let 𝑃 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) be the mid point of chord of contact of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2

equation of mid point of chord of contact is S 1 = S11

𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 − 𝑎2 = 𝑥12 + 𝑦12 − 𝑎2

𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 − (𝑥12 + 𝑦12 ) = 0 ------- (2)

equation of chord of contact of (h, k) w.r.t. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 is

𝑥ℎ + 𝑦𝑘 − 𝑎2 = 0 ------ (3)
eq (2) and eq (3) represents same line

𝑥1 𝑦1 −(𝑥12 +𝑦12 )
= =
ℎ 𝑘 − 𝑎2

𝑎 2𝑥 𝑎2 𝑦
⇒ (ℎ, 𝑘) = (𝑥 2+𝑦12 , 𝑥 2 +𝑦12 ) lies on eq(1)
1 1 1 1

𝑎 2 𝑥1 𝑎 2 𝑦1
⇒ 𝑙( 2) + 𝑚 ( )+𝑛 =0
𝑥12+𝑦1 𝑥12+𝑦12

⇒ 𝑎2 (𝑙𝑥1 + 𝑚𝑦1 ) + 𝑛(𝑥12 + 𝑦12 ) = 0

Locus of 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is 𝑎2 (𝑙𝑥1 + 𝑚𝑦1 ) + 𝑛(𝑥12 + 𝑦12 ) = 0

26
 TSWREIS
9. Show that 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 = 0 touches the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 + 7𝑦 + 14 = 0 and find the
point of contact.

Sol: Given circle 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 + 7𝑦 + 14 = 0, 𝑔 = −3/2, 𝑓 = 7/2, 𝑐 = 14

9 49 1
Centre 𝑐 = (−𝑔, −𝑓) = (3/2, −7/2), 𝑟 = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 = √4 + − 14 =
4 √2

d = perpendicular distance (3/2, -7/2) to 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 = 0

3 7
| − +1| 1
2 2
𝑑= = =𝑟⇒𝑟=𝑑
√12 +12 √2

Given line 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 = 0 touches the given circle

Let Q(h, k) be the point of contact and it is the foot of the

Perpendicular from c(3/2, −7/2) to 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 = 0

ℎ−𝑥1 𝑘−𝑦1 −(𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐)
= =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 2 +𝑏2
3 7
ℎ−3/2 𝑘+7/2 −( − +1) 1
2 2
= = =2
1 1 12 +22

2ℎ−3 2𝑘+7 1
= =2
2 1

2ℎ−3 1 2𝑘+7 1
=2 =2
2 1

2ℎ − 3 = 1 ⇒ 2ℎ = 4 2𝑘 + 7 = 1 ⇒ 2𝑘 = 1 − 7
4 6
ℎ=2=2 𝑘 = − 2 = −3

∴ Q(2, -3)

10. Find the pair of tangents drawn from P(3, 2) to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 0.

Sol: Given circle 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 0, 𝑔 = −3, 𝑓 = 2, 𝑐 = −2

Point P = (3, 2) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

equation of pair of tangents to S = 0 from 𝑃 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is 𝑆12 = 𝑆. 𝑆11

(𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑥1 ) + 𝑓 (𝑦 + 𝑦1 ) + 𝑐 )2 =

(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐). (𝑥12 + 𝑦12 + 2𝑔𝑥1 + 2𝑓𝑦1 + 𝑐)

⇒ (𝑥 (3) + 𝑦(2) − 3(𝑥 + 3) + 2(𝑦 + 2) − 2)2 =

(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 2)(32 + 22 − 6(3) + 4(2) − 2)

⇒ (3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑥 − 9 + 2𝑦 + 4 − 2)2 = 1(𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 2)

27
 TSWREIS
⇒ (4𝑦 − 7)2 = (𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 2)

⇒ 16𝑦 2 − 56𝑦 + 49 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 2

⇒ 𝑥 2 − 15𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 56𝑦 − 57 = 0

11. Find the connection that the tangents drawn from (0, 0) to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 +
2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 be perpendicular to each other.

Sol: Given circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 , P = (0, 0) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), θ = 90o.

θ/2 = 90/2 = 45o

𝜃 𝑟
∴ θ be angle between tangents then 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 =
√𝑆11

𝑟 𝑟
𝑡𝑎𝑛45𝑜 = ⇒1= ⇒ 𝑟 2 = 𝑆11
√𝑆11 √𝑆11

𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 = 𝑥12 + 𝑦12 + 2𝑔𝑥1 + 2𝑓𝑦1 + 𝑐

𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 𝑐

𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 = 𝑐 + 𝑐 = 2𝑐

12. Find the inverse point of (-2, 3) w.r.t. circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 9 = 0.

Sol: Given circle 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 9 = 0, the point (-2, 3) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

Equation of polar of P to S = 0 is S1 = 0, 𝑔 = −2, 𝑓 = 3, 𝑐 = 9

𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 + 2𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑥1 ) + 2𝑔(𝑦 + 𝑦1 ) + 𝑐 = 0 𝐶 = (−𝑔, −𝑓) = (2, 3)

𝑥(−2) + 𝑦(3) − (𝑥 − 2) − 3(𝑦 + 3) + 9 = 0

−2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 4 − 3𝑦 − 9 + 9 = 0

⇒ −4𝑥 + 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1

𝑦 −𝑦
equation 𝐶𝑃
⃡ is 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 2 1 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑥 −𝑥 2 1

3−3
𝑦 − 3 = 2+2 (𝑥 + 2) ⇒ 𝑦 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 3

The common point of 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 3 is (1, 3) be the inverse point of P(-2, 3)

28
 TSWREIS
13. Show that the lines 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 11 = 0 and 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 1 = 0 are conjugate w.r.t the
circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 12 = 0.

Sol: Given circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 12 = 0, 𝑔 = 2, 𝑓 = 3, 𝑐 = 12

𝑟 2 = 𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 = 4 + 9 − 12 = 1

Equation of lines 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 11 = 0 and 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 1 = 0

𝑙1 = 2, 𝑚1 = 3, 𝑛1 = 11 and 𝑙2 = 2, 𝑚2 = −2, 𝑛2 = −1

Given lines are conjugates lines w.r.t. to S = 0 then

𝑟 2 (𝑙1 𝑙2 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 ) = (𝑙1 𝑔 + 𝑚1 𝑓 − 𝑛1 )(𝑙2 𝑔 + 𝑚2 𝑓 − 𝑛2 )

1[2(2) + 3(−2)] = [2(2) − 2(3) + 1]

4 − 6 = (4 + 9 − 11)(4 − 6 + 1)

−2 = −2

Hence given lines are conjugate w.r.t. given circle.

14. Find the equation of the circle which is touches the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 20 = 0
externally at (5, 5) with radius 5 units.

Sol: Given circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 20 = 0, 𝑔 = −1, 𝑓 = −2, 𝑐 = −20

𝐶1 = (−𝑔, −𝑓) = (1,2 ), 𝑟1 = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 = √1 + 4 + 20 = 5

Let 𝐶2 = (ℎ, 𝑘) be the centre of required circle, given 𝑟2 = 5

Here, 𝑟1 = 𝑟2

∴ Circle touch each other externally

∴ P(5, 5) be the point of contact = mid point of ̅̅̅̅̅̅

𝐶1 𝐶2
ℎ+1 𝑘+2
(5, 5) = ( , ) ⇒ ℎ = 9, 𝑘 = 8
2 2

C2 = (9, 8) = (h, k), 𝑟2 = 5

equation of the circle is (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟22

(𝑥 − 9)2 + (𝑦 − 8)2 = 52

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 18𝑥 − 16𝑦 + 81 + 64 − 25 = 0

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 18𝑥 − 16𝑦 + 120 = 0

29
 TSWREIS
15. If the chord of contact of a point P w.r.t. the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 cut the circle at
A and B such that ∠AOB = 90o then show that P lies on the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑎2 .

Sol: Given circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 ------ (1)

Let 𝑃 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) be any point

equation of chord of 𝑃 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) w.r.t. S = 0 is S1 = 0

𝑥𝑥1 +𝑦𝑦1
𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 − 𝑎2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 = 𝑎2 ⇒ = 1 ----- (2)
𝑎2

Homogenise eq(1) with the help of eq(2) as

𝑥𝑥1+𝑦𝑦1 2 (𝑥𝑥1+𝑦𝑦1 )2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎 2 (1)2 = 𝑎 2 ( ) = 𝑎2
𝑎2 𝑎4

𝑎2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 𝑥 2 𝑥12 + 𝑦 2 𝑦12 + 2𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑥𝑦

𝑥 2 (𝑎2 − 𝑥12 ) + 𝑦 2 (𝑎2 − 𝑦12 ) − 2𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑥𝑦 = 0

Given that, ∠AOB = 90o

Coefficient of 𝑥 2 + Coefficient of 𝑦 2 = 0

𝑎2 − 𝑥12 + 𝑎2 − 𝑦12 = 0

2𝑎2 = 𝑥12 + 𝑦12

Locus of 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑎2

16. Find the pole of 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 45 = 0 w.r.t. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 5 = 0.

Sol: Given circle 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 5 = 0, 𝑔 = −3, 𝑓 = −4, 𝑐 = 5

radius (𝑟) = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 = √9 + 16 − 5 = √20 ⇒ 𝑟 2 = 20

Given line is 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 45 = 0, 𝑙 = 3, 𝑚 = 4, 𝑛 = −45

∴ The pole of the line 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0 w.r.t. S = 0 is

𝑙𝑟 2 𝑚𝑟 2
𝑃 = (−𝑔 + , −𝑓 + )
𝑙𝑔+𝑚𝑓−𝑛 𝑙𝑔+𝑚𝑓−𝑛

3(20) 4(20)
⇒ (3 + −9−16+45 , 4 + −9−16+45) = (2 + 3, 4 + 4) = (6, 8)

17. Find the area of the triangle formed by the coordinate axes and he tangent
drawn at point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) on the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 .

Sol: Equation of the tangent at 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) to the circle

30
 TSWREIS
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 is 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 − 𝑎2 = 0
∴ 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 = 𝑎2
𝑥 𝑦
𝑎2
+ 𝑎2
= 1 cuts
( ) ( )
𝑥1 𝑦1

𝑎2 𝑎2
The x-axis at A = ( 𝑥 , 0) and B = (0, )
1 𝑦1

1 𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑎4
∴ Area of the triangle AOB = | . |=
2 𝑥1 𝑦1 2|𝑥1𝑦1 |

18. Find the area of the triangle formed by the normal at (3, –4) to the circle 𝑥 2 +
𝑦 2 − 22𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 25 = 0 with the coordinate axes

Sol: Given equation of circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 22𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 25 = 0

Here, 𝑔 = −11, 𝑓 = −2, 𝑐 = 25

Point P = (3, – 4) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

Equation of normal at 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) to the circle S = 0 is

(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑦1 + 𝑓) − (𝑦 − 𝑦1 )(𝑥1 + 𝑔) = 0

(𝑥 − 3)(−4 − 2) − (𝑦 − 4)(3 − 11) = 0

3𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 25 = 0 ⇒ 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 25
𝑥 𝑦
25 + −25 = 1 meets the coordinate
( ) ( )
3 4

25 −25
Axes at A = ( 3 , 0) and B = (0, )
2

1
Required area of the triangle = 2 |𝑎𝑏|

1 25 −25 625
= 2|3 ( )| = sq. units
4 24

31
 TSWREIS

CIRCLES – VSAQ (2M)

1. Find the value of a of 2𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 1 = 0 represents a circle and also find

its radius. (AP – 16)

Sol: Given that, 2𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 1 = 0 represents a circle

∴ Coefficient of 𝑥 2 + coefficient of 𝑦 2 ⇒ 2 = a

Now, equation of circle is 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 1 = 0

3 1 3 1 1
(÷ 2) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2 = 0, 𝑔 = − 4 , 𝑓 = 2 , 𝑐 = − 2

9 1 1 9+4+8 √21
radius (𝑟) = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 = √ + + = √ =
16 4 2 16 4

2. If the centre of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 − 12 = 0 is (2, 3) find the values of a, b

and the radius of the circle. (May-07, 09,
M-08)

𝑎 𝑏
Sol: Given that 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 − 12 = 0 𝑔 = 2 , 𝑓 = 2 , 𝑐 = −12

𝑎 𝑏
Given centre = (2, 3) = (− 2 , − 2) ⇒ 𝑎 = −4, 𝑏 = −6 ∴ 𝑔 = −2, 𝑓 = −3

Now, radius (𝑟) = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 = √(−2)2 + (−3)2 + 12 = √4 + 9 + 12 = √25 =5

3. If 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 represents a circle with a radius 6 then find the value

of c.

Sol: Given that, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 represents a circle

𝑔 = −2, 𝑓 = 3, 𝑐 = 𝑐

Given radius (r) = 6 ⇒ r2 = 62 ⇒ (−2)2 + 32 − 𝑐 = 36

4 + 9 − 𝑐 = 36 ⇒ 13 − 36 = 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑐 = 13

4. Find the centre and radius of the circle √1 + 𝑚2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − 2𝑐𝑥 − 2𝑚𝑥𝑦 = 0

Sol: Given equation of circle √1 + 𝑚2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − 2𝑐𝑥 − 2𝑚𝑐𝑦 (J-10)

2𝑐 2𝑚𝑐 𝑐 𝑚𝑐
∴ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − √1+𝑚2 𝑥 − √1+𝑚2 𝑦 = 0, 𝑔 = − , 𝑓=−
√1+𝑚2 √1+𝑚2

32
 TSWREIS
𝑐 𝑚𝑐
Centre = (−𝑔, −𝑓) = (√1+𝑚2 , √1+𝑚2 )

𝑐2 𝑚 2𝑐 2 𝑐 2(1+𝑚 2 )
radius (𝑟) = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 = √1+𝑚2 + 1+𝑚2 − 0 = √ =𝑐
1+𝑚 2

5. Find the equation of the circle passing through (2, -1) and having the centre at
(2, 3).

Sol: Given centre = (2, 3) and point P = (2, -1)

By definition radius (𝑟) = 𝐶𝑃 = √(2 − 2)2 + (−1 − 3)2 = 4

∴ equation of the circle with centre (2, 3) = (h, k), radius 4 is

(𝑥 − ℎ )2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘 )2 = 𝑟 2

⇒ (𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 − 3 )2 = 42

⇒ 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 + 9 = 16

⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 3 = 0

6. Find the equation of the circle passing through (3, 4) and having the centre
at (-3, 4).

Sol: Given centre = (-3, 4) = (h, k), Point = (3, 4) = P

By definition radius (𝑟) = 𝐶𝑃 = √(3 + 3)2 + (4 − 4)2 = 6 = 𝑟

(𝑥 − ℎ )2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘 )2 = 𝑟 2

⇒ (𝑥 + 3)2 + (𝑦 − 4 )2 = 62

⇒ 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 + 16 = 36

⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 − 8𝑦 − 11 = 0

7. i) Find the equation of the circle whose centre is (-4, -3) and which passes
through the origin.

Sol: Given centre = (-4, -3) = (h, k), Point = (0,0) = P

By definition radius (𝑟) = 𝐶𝑃 = √16 + 9 = 5 = 𝑟

(𝑥 − ℎ )2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘 )2 = 𝑟 2

33
 TSWREIS
⇒ (𝑥 + 4)2 + (𝑦 + 3 )2 = 52

⇒ 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 16 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 + 9 = 25

⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 8𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 0

ii) Find the equation of the circle whose centre is (-1, 2) and which passes
through (5, 6).

Sol: Given centre = (-1, 2) = (h, k), Point = (5, 6) = P

By definition radius (𝑟) = 𝐶𝑃 = √(5 + 1)2 + (6 − 2)2 = √36 + 16 = √52 = 𝑟

Equation of the circle is

(𝑥 − ℎ )2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘 )2 = 𝑟 2

2
⇒ (𝑥 + 1)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = (√52)

⇒ 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4 = 52

⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 47 = 0

8. If the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 𝑎 = 0 has radius 4, then find ‘a’.

Sol: Given circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 𝑎 = 0, 𝑔 = −2, 𝑓 = 3, 𝑐 = 𝑎

Given radius (𝑟) = 4 ⇒ 𝑟 2 = 42

⇒ 𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 = 16 ⇒ 4 + 9 − 𝑎 = 16 ⇒ 𝑎 = −3

9. Find the equation of the circle which is concentric with the circle
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 12 = 0 and passing through (-2, 14).

Sol: equation of the circle which is concentric with 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 12 = 0

is of the form 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 𝐾 = 0 ------- (1)

eq (1) passing through (-2, 14)

(−2)2 + 142 − 6(−2) − 4(14) + 𝐾 = 0

⇒ 𝐾 = −156

Substitute 𝐾 = −156 in eq (1)

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 156 = 0
34
 TSWREIS
10. Find the other end of the diameter of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 27 = 0 if one
end pf it is (2, 3).

Sol: Centre of the given circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 27 = 0 is

C(4, 4) and one end of the diameter A = (2, 3)

Let B = (h, k) be the other end of the diameter ̅̅̅̅

𝐴𝐵

2+ℎ 3+𝑘
C = mid point of ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 = ( 2 , 2 )

2+ℎ 3+𝑘
(4, 4) = ( , ) ⇒ 2 + h = 8, 3+k=8
2 2

h = 6, k=5

other end of the diameter B = (6, 5)

11. Find the value of a, b if 𝑎𝑥 2 + +𝑏𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3 = 0 represent a circle also

find the centre and radius of the circle.

Sol: Given that 𝑥 2 + +𝑏𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3 = 0 represents a circle

i) coefficient of 𝑥 2 = coefficient of 𝑦 2 ⇒ 𝑎 = 3
ii) coefficient of 𝑥𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑏 = 0

Now, equation of circle is 3𝑥 2 +3𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3 = 0

5 2 −5 1
(÷ 3) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 3 𝑥 + 3 𝑦 − 1 = 0, 𝑔 = , 𝑓 = 3 , 𝑐 = −1
6

5 −1
Centre = −𝑔, −𝑓) = (6 , )
3

25 1 25+4+36 √65
Radius (𝑟) = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 = √36 + 9 + 1 = √ =
36 6

12. Find the value of 𝑔, 𝑓 if 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 − 12 = 0 represents the circle with
centre (2, 3) and also find radius.

Sol: Given centre of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 − 12 = 0 is (2, 3)

(−𝑔, −𝑓) = (2, 3) ⇒ 𝑔 = −2, 𝑓 = −3, 𝑐 = −12

Radius (𝑟) = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 = √4 + 9 + 12 = √25 = 5

35
 TSWREIS
13. i) If the length of the tangent from (2, 5) to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 𝐾 = 0 is
√37 then find the value of K.

5
Sol: Given circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 𝐾 = 0, 𝑔 = − 2 , 𝑓 = 2, 𝑐 = 𝐾

Length of the tangent from (2, 5) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) to S = 0 is √37

√𝑆11 = √37 ⇒ 𝑆11 = 37

𝑥12 + 𝑦12 − 5𝑥1 + 4𝑦1 + 𝐾 = 37

⇒ 22 + 52 − 5(2) + 4(5) + 𝐾 = 37

⇒ 39 + 𝐾 = 37 ⇒ 𝐾 = −2

ii) If the length of the tangent from (5, 4) to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝐾𝑦 = 0 is ‘1’ then
find K.

Sol: Given circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝐾𝑦 = 0, P = (5, 4) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

Length of the tangent from (5, 4) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) to S = 0 is 1

√𝑆11 = 1 ⇒ 𝑆11 = 1
𝑥12 + 𝑦12 + 4𝐾𝑦1 = 1

⇒ 52 + 42 + 2𝐾(4) = 1

⇒25 + 16 + 8𝐾 = 1 ⇒ 8𝐾 = 1 − 41 ⇒ 𝐾 = −5

iii) Find the length of the tangent from (-2, 5) to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 25 = 0

Sol: Given circle 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 25 = 0, P = (-2, 5) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

Length of the tangent = √𝑆11 = √𝑥12 + 𝑦12 − 25

= √(−2)2 + 52 − 25 = √4 + 25 − 25

= √𝑆11 = √4 = 2

14. Find the equation of the circle whose extremities of a diameter

are (1, 2) and (4, 5).
Sol: Given extremities of a diameter of circle are
A = (1, 2) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), B = (4, 5) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
Equation of circle is (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 ) + (𝑦 − 𝑦1 )(𝑦 − 𝑦2 ) = 0
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 4) + (𝑦 − 2)(𝑦 − 5) = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 14 = 0

36
 TSWREIS
15. Obtain the parametric equation of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 12 = 0

Sol: Given circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 12 = 0, 𝑔 = −3, 𝑓 = 2, 𝑐 = −12

Radius (𝑟) = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 = √9 + 4 + 12 = 5

Parametric equation of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 are

𝑥 = −𝑔 + 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 and 𝑦 = −𝑓 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝑥 = 3 + 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 and 𝑦 = −2 + 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

16. Obtain the parametric equations of the circle (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 4)2 = 82.

Sol: Given circle (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 4)2 = 82 , ℎ = 3, 𝑘 = 4, 𝑟 = 8

Parametric equations of the circle (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 are

𝑥 = ℎ + 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 and 𝑦 = 𝑘 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝑥 = 3 + 8 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 and 𝑦 = 4 + 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

17. Obtain the parametric equations of the circle represented by 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4.

Sol: Given Circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4, 𝑟 2 = 4, 𝑟 = 2

Parametric equations of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 are

𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 and 𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝑥 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 and 𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

18. Find the power of the point P(-1, 1) w.r.t. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 12 = 0

Sol: Given Circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 12 = 0, P = (-1, 1) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

The power of P w. r. t S = 0 is 𝑆11 = 𝑥12 + 𝑦12 − 6𝑥1 + 4𝑦1 − 12

𝑆11 = (−1)2 + 12 − 6(−1) + 4(1) − 12 = 1 + 1 + 6 + 4 − 12 = 0

19. Find the value of k, if the points (1, 3) and (2, k) are conjugate with respect to
the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 35.

Sol: Given points P = (1, 3) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), Q = (2, K) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) are

Conjugate w.r.t to S = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 35

37
 TSWREIS
∴ 𝑆12 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 𝑦2 = 35

= 1(2) + 3(𝐾) − 35 = 0 ⇒ 3𝐾 − 33 = 0

= 3𝐾 = 33 ⇒ 𝐾 = 11

20. Find the value of k, if the points (4, k), (2, 3) are conjugate with respect to 𝑥 2 +
𝑦 2 = 17.

Sol: Given Points P = (4, K) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), Q = (2, 3) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) are

Conjugate w.r.t to S = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 17

∴ 𝑆12 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 𝑦2 = 17

= 4(2) + 𝐾(3) − 17 = 0 ⇒ 8 + 3𝐾 − 17 = 0

= 3𝐾 − 9 ⇒ 𝐾 = 3

21. Find the value of k, if the points (4, 2) and (k, -3) are conjugate with respect to
the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 6 = 0.

Sol: Given points P = (4, 4) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) Q = (K, -3) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) are

−5
Conjugate w.r.t to 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 6 = 0, 𝑔 = , 𝑓 = 4, 𝑐 = 6
2

∴ 𝑆12 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 𝑦2 + 𝑔(𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ) + 𝑓(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 ) + 𝑐 = 0

5
= 4(𝐾 ) + 2(−3) − 2 (4 + 𝐾 ) + 4(2 − 3) + 6 = 0

5
= 4𝐾 − 6 − 2 (4 + 𝐾 ) − 4 + 6 = 0 ⇒ 8𝐾 − 20 − 5𝐾 − 8 = 0

28
= 3𝐾 − 28 ⇒ 𝐾 = 3

22. Find the equation of the polar of (1, -2) with respect to the circle
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 25 = 0.

Sol: Given circle 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 25 = 0, 𝑔 = −5, 𝑓 = −5, 𝑐 = 25

Point P = (1, -2) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

Equation of polar of P with respect to S = o is S 1 = 0

𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑦 + 𝑦1 ) + 𝑐 = 0

38
 TSWREIS
= 𝑥(1) + 𝑦(−2) − 5(𝑥 + 1) − 5(𝑦 + 1) + 25 = 0

= 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 5𝑥 − 5 − 5𝑦 − 5 + 25 = 0

= −4𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 30 = 0 ⇒ 4𝑥 + 7𝑦 − 30 = 0

23. Find the chord of constant of (2, 5) with respect to the circle
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 2 = 0

5
Sol: Given Circle S = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 2 = 0, 𝑔 = − 2 , 𝑓 = 2, 𝑐 = −2

Point P = (2, 5) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

Equation of polar of P with respect to S = o is S1 = 0

𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑦 + 𝑦1 ) + 𝑐 = 0

5
= 𝑥 (2) + 𝑦 (5) − 2 (𝑥 + 2) + 2(𝑦 + 5) − 2 = 0

5
= 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 − (𝑥 + 2) + 2𝑦 + 10 − 2 = 0
2

= 4𝑥 + 10𝑦 − 5𝑥 − 10 + 4𝑦 + 20 − 4 = 0

= −𝑥+= 14𝑦 + 6 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 − 14𝑦 − 6 = 0

24. Find the polar of (1, 2) with respect to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 7.

Sol: equation of polar of (1, 2) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) w. r. t. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 7 is

S1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 − 7 = 0

= 𝑥(1) + 𝑦(2) − 7 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 7 = 0

25. Find the pole of 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 with respect 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 .

Sol: Let 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) be the pole of 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 ------ (1), w. r. t. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2

equation of polar of P w. r. t. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 is 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 − 𝑟 2 = 0 ----- (2)

eq (1) and (2) represents same

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 −𝑎𝑟 2 −𝑏𝑟 2
= = ⇒ 𝑥1 = , 𝑦1 =
𝑥1 𝑦1 −𝑟 2 𝑐 𝑐

−𝑎𝑟2 −𝑏𝑟2
∴ pole = ( 𝑐 , 𝑐 )

39
 TSWREIS
26. Find the length of the chord formed by 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 on the line
𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝑃 .

Sol: Given Circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 , Centre C = (0, 0), radius (r) = a

Straight line is 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝑃 ------ (1)

d = perpendicular distance from (0, 0) to eq (1)

|−𝑃| 𝑃
𝑑= = =𝑃
√𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝛼+𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 1

Length of chord = 2√𝑟 2 − 𝑑 2

= 2√𝑎2 − 𝑃2

27. Find the number of common tangents that can be drawn to the circles
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 16 = 0.

Sol: Given Circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 16 = 0, 𝑔 = −3, 𝑓 = −4, 𝑐 = 16

C1 = (0,0), 𝑟12 = 4 C2 = (−𝑔, −𝑓) = (3, 4)

𝑟1 = 2 𝑟2 = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 = √9 + 16 − 16 = √9 = 3

̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐶1 𝐶2 = √32 + 42 = 5

5 = 2 + 3 ⇒ ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐶1 𝐶2 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2

Circles touching externally

∴ No. of common tangents = 3

28. Find the equation of normal at P(3, 5) of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 6 = 0.

Sol: Given circle S = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 6 = 0, P = (3, 5) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

𝑔 = −5, 𝑓 = −1, 𝑐 = 6
equation of normal at P to S = 0 is

(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑦1 + 𝑓) − (𝑦 − 𝑦1 )(𝑥1 + 𝑔) = 0

(𝑥 − 3)(5 − 1) − (𝑦 − 5)(3 − 5) = 0

= 4(𝑥 − 3) + 2(𝑦 − 5) = 0

= 2(𝑥 − 3) + 𝑦 − 5 = 0
40
 TSWREIS
= 2𝑥 − 6 + 𝑦 − 5 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 11 = 0

29. Show that A(3, -1) lies on the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 0 also find the other end
of the diameter through A.

Sol: Given Circle S = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 0

Sub 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = −1 in S = 0

32 + (−1)2 − 2(3) + 4(−1) = 9 + 1 − 6 − 4 = 0

∴ A (3, -1) lies on S = 0, 𝑔 = −𝑓, 𝑓 = 2, 𝑐 = 0

Centre (C) = (−𝑔, −𝑓) = (1, −2)

Let B = (h, k) be the other end of the diameter through A

Centre = Mid point of 𝐴𝐵

̅̅̅̅

3+ℎ −1+𝑘
(1, -2) = ( , )
2 2

3+ℎ −1+𝑘
= 1, = −2
2 2

3 + h = 2 ⇒ h = -1 -1+ k = -4 ⇒ k = -3

∴ B = (-1, -3)

30. Find parametric equation of the circle 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 = 7. (mar – 1993)

Sol: Given equation of circle 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 = 7

2
2 2 7 7
∴ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = (√2) , 𝑟 = √2

∴ parametric equations are 𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

7 7
𝑥 = √2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 and 𝑦 = √2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

31. Find the equation of the circle for which the points (4, 2), (1, 5) are the end
points of a diameter. (Mar – 19)

Sol: Given end points of a diameter of circle is

A = (4, 2) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), B = (1, 5) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

41
 TSWREIS
∴ equation of a circle in the diameter form is

(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 ) + (𝑦 − 𝑦1 )(𝑦 − 𝑦2 ) = 0

(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 1) + (𝑦 − 2)(𝑦 − 5) = 0

= 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 − 5𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 10 = 0

∴ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 14 = 0

32. Locate the position of the point P(3, 4) with respect to the circle
𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 12 = 0.

Sol: Given that, 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 12 = 0

P = (3, 4) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

∴ 𝑆11 = 𝑥12 + 𝑦12 + 4𝑥1 − 6𝑦1 − 12

32 + 42 + 4(3) − 6(4) − 12 = −23 (< 0)

S11 < 0, P lies inside the circle.

33. Define a chord of contact and find the chord of contact of (1, 1) to the circle
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9.

Sol: Chord of Contact: If a tangents drawn through 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) to a circle S = 0 touch

the circle at the points A and B then the Secan ⃡𝐴𝐵 is called the chord of

contact of P with respect to S = 0.

Given Circle 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 9 = 0, P = (1, 1) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

equation of chord of contact of

𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) w. r. t. S = 0 is

S1 = 0 i.e., 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 − 9 = 0

= 𝑥 (1) + 𝑦 (1 ) − 9 = 0

∴ 𝑥+𝑦−9=0

42
 TSWREIS

2. SYSTEM OF CIRCLES
CDF POINTS:-

1. Angle between two Circles: -

The angle between two intersecting circles is defined as “The angle between the

tangents at the point of intersection of the two Circles.

2. If C1, C2 are the centres of two intersecting circles and r1, r2 are their radii then

𝐶1 𝐶2 = 𝑑 , 𝜃 is the angle between the circles then

̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅

𝑑 2 − 𝑟12 − 𝑟22
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
2𝑟1 𝑟2

3. If 𝜃 is the angle between the two intersecting circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0;

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔′ 𝑥 + 2𝑓 ′ 𝑦 + 𝑐 ′ = 0 then

𝑐 + 𝑐 ′ − 2𝑔𝑔′ − 2𝑓𝑓 ′
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
2√(𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 )((𝑔1 )2 + (𝑓 1 )2 − 𝑐 ′ )

4. Orthogonal Circles: - if the angle between the two intersecting circles is 𝜃 = 90𝑜

then the two circles said to be Orthogonal Circles.

5. The two circles 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 and 𝑆 ′ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔′ 𝑥 + 2𝑓 ′ 𝑦 + 𝑐 ′ = 0

orthogonal then 2𝑔𝑔′ + 2𝑓𝑓 ′ = 𝑐 + 𝑐 ′

6. Radical Axis: - the radical axis of two circles defined by the locus of a point which

moves so that its powers with respect to the two circles are equal.

7. The equation Radical Axis of two circles 𝑆 = 0 and 𝑆 ′ = 0 is 𝑆 − 𝑆 ′ = 0

8. If the two circles intersecting each other at two points then their common chord is

the radical axis. The common chord of two circles 𝑆 = 0 and 𝑆 ′ = 0 is 𝑆 − 𝑆 ′ = 0.

9. If the two circles touch each other externally then their common tangent at the

point of contact is radical axis

∴ The common tangent at their point of contact is 𝑆 − 𝑆 ′ = 0.

10. The radical axis of any two circles is perpendicular to the line joining their centres.
43
 TSWREIS
11. Radical Centre: - The point of Concurrence of the radical axes of each pair of the

given three circles whose centres are non-collinear is called the radical centre.

12. The length of the tangents from radical centre to all the three circles are equal.

13. We can draw a circle with radius is the “length of the tangent from radical centre

to any of three given circles and centre as the radical centre”.

Which intersects all the three circles orthogonally.

14. The system of circles which passes through the intersection points of the circle 𝑆 = 0

and the line L = 0 is 𝑆 + 𝜆𝐿 = 0 where λ parameter.

15. The system of circles which passes through intersection points of the two circles 𝑆 =

0 and 𝑆 ′ = 0 is

𝑆 + 𝜆𝑆 ′ = 0 here λ is parameters.

SYSTEM OF CIRCLES – SAQ (4M)

1. Find the equation of the circle which is orthogonal to each of the following
circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 + 17𝑦 + 4 = 0, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 7𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 11 = 0,
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 + 22𝑦 + 3 = 0 (Mar-03, May-08)

Sol: Given Circles are 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 + 17𝑦 + 4 = 0, 𝑆 ′ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 7𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 11 = 0,

𝑆 ′′ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 + 22𝑦 + 3 = 0
Radical Axis of 𝑆 = 0, 𝑆 ′ = 0 is 𝑆 − 𝑆 ′ = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 + 17𝑦 + 4 − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 7𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 11) = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 + 17𝑦 + 4 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 7𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 11 = 0
−5𝑥 + 11𝑦 − 7 = 0 ⇒ 5𝑥 − 11𝑦 + 7 = 0 --------- (1)
Radical Axis of 𝑆 ′ = 0, 𝑆 ′′ = 0 is 𝑆 ′ − 𝑆 ′′ = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 7𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 11 − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 + 22𝑦 + 3) = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 7𝑥 + 11𝑦 + 11 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 − 22𝑦 − 3 = 0
8𝑥 − 16𝑦 + 8 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 8 = 0 --------- (2)

44
 TSWREIS
Solving Eq(1) and (2),
𝑥 𝑦 1
𝑥 𝑦 1 = =
−11+14 7−5 −10+11
𝑥 𝑦 1
-11 7 5 -11 = =
3 2 1

-2 1 1 -2 𝑥=3 𝑦=2
∴ Radical Centre = (3, 2) = (h, k) be the centre of the circle

Radius (r) = length of tangent from (3, 2) to 𝑆 = 0 is √𝑆11

= √𝑥12 + 𝑦12 + 2𝑥1 + 17𝑦1 + 4

= √32 + 22 + 2(3) + 17(2) + 4 = √9 + 4 + 6 + 34 + 4

𝑟 = √57
Equation of required circle is (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
2
(𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = (√57)

𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4 − 57 = 0 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 44 = 0
2. Find the equation of the circle which cuts the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 11 = 0
and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 21 = 0 orthogonally and has the diameter along the
straight line 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 7 .

Sol: Let 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 --------- (1) be the required circle.

Given that 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 7 is the diameter of eq (1)
Centre (−𝑔, −𝑓) lies on 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 7
2(−𝑔) + 3(−𝑓) = 7 ⇒ 2𝑔 + 3𝑓 + 7 = 0 ------ (2)
Eq (1) cuts the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 11 = 0 orthogonally
𝑔′ = −2, 𝑓 ′ = −3, 𝑐 ′ = 11
∴ 2𝑔𝑔′ + 2𝑓𝑓 ′ = 𝑐 + 𝑐 ′
2𝑔(−2) + 2𝑓 (−3) = 𝑐 + 11 ⇒ −4𝑔 − 6𝑓 = 𝑐 + 11 ------ (3)
Eq (1) cuts the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 21 = 0 orthogonally
𝑔′′ = −5, 𝑓 ′′ = −2, 𝑐 ′′ = 21
∴ 2𝑔𝑔′′ + 2𝑓𝑓 ′′ = 𝑐 + 𝑐′′
2𝑔(−5) + 2𝑓(−2) = 𝑐 + 21 ⇒ −10𝑔 − 4𝑓 = 𝑐 + 21 -------- (4)
Solving eq (3) - (4)
−4𝑔 − 6𝑓 + 10𝑔 + 4𝑓 = 𝑐 + 11 − 𝑐 − 21
6𝑔 − 2𝑓 = −10 ⇒ 3𝑔 − 𝑓 + 5 = 0 -------- (5)

45
 TSWREIS
Solving eq (2) & (5)
𝑔 𝑓 1
𝑔 𝑓 ⊥ = =
15+7 21−10 −2−9
𝑔 𝑓 1
3 7 2 3 = =
22 11 −11
1
-1 5 3 -1 𝑔 = 22 𝑓 = 11 ⇒ 𝑔 = −2, 𝑓 = −1
−11

Sub 𝑔 = −2, 𝑓 = −1 in eq (3) -4(-2)-6(-1) = c + 11

8 + 6 – 11 = c ⇒ c = 3
Sub 𝑔 = −2, 𝑓 = −1, 𝑐 = 3 in eq (1) we get
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2(−2)𝑥 + 2(−1)𝑦 + 3 = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3 = 0 be the required circle.
3. Find the equation of circle passing through (0, 0) and cuts the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 −
4𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 10 = 0, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 12𝑦 + 6 = 0 orthogonally. (June – 05)

Sol: Let 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 ------- (1) be required circle passing through the
origin. ∴ 𝑐 = 0
Given that, eq (1) cuts the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 10 = 0 orthogonally
𝑔′ = −2, 𝑓 ′ = 3, 𝑐 ′ = 10
∴ 2𝑔𝑔′ + 2𝑓𝑓 ′ = 𝑐 + 𝑐 ′
2𝑔(−2) + 2𝑓 (3) = 𝑐 + 10 ⇒ −4𝑔 + 6𝑓 = 0 + 10 ------ (3) (∵ c = 0)
Eq (1) cuts the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 12𝑦 + 6 = 0 orthogonally 𝑔 ′′ = 0, 𝑓 ′′ = 6, 𝑐 ′′ = 6
∴ 2𝑔𝑔′′ + 2𝑓𝑓 ′′ = 𝑐 + 𝑐′′
1
2𝑔(0) + 2𝑓 (6) = 0 + 6 ⇒ 0 − 12𝑓 = 6 ⇒ 𝑓 = 2

Solving eq (2)
1 −7
−4𝑔 − 6 (2) = 10 ⇒ −4𝑔 + 3 = 10 ⇒ 𝑔 = 4
−7 1
Sub 𝑔 = , 𝑓 = 2 , 𝑐 = 0 in eq (1) we get
4
−7 1
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 2 ( ) 𝑥 + 2 ( ) 𝑦 + 0 = 0
4 2

2(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − 7𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0 be the required circle.

46
 TSWREIS
4. Show that the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 − 4𝑦 − 20 = 0, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 90 = 0 touch
each other internally. Find their point of contact and the equation of the
common tangent. (mar-15).

Sol: Given circles are 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 − 4𝑦 − 20 = 0, 𝑆 ′ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 90 = 0

Let c1, c2 be the centres and r1, r2 be the radii of 𝑆 = 0, 𝑆 ′ = 0

then 𝑐1 = (−𝑔, −𝑓) = (1, 2), 𝑐2 = (−3, −1)

𝑟1 = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 = √4 + 1 + 20 = √25 = 5 𝑟2 = √9 + 1 + 90 = √100 = 10

𝑐1 𝑐2 = √(−3 − 1)2 + (−1 − 2)2 = √16 + 9 = √25 = 5

̅̅̅̅̅

5 = |5-10| ⇒ ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑐1 𝑐2 = |𝑟1 − 𝑟2 |

The given two circles touch each other internally

The point of contact P divides𝑐̅̅̅̅̅

1 𝑐2 externally in the ratio = r1 : r2 = 5 : 10 = 1 : 2

𝑟1𝑥2 −𝑟2 𝑥1 𝑟1 𝑦2 −𝑟2 𝑦1

∴ Point of Contact = ( , )
𝑟1 −𝑟2 𝑟1 −𝑟2
Common Tangent
1(−3)−2(1) 1(−1)−2(2)
P=( , )
1−2 1−2

−5 −5
P = (−1 , −1) = (5, 5)

The common tangent is nothing but radical Axis

equation of the common tangent to 𝑆 = 0, 𝑆 ′ = 0 is 𝑆 − 𝑆 ′ = 0

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 20 − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 90) = 0

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 20 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 90 = 0
𝑆 − 𝑆′ = 0

−8𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 70 = 0 ⇒ 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 35 = 0

5. Show that the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 8 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 6 = 0 touch

each other and find the point of Contact. (Mar-14)

Sol: Given circles are 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 8 = 0, 𝑆 ′ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 6 = 0

Let c1, c2 be the centres and r1, r2 be the radii of 𝑆 = 0, 𝑆 ′ = 0

then 𝑐1 = (−𝑔, −𝑓) = (4, 1), 𝑐2 = (1, −3)

𝑟1 = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 = √16 + 1 − 8 = √9 = 3 𝑟2 = √1 + 9 − 6 = √4 = 2

𝑐1 𝑐2 = √(1 − 4)2 + (−3 − 1)2 = √9 + 16 = √25 = 5

̅̅̅̅̅

∴ 5 = 3 + 2 ⇒ ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑐1 𝑐2 = |𝑟1 − 𝑟2 |

47
 TSWREIS
The given two circles touch each other externally

∴The point of contact P divides𝑐̅̅̅̅̅

1 𝑐2

internally in the ratio = r1 : r2 = 3 : 2

𝑟1𝑥2 + 𝑟2 𝑥1 𝑟1 𝑦2 +𝑟2 𝑦1
∴ Point of Contact = ( , )
𝑟1 +𝑟2 𝑟1 +𝑟2

3(1)+2(4) 3(−3)+2(1) 11 −7
P=( , ) = (5 , )
3+2 3+2 5

6. i) Find the radical centre of the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 7 = 0,

2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 9 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 = 0.

Sol: Given circles 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 7 = 0, 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 9 = 0

3 5 9
𝑆′ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 + 2 𝑥 + 2 𝑦 − 2 = 0 and 𝑆 " = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 = 0

Radical axis of 𝑆 = 0, 𝑆 ′ = 0 is 𝑆 − 𝑆 ′ = 0
3 5 9
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 7 − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2 𝑥 + 2 𝑦 − 2) = 0
3 9
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 7 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 2 𝑥 ± 𝑦 + 2 = 0
3 5 9
4𝑥 − 7 − 2 𝑥 − 2 𝑦 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 8𝑥 − 14 − 3𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 9 = 0

5𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1 = 0 --------- (1)
Radical axis of 𝑆 = 0, 𝑆 ′ = 0 is 𝑆 − 𝑆" = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 7 − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑦) ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 7 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 = 0
4𝑥 − 𝑦 − 7 = 0 ------------ (2)
Solving Eq (1) & (2)
𝑥 𝑦 1
𝑥 𝑦 ⊥ = =
7−1 −4+7 −1+4
𝑥 𝑦 1
-1 -1 1 -1 = =
6 3 3

-1 -7 4 -1 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 1
∴ Radical Centre = (2, 1)
ii) Find the radical of the three circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 5 = 0,
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 1 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0
Sol: Given Circles are 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 5 = 0, 𝑆 ′ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 1 = 0

𝑆 ′′ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0
Radical axis of 𝑆 = 0, 𝑆 ′ = 0 is 𝑆 − 𝑆 ′ = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 5 − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 1) = 0

48
 TSWREIS
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 5 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 1 = 0
−4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 5 + 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 1 = 0
−2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 6 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3 = 0 --------- (1)
Radical axis of 𝑆 = 0, 𝑆 ′ = 0 is 𝑆 − 𝑆" = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + +6𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0
4𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 1 = 0 ------------ (2)
Solving Eq (1) & (2)
𝑥 𝑦 1
𝑥 𝑦 ⊥ = =
−1−6 −12+1 −2−4
𝑥 𝑦 1
1 -3 1 1 = =
−7 −11 −6

-2 -1 4 -2 𝑥 = 7/6, 𝑦 = 11/6
7 11
∴ Radical Centre = (6, )
6

7. If the straight line represented by 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝑃 intersects the cirle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 =

𝑎2 at the points A and B, then show that the equation of the circle with AB ̅̅̅̅ as
diameter is 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑎 − 2𝑃(𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 − 𝑃) = 0
2 2 2
(model-15, AP)

Sol: Given circle is 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 and the line 𝐿 = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 − 𝑃 = 𝑐

equation of the circle passing through A, B is 𝑆 + 𝜆𝐿 = 0

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑎2 + 𝜆(𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 ) = 0 ------ (1)

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + (𝜆 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 )𝑥 + (𝜆 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 )𝑦 − 𝑎2 − 𝜆𝑃 = 0

represents a circle
− 𝜆 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 𝜆 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
centre of the circle = ( , ) lies on L ≡ 0
2 2

− 𝜆 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 𝜆 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 − 𝑃 = 0
2 2

𝜆 𝜆
− 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 ) = 𝑃 ⇒ − 2 (1) = 𝑃 ⇒ 𝜆 = −2𝑃

Sub 𝜆 = −2𝑃 in eq (1), 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑎2 − 2𝑃(𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 ) = 0

Hence Proved

8. If 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3 is the equation of the chord AB of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 8 = 0,

find the equation of circle having AB as diameter. (AP 2016)

Sol: Given Circle is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 8 = 0, the line is 𝐿 ≡ 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3 = 0

Equation of the circle passing through S = 0, L = 0 is of the
form 𝑆 + 𝜆𝐿 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 8 + 𝜆(𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3) = 0 ------ (1)
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + (𝜆 − 2)𝑥 + (𝜆 + 4)𝑦 − 8 − 3𝜆 = 0 rep a circle
49
 TSWREIS
2− 𝜆 −(𝜆+4)
centre of the circle = ( , ) lies on L ≡ 0
2 2
2− 𝜆 𝜆+14
( )−( )−3 = 0 ⇒ 2−𝜆−𝜆−4−6= 0
2 2
L = 0 ⇒ −8 = 2𝜆 ⇒ 𝜆 = −4
Sub λ = -4 in eq (1)
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 8 − 4(𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3) = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 8 − 4𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 3 = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 4 = 0 be the req circle
9. Find the equation of the circle passing through the points of intersection of the
circles
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 21 = 0, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 15 = 0 and (1, 2).
Sol: Equation of the point of intersection of given circles

𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 21 = 0,

𝑆 ′ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 15 = 0 is 𝑆 + 𝜆𝑆 ′ = 0

∴ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 21 + 𝜆(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 15) = 0 ------ (1)

Given that eq (1) passing through (1, 2)
1 + 4 – 8 – 12 +21 + λ(1 + 4 – 2 – 15) =0
Sub λ = ½ in eq (1) we get
1
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 21 + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 15) = 0
2

2(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − 16𝑥 − 12𝑦 + 42 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 15 = 0

3(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − 18𝑥 − 12𝑦 + 27 = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 9 = 0 be the req circle. (∵ ÷ 3)
10. Find the equation and length of the common chord of the circles
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 4 = 0, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4 = 0.

Sol: Equation of the common chord of the given circles

𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 4 = 0, 𝑆 ′ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4 = 0
𝑆 − 𝑆 ′ = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 4 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 4 = 0
⇒ −2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 ------(1)
3 5
Centre of the circle S = 0 is 𝑐1 = (− 2 , − 2)

9 25 9+25−16 18 3
And radius 𝑟1 = √4 + −4=√ = √4 =
4 4 √2

Let d = length of the perpendicular from

50
 TSWREIS
3 5
𝑐1 = (− 2 , − 2) to eq (1)
3 5
|− + | 1
= 2 2
=
√12 +(−1)2 √2

∴ The length of common chord = 2√𝑟 2 − 𝑑 2

3 2 1 2 9 1
= 2√( 2) − ( 2) = 2√2 − 2
√ √

8
= 2√ = 2√4 = 2(2) = 4 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.
2

11. If two circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔′ 𝑥 + 2𝑓 ′ 𝑦 = 0 tocuh each

other then show that 𝑓 ′ 𝑔 = 𝑓𝑔′.

Sol: Given circles 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 = 0 and 𝑆 ′ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔′ 𝑥 + 2𝑓 ′ 𝑦 = 0

Passing through (0, 0)

𝑐1 = (−𝑔, −𝑓), 𝑐2 = (−𝑔′ , −𝑓′) are centres of given circles

S = 0, S’=0 touch each other at o

The points 𝑐1 , 𝑜, 𝑐2 are collinear

Slope ̅̅̅̅
𝑜𝑐1 = slope of ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑜𝑐2

0+𝑔 0+𝑓′ 𝑓 𝑓′
= 0+𝑔′ ⇒ 𝑔 = 𝑔′ ⇒ 𝑓 ′ 𝑔 = 𝑓𝑔′
0+𝑓

12. Find the equation of the circles passing through the origin having its centre on
the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4 and intersecting the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 4 = 0
orthogonally.

Sol: Let 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 ---- (1) be the required circle

passing through (0, 0) ∴ 𝑐 = 0

Centre (−𝑔, −𝑓) lies on the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4

−𝑔 − 𝑓 = 4 ⇒ 𝑔 + 𝑓 + 4 = 0 ------- (2)
eq(1) cuts 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 4 = 0 orthogonally
𝑔′ = −2, 𝑓 ′ = 1, 𝑐 ′ = 4
∴ 2𝑔𝑔′ + 2𝑓𝑓 ′ = 𝑐 + 𝑐 ′ ⇒ 2𝑔(−2) + 2𝑓(1) = 0 + 4
−4𝑔 + 2𝑓 = 4 ⇒ 2𝑔 − 𝑓 + 2 = 0 -------- (3)
Solving eq(2) & (3), (2) + (3) ⇒ 3𝑔 + 6 = 0 ⇒ 𝑔 = −2
Sub 𝑔 = 2 in eq (2), 2 + 𝑓 = 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑓 = −2
Sub =𝑔 = −2, 𝑓 = −2, 𝑐 = 0 in eq (1) we get
51
 TSWREIS
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2(−2)𝑥 + 2(−2)𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 0
13. Show that the common chord of the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 9 = 0 and
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 23 = 0 is the diameter of the second circle and also find its
length.
Sol: equation of the common chord of the given circles
𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 9 = 0 and 𝑆 ′ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 23 = 0
𝑆 − 𝑆 ′ = 0 ⇒𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 9 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 8𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 23 = 0
⇒ 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 14 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 7 = 0 ------- (1)
𝑐2 = (4, 3) be the centre, 𝑟2 = √16 + 9 − 23 = √2 be the
Radius of the second circle 𝑆 ′ = 0
Sub 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 3 in eq (1), 4 + 3 – 7 = 0
∴ eq(1) (satisfy) passing through 𝑐2 = (4, 3)
eq(1) is a diameter of the second circle S’ = 0
Length of the common chord = 2𝑟2 = 2√2 units.
14. Show that the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 touch each
1 1 1
other if + = .
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐

Sol: Given circles 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 and 𝑆 ′ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0

Centre 𝑐1 = (−𝑎, 0) 𝑐2 = (0, −𝑏)

Radius 𝑟1 = √𝑎2 − 𝑐 𝑟2 = √𝑏2 − 𝑐

Given two circles touch each other i.e. ̅̅̅̅̅

𝑐1 𝑐2 = 𝑟1 ± 𝑟2

Squaring on both sides ̅̅̅̅̅

𝑐1 𝑐2 = 𝑟12 + 𝑟22 ± 2𝑟1 𝑟2

⇒ 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑐 + 𝑏2 − 𝑐 ± 2√𝑎2 − 𝑐√𝑏2 − 𝑐

⇒ +2𝑐 = ±2√(𝑎2 − 𝑐 )(𝑏2 − 𝑐 )

Squaring on both sides

⇒ 𝑐 2 = (𝑎2 − 𝑐 )(𝑏2 − 𝑐 ) = 𝑎2 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑐 − 𝑏2 𝑐 + 𝑐 2
1 1 1
⇒ (𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2 )𝑐 = 𝑎 2 𝑏 2 ⇒ + 𝑏2 = 𝑐
𝑎2

Hence proved

52
 TSWREIS
15. Find the equation of the circle passing through the intersection of the circles 𝑥 2 +
𝑥 𝑦
𝑦 2 = 2𝑎𝑥 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑏𝑦 and having its centre on the line 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 2.

Sol: equation of the point of intersection of the given circles

𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑎𝑥 𝑆 ′ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑏𝑦 is 𝑆 + 𝜆𝑆 ′ = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝜆(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑏𝑦) = 0 ----- (1)
⇒ (1 + 𝜆)(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − 2𝑎𝑥 − 2𝜆𝑏𝑦 = 0
2𝑎 2𝑏𝜆
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 1+𝜆 𝑥 − 1+𝜆 𝑦 = 0 represents
−𝑎 −2𝑏𝜆 −𝑎 −𝑏𝜆
A circle, 2𝑔 = 1+𝜆 , 2𝑓 = ⇒ 𝑔 = 1+𝜆 , 𝑓 = ,
1+𝜆 1+𝜆
𝑎 𝑏𝜆
centre = (−𝑔, −𝑓) = (1+𝜆 , 1+𝜆 )
𝑥 𝑦
Centre lies on given line 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 2
1 𝑎 1 𝑏𝜆 1−𝜆
[ ]− [ ]=2⇒ = 2 ⇒ 2 + 2𝜆 = 1 − 𝜆 ⇒ 2𝜆 + 𝜆 = 1 − 2
𝑎 1+𝜆 𝑏 1+𝜆 1+𝜆
−1
⇒ 3𝜆 = −1 ⇒ 𝜆 = 3
−1
Sub 𝜆 = in eq (1)
3
1
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑎𝑥 − 3 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑏𝑦) = 0

⇒ 3(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − 6𝑎𝑥 − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + 2𝑏𝑦 = 0

⇒ 2(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − 6𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏𝑦 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 3𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 0 (÷ 2)

16. Find the equation of the circle which orthogonally the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 −
7 = 0 and having centre at (2, 3) (Mar-19, TS)

Sol: Let 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 be the required circle with

centre (−𝑔, −𝑓) = (2, 3) ∴ 𝑔 = −2, 𝑓 = −3

Given circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 7 = 0 cuts orthogonally to the circle S = 0

∴ 2𝑔𝑔′ + 2𝑓𝑓 ′ = 𝑐 + 𝑐′

⇒ −4(−2) + 2(−3) = 𝑐 − 7

⇒8−6+7=𝑐 ⇒𝑐 = 9

Substitute 𝑔 = −2, 𝑓 = −3, 𝑐 = 9 in S = 0 we get

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2(−2)𝑥 + 2(−3)𝑦 + 9 = 0

∴ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 9 = 0 be the required circle.

53
 TSWREIS

𝐒𝐘𝐒𝐓𝐄𝐌 𝐎𝐅 𝐂𝐈𝐑𝐂𝐋𝐄𝐒 − 𝐕𝐒𝐀𝐐(𝟐𝐌)

1. i) find the angle between the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 12𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 41 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 +
4𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 59 = 0

Sol: Given circles are 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 12𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 41 = 0 and

𝑆 ′ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 59 = 0

Here 𝑔 = −6, 𝑓 = −3, 𝑐 = 41 𝑔′ = 2, 𝑓 ′ = 3, 𝑐 ′ = −59

Let 𝜃 be the angle between two circles S = 0, S’=0 then

𝑐+𝑐 ′ −2𝑔𝑔′ −2𝑓𝑓′ 41−59−2(−6)(2)−2(−3)(3)

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = =
2√𝑔2 +𝑓2 −𝑐√𝑔′2 +𝑓′2 −𝑐 ′ 2√36+9−41 √4+9+59

41−59+24+18 24 1
= = 2(2) 6 =
2√4 √72 √2 √2

1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = ⇒ 𝜃 = 45𝑜
√2

ii) if the angle between the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 12𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 41 = 0 and

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝐾𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 59 = 0 is 45o then find K.

Sol: Given Circles 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 12𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 41 = 0 and

𝑆 ′ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝐾𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 59 = 0

𝐾
Here 𝑔 = −6, 𝑓 = −3, 𝑐 = 41 𝑔′ = 2 , 𝑓 ′ = 3, 𝑐 ′ = −59

Given that, 𝜃 = 45𝑜

𝑐+𝑐 ′ −2𝑔𝑔′ −2𝑓𝑓′

∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
2√𝑔2 +𝑓2 −𝑐√𝑔′2 +𝑓′2 −𝑐 ′

𝐾
41−59−2(−6)( )−2(−3)(3)
𝑐𝑜𝑠45 = 𝑜 2
𝐾2
2√36+9−41 √ +9+59
4

1 −18+6𝐾+18
=
√2 𝐾2
2√4 √ +68
4

𝐾2
2√ 4 + 68 = 3√3𝐾

Squaring on both sides

54
 TSWREIS
𝐾2
4 ( 4 + 68) = 18𝐾 2 ⇒ 𝐾 2 + 272 = 18𝐾 2

⇒ 𝐾 2 + 272 = 18𝐾 2 ⇒ 17𝐾 2 = 272 ⇒ 𝐾 2 = 16 ⇒ 𝐾 = ±4

3𝜋
2. show that the angle between circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 is .
4

Sol: Given circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 2 𝑎 2
𝑐1 = (0,0), 𝑟1 = 𝑎, 𝑐2 = ( 2 , 2 ), 𝑟2 = √(− 2 ) + (− 2 ) − 0

𝑎 2 𝑎 2 𝑎
𝑐1 𝑐2 = √( 2 ) + ( 2 ) =
𝑑 = ̅̅̅̅̅
√2

Let 𝜃 be the angle between tw2o circles then

𝑎2 𝑎2
𝑑2 −𝑟12−𝑟22 −𝑎 2 − −𝑎 2 1
2 3
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = = 𝑎 = =−
2𝑟1 𝑟2 2.𝑎. √2𝑎 2 √2
√2

1 3𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = − ⇒𝜃=
√2 4

Hence proved

3. Find the value of K, if the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 8 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 16𝑦 + 𝐾 = 0

are orthogonally.

Sol: Given circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 8 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 16𝑦 + 𝐾 = 0 are orthogonally

Here 𝑔 = 2, 𝑓 = 0, 𝑐 = 8 and 𝑔′ = 0, 𝑓 ′ = −8, 𝑐 ′ = 𝐾

∴ 2𝑔𝑔′ + 2𝑓𝑓 ′ = 𝑐 + 𝑐′

2(2) (0) +2(0) (-8) = 8 + K ⇒ 0 + 0 = 8 + K ⇒ K = – 8

4. Find K, if the pair of circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 12 = 0 and

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 𝐾 = 0 are orthogonally.

Sol: Given circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 12 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 𝐾 = 0 are

orthogonally

Here 𝑔 = −3, 𝑓 = −4, 𝑐 = 12 and 𝑔′ = −2, 𝑓 ′ = 3, 𝑐 ′ = 𝐾

∴ 2𝑔𝑔′ + 2𝑓𝑓 ′ = 𝑐 + 𝑐′

2(-3) (-2) + 2(-4) (6) = 12 + K ⇒ 12 - 24 = 12 + K ⇒ K = – 24

55
 TSWREIS
5. Show that the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 4 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 1 = 0 are
intersect each other orthogonally.

Sol: Given circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 4 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 1 = 0

3
Here, 𝑔 = −1, 𝑓 = 2, 𝑐 = 4 and 𝑔′ = 2 , 𝑓 ′ = 2, 𝑐 ′ = 1

∴ 2𝑔𝑔′ + 2𝑓𝑓 ′ = 2 (-1)(3/2) +2(2)(2) = 3 + 8 = 5

𝑐 + 𝑐′ = 4 +1 = 5

∴ 2𝑔𝑔′ + 2𝑓𝑓 ′ = 𝑐 + 𝑐′

Hence, given two circles cuts orthogonally

6. Find the radical axis of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 1 = 0 and

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 5 = 0 (May 16 AP)

Sol: Radical axis of given circles 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 1 = 0 and

𝑆 ′ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 5 = 0 is

𝑆 − 𝑆′ = 0

∴ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 1 − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 5) = 0

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 5 = 0

⇒ 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 6 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3 = 0

7. Find the equation of the radical axis of the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 1 = 0 and

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0.

Sol: Radical axis of given circles 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 1 = 0 and

𝑆 ′ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 is

𝑆 − 𝑆′ = 0

∴ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 1 − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑦) = 0

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0

⇒ −2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 1 = 0

56
 TSWREIS
8. Find the equation of common chord of the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 3 = 0 and
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 4 = 0. (M-15, AP)

Sol: equation of the common chord of the of given circles

𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 3 = 0 and 𝑆 ′ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 4 = 0 is

𝑆 − 𝑆′ = 0

∴ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 3 − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 4) = 0

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 3 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 4 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 1 = 0

9. Find the equation of the common chord of the circles (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑐 2 ,
(𝑥 − 𝑏 )2 + (𝑦 − 𝑎 )2 = 𝑐 2 (𝑎 ≠ 𝑏 ) (mar – 15 AP)

Sol: equation of the common chord of the circles

𝑆 = (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 − 𝑐 2 = 0 and 𝑆 ′ = (𝑥 − 𝑏)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑎)2 − 𝑐 2 = 0 is

𝑆 − 𝑆′ = 0

∴ (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 − 𝑐 2 − [(𝑥 − 𝑏)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑎)2 = 𝑐 2 ]

𝑥 2 − 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑏𝑦 + 𝑏2 − 𝑐 2 − 𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 − 𝑏2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑎𝑦 − 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 = 0

⇒ −2𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑏𝑦 + 2𝑏𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑦 = 0 ⇒ −2(𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑥 + 2(𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑦 = 3 = 0

⇒ −2(𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑥 − 𝑦) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0, (𝑎 − 𝑏) ≠ 0

10. Find the equation of common chord of the circles at their point of contact
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 10𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 22 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 8 = 0.

Sol: equation of the common chord of the of given circles

𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 10𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 22 = 0 and 𝑆 ′ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 8 = 0 is

𝑆 − 𝑆′ = 0

∴ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 10𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 22 − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 8) = 0

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 10𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 22 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 8 = 0

⇒ 8𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 14 = 0 ⇒ 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 7 = 0

57
 TSWREIS
11. Find the equation of radical axis of the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 7 = 0 and
4(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + 8𝑥 + 12𝑦 − 9 = 0. (Mar-19, TS)

9
Sol: Given Circles are 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 7 = 0 and 𝑆 ′ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − = 0
4

Equation of radical axis is 𝑆 − 𝑆′ = 0

9
∴ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 7 − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 4) = 0

9
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 7 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 4 = 0

9 19
⇒ 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 7 − 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 4 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − = 0 ⇒ 8𝑥 + 12𝑦 − 19 = 0
4

58
 TSWREIS
3. PARABOLA (CDF Points)

 The eccentricity of a conic is equal to one(unity) is called the Parabola.

 If point S is the focus line ‘𝑙’ is the directrix of a parabola.
Let any point on the parabola P. PM is the distance from P to line 𝑙.
𝑆𝑃
= 1 ⇒ 𝑆𝑃 = 𝑃𝑀
𝑃𝑀

 The equation of parabola in the standard form is 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥

1. Vertex O(0, 0)
2. Equation of axis 𝑦 = 0 (x-axis)
3. Equation of tangent at vertex is 𝑥 = 0 (y-axis)
4. Focus S(a, 0)
5. Equation directrix 𝑥 + 𝑎 = 0
6. Length of latusrectum = 4𝑎
 If the equation of the parabola is in the form 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦.
1. Vertex O(0, 0)
2. Equation of axis 𝑥 = 0(y-axis)
3. Equation of tangent at vertex is 𝑦 = 0 (x-axis)
4. Focus S(0, a)
5. Equation of directrix 𝑦 + 𝑎 = 0
6. Length of latusrectum = 4𝑎
 The other two standard forms of the equations of parabola L whose vertex is
origin are
𝑦 2 = −4𝑎𝑥 and 𝑥 2 = −4𝑎𝑦.
 The equation of the parabolas whose vertex is other than the origin and axes
are parabolas parallel to X-axis are (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = ±4𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ).
This can be expressed in the form 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑦 2 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛
 The equation of parabolas whose vertex is other than origin and axes are
parallel Y-axis
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 = ±4𝑎(𝑦 − 𝑘).
This can be expressed is the form 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑥 2 + 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛
 The equations of the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 in the parametric form are
𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡 2
} where ‘𝑡’ is a paramates.
𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑡

59
 TSWREIS
𝑎
 If the line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 touches the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 , then 𝑐 = 𝑚
𝑎
 The all real value of ‘m’ the line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑚 is a tangent to the parabola
𝑎 2𝑎
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥, The point of contact is (𝑚2 , 𝑚 ).

 The equation of tangent to the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 in parametric form

𝑥 − 𝑦𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 = 0.
 The equation of the normal to the 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 in the parametric form
𝑦 + 𝑡𝑥 = 2𝑎𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 3

PARABOLA -LAQ (7M)

1. Define the parabola and Derive the equation of parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 in standard
form.

Sol: 1. The eccentricity of a conic is unity is called the parabola.

2. Let S be the focus and 𝑙 be the directrix of the parabola.

3. Let Z be the projection of a S and 𝑙 and A be the midpoint

of SZ such that AS = AZ = a

4. A lies on the parabola. Let Ay parallel to 𝑙 and

choose 𝐴𝑦
⃡ as y-axis and ⃡𝐴𝑆 as x-axis.

5. A = (0, 0), S = (a, 0), Z = (-a, 0) and equation of the

directrix is 𝑥 + 𝑎 = 0

6. 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be a point on the parabola and PM is the perpendicular distance

from P to Directrix.

𝑆𝑃
7. By definition = 1 ⇒ 𝑆𝑃 = 𝑃𝑀
𝑃𝑀
|𝑥+𝑎|
√(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + 𝑦 2 = √12 +02

Squaring on both sides

(𝑥 − 𝑎 )2 + 𝑦 2 = (𝑥 + 𝑎 )2
𝑦 2 = (𝑥 + 𝑎 ) 2 − (𝑥 − 𝑎 )2
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 which is standard form of parabola

60
 TSWREIS
2. Find the equation of the parabola, whose axis is parallel to the X-axis and which
passes through the points A(-2, 1), B(1, 2) and C(-1, 3).

Sol: equation of the parabola whose axis is parallel to X-axis is

𝑥 = 𝑙𝑦 2 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 ------- (1)

Eq (1) passing through A(-2, 1), −2 = 𝑙(1)2 + 𝑚(1) + 𝑛

−2 = 𝑙 + 𝑚 + 𝑛 ------- (2)

Eq(1) passing through B(1, 2), 1 = 4𝑙 + 2𝑚 + 𝑛 ------ (3)

Eq(1) passing through C(-1, 3) −1 = 9𝑙 + 3𝑚 + 𝑛 ------(4)

Eq(3) – (2), 3𝑙 + 𝑚 − 3 = 0 ------ (5)

Eq (4) – (3), 5𝑙 + 𝑚 + 2 = 0 ------- (6)

−5
Solving eq (5) & (6), (6) – (5) ⇒ 2𝑙 + 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑙 = 2

−5 −5 15 21
Sub 𝑙 = in eq (5), 3 ( 2 ) + 𝑚 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = 3 + = .
2 2 2

−5 21 −5 21
Sub 𝑙 = ,𝑚 = in eq (2), + + 𝑛 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑛 = −10
2 2 2 2

−5 21
Sub 𝑙 = ,𝑚 = , 𝑛 = −10 in eq (1)
2 2

−5 21
𝑥= 𝑦2 + 𝑦 − 10 ⇒ 2𝑥 = −5𝑦 2 + 21𝑦 − 20
2 2

5𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 21𝑦 + 20 = 0

3. Find the equation of the parabola whose axis is parallel to y-axis and which
passes through the points (4, 5), (-2, 11) and (-4, 21)

Sol: equation of the parabola whose axis is parallel to y-axis is

𝑦 = 𝑙𝑥 2 + 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛 ------ (1)

Eq (1) passing through A(4, 5), 5 = 16𝑙 + 4𝑚 + 𝑛

5 = 16𝑙 + 4𝑚 + 𝑛 ------- (2)

Eq(1) passing through B(-2, 11), 11 = 4𝑙 − 2𝑚 + 𝑛 ------ (3)

Eq(1) passing through C(-4, 21) 21 = 16𝑙 − 4𝑚 + 𝑛 ------(4)

61
 TSWREIS
Eq(2) – (3), 12𝑙 + 6𝑚 = −6 ⇒ 2𝑙 + 𝑚 = −1 ------ (5)

Eq (2) – (4), 8𝑚 = −16 ⇒ 𝑚 = −2

1
Sub 𝑚 = −2 in eq(5), 2𝑙 − 2 = −1 ⇒ 2𝑙 = 1 ⇒ 𝑙 = 2

1
Sub 𝑙 = 2, 𝑚 = −2 in eq (2)

1
16 ( ) + 4(−2) + 𝑛 = 5 ⇒ 8 – 8 + n = 5 ⇒ 𝑛 = 5
2

1
Sub 𝑙 = 2, 𝑚 = −2, 𝑛 = 5 in eq (1)

1
𝑦 = 2 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5 ⇒ 2𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 10

∴ 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 10 = 0

4. Find the focus, vertex equation of the directrix, axes and length of the latus
rectum of the parabola 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 5 = 0.

Sol: Given parabola is 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 = 𝑥 − 5

𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 4 = 𝑥 − 5 + 4 ⇒ (𝑦 + 2)2 = 𝑥 − 1 is of the form

(𝑦 − 𝑘 )2 = 4𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)

1
Hence 𝑘 = −2, ℎ = 1, 4𝑎 = 1, 𝑎 = 4

i) vertex (A) = (h, k) = (1, -2)

1 5
ii) Focus (s) = (h + a, k) = (1+ 4, -2) = (4 , −2)

1 3
iii) eq of directrix is 𝑥 = ℎ − 𝑎 ⇒ 1 − 4 = 4 ⇒ 4𝑥 − 3 = 0

iv) eq of axis is 𝑦 − 𝑘 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 + 2 = 0

v) length of latusrectum = 4a = 1

5. Find the coordinates of vertex, focus, equation of the directrix and axis of the
parabola 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 3 = 0.

Sol: Given parabola is 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = −4𝑦 + 3

𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 = −4𝑦 + 3 + 1 ⇒ (𝑥 − 1)2 = −4[𝑦 − 1]

62
 TSWREIS
Comparing with (𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 4𝑎(𝑦 − 𝐾 )

ℎ = 1, 𝐾 = 1 4𝑎 = −4 𝑎 = −1

i) vertex (A) = (h, k) = (1, 1)

ii) Focus (s) = (h, K + a) = (1, 1-1) = (1, 0)

iii) eq of directrix is 𝑦 = 𝐾 − 𝑎 ⇒ 1 + 1 = 2 ⇒ 𝑦 − 2 = 0

iv) eq of axis is 𝑥 − ℎ = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 − 1 = 0

v) length of latusrectum = 4a = -4

6. Show that equation of the common tangents to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑎2 and the
parabola
𝑦 2 = 8𝑎𝑥 are 𝑦 = ±(𝑥 + 2𝑎).

2𝑎
Sol: Let equation of any tangent to 𝑦 2 = 8𝑎𝑥 is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + -------- (1)
𝑚

𝑚𝑦 = 𝑚2 𝑥 + 2𝑎 ⇒ 𝑚2 𝑥 − 𝑚𝑦 + 2𝑎 = 0 -------- (2)

eq (2) is a tangent to 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑎2 , c = (0, 0), 𝑟 = √2. 𝑎

i.e., 𝑟 = 𝑑

|2𝑎|
√2. 𝑎 = √𝑚4+𝑚2

2𝑎2 (𝑚4 + 𝑚2 ) = 4𝑎2

𝑚4 + 𝑚2 − 2 = 0

⇒ 𝑚4 + 2𝑚2 − 𝑚2 − 2 = 0i

⇒ (𝑚2 + 2)(𝑚2 − 1) = 0

⇒ 𝑚2 + 2 ≠ 0, 𝑚2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚2 = 1 ⇒ 𝑚 = ±1

Sub 𝑚 = ±1 in eq (1)

⇒ 𝑦 = ±𝑥 ± 2𝑎 = ±(𝑥 + 2𝑎)

⇒ 𝑦 = ±(𝑥 + 2𝑎)

63
 TSWREIS
7. Show that the common tangent to 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 and the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥
intersect at the focus of the parabola 𝑦 2 = − 4𝑎𝑥.

2𝑎
Sol: equation of any tangent to 𝑦 2 = − 4𝑎𝑥 is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + -------- (1)
𝑚

𝑎2
Given circle 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = ------ (2)
2

𝑎
eq (1) ⇒ 𝑚2 𝑥 − 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑎 = 0 c = (0, 0), 𝑟 =
√2

eq (1) is a tangent in eq(2), 𝑟 = 𝑑

𝑎 |𝑎|
= √𝑚4 ⇒ 2 = 𝑚4 + 𝑚2 ⇒ 𝑚4 + 𝑚2 − 2 = 0
√ 2 +𝑚 2

⇒ (𝑚2 + 2)(𝑚2 − 1) = 0

⇒ 𝑚2 + 2 ≠ 0, 𝑚2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚2 = 1 ⇒ 𝑚 = ±1

Sub 𝑚 = ±1 in eq (1)

⇒ 𝑦 = ±𝑥 ± 2𝑎 = ±(𝑥 + 2𝑎) is

⇒ 𝑥 = −𝑎 & 𝑦 = 0

∴ (−𝑎, 0) be the focus of 𝑦 2 = − 4𝑎𝑥

8. Find the equation of the parabola whose focus is (-2, 3) and directrix is the line
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 4 = 0 also find the length of the latusrectum and the equation of axis of
parabola.

Sol: Given focus (S) = (-2, 3), directrix is 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 4 = 0

Let 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be a point on the parabola

(i) by def SP = PM

|2𝑥+3𝑦−4|
√(𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = √22 +32
[ ∵ squaring on both sides]

13[(𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 ] = (2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 4)2

13(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 13) = 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 + 16 + 12𝑥𝑦 − 24𝑦 − 16𝑥

9𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 − 68𝑥 − 54𝑦 − 12𝑥𝑦 + 153 = 0

∴ 9𝑥 2 − 12𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 − 68𝑥 − 54𝑦 + 153 = 0

64
 TSWREIS
|2(−2)+3(3)−4|
(ii) Length of latusrectum = 4a = 2(2a) = 2 [ ]
√22 +32

1 2
4𝑎 = 2 ( )=
√13 √13

1
(iii) equation of the axis ⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = − 𝑚 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

3
𝑦 − 3 = 2 (𝑥 + 2) ⇒ 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 12 = 0

9. Prove that the area of the triangle inscribed in the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 is
1
|(𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )(𝑦2 − 𝑦3 )(𝑦3 − 𝑦1 )| sq units where 𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦3 are the ordinates of its
8𝑎

vertices.

Sol: let 𝐴 = (𝑎𝑡12 , 2𝑎𝑡1 ), 𝐵 = (𝑎𝑡22 , 2𝑎𝑡2 ), 𝐶 = (𝑎𝑡32 , 2𝑎𝑡3 )

𝐴 = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), 𝐵 = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ), 𝐶 = (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )

Vertices of a triangle inscribed in the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥

1
∴ Area of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 2 |𝑥1 (𝑦2 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )|

1
= 2 |𝑎𝑡12 (2𝑎𝑡2 − 2𝑎𝑡3 ) + 𝑎𝑡22 (2𝑎𝑡3 − 2𝑎𝑡1 ) + 𝑎𝑡32 (2𝑎𝑡1 − 2𝑎𝑡2 )|

2𝑎 2
= |𝑡12 (𝑡2 − 𝑡3 ) + 𝑡22 (𝑡3 − 𝑡1 ) + 𝑡32 (𝑡1 − 𝑡2 )|
2

= 𝑎2 |𝑡12 𝑡2 − 𝑡12 𝑡3 + 𝑡22 𝑡3 − 𝑡22 𝑡1 + 𝑡32 𝑡1 − 𝑡32 𝑡2 |

= 𝑎2 |(𝑡1 − 𝑡2 )(𝑡2 − 𝑡3 )(𝑡3 − 𝑡1 )|

𝑎2
= 8𝑎3 |(2𝑎𝑡1 − 2𝑎𝑡2 )(2𝑎𝑡2 − 2𝑎𝑡3 )(2𝑎𝑡3 − 2𝑎𝑡1 )|

1
Area = |(𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )(𝑦2 − 𝑦3 )(𝑦3 − 𝑦1 )| sq units.
8𝑎

10. Prove that the two parabolas 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 and 𝑥 2 = 4𝑏𝑦 intersect (other than the
3𝑎 1/3 𝑏1/3
origin) at an angle of 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 [2(𝑎2/3+𝑏2/3 )] (mar – 14)

Sol: Let 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be the point of intersection of given two parabolas

𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 --------- (1) 𝑥 2 = 4𝑏𝑦 --------- (2)

Other than the origin then

65
 TSWREIS
𝑦 4 = 16𝑎2 𝑥 2 = 16𝑎2 (4𝑏𝑦) = 64𝑏𝑎2 𝑦

𝑦(𝑦 3 − 64𝑎2 𝑏) = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = (64𝑎2 𝑏)1/3

𝑦 = 4𝑎2/3 𝑏2/3 y

16𝑎 4/3 𝑏2/3

from eq(1), 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = 4𝑎

𝑥 = 4𝑎1/3 𝑏2/3

∴ 𝑃 = (4𝑎1/3 𝑏2/3 , 4𝑎2/3 𝑏1/3 ) x o

Differentiating eq (1) with respect to 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2𝑎
We get =
𝑑𝑥 𝑦

𝑑𝑦 2𝑎 1 𝑎 1/3
∴ 𝑑𝑥 | = 4𝑎2/3𝑏1/3 = 2 (𝑏 )
𝑃

1 𝑎 1/3
If m1 be the slope of the tangent at P to eq(1) then 𝑚1 = 2 (𝑏 )

𝑎 1/3
Similarlly m2 be the slope of tangent at P to eq(2) then 𝑚2 = 2 (𝑏 )

If 𝜃 be the angle between the tangents to the parabolas at P

𝑎 1/3 1 𝑎 1/3
𝑚1 −𝑚2 2( ) − ( )
Then 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = |1+𝑚 |=| 𝑏
1/3
2 𝑏
𝑎 2/3
|
1 𝑚2 1 𝑎
1+ ( ) .2( )
2 𝑏 𝑏

3 𝑎 1/3
( ) 3𝑎 1/3 𝑏1/3
=| 2 𝑏
𝑎 2/3
|⇒
1+( ) 2(𝑎 2/3+𝑏2/3 )
𝑏

3𝑎 1/3 𝑏1/3
∴ 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2(𝑎2/3 +𝑏2/3 ))

11. Find the equation of the parabola whose focus is S(3, 5) and the vertex is A(1, 3).

Sol: Let Z= (h, k) be a point on the directrix

A = mid point of SZ

ℎ+3 𝑘+5
(1, 3) = ( , ) ⇒ ℎ = −1, 𝑘 = 1
2 2

5−3
∴ 𝑍 = (−1, 1) slope of AS = =1=𝑚
3−1

1
equation of directrix is 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = − 𝑚 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

66
 TSWREIS
𝑦 − 1 = −1(𝑥 + 1) ⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0

Let 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be a point on the parabola Directrix

|𝑥+𝑦|
By def SP = PM ⇒ √(𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 5)2 = √12
+12

Squaring on the both side

2(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 34) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦

∴ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 12 − 20𝑦 + 68 = 0

12. The normal at a point P(t1) on 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 meets the parabola again in the point
P(t2). Then prove that 𝑡1 𝑡2 + 𝑡12 + 2 = 0.

Sol: equation of normal at 𝑃(𝑡1 ) = (𝑎𝑡12 , 2𝑎𝑡1 ) to parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 is

P(t1)

𝑦 + 𝑥𝑡1 = 2𝑎𝑡1 + 𝑎𝑡13 ----------- (1)

Given that eq(1) passing through 𝑃(𝑡2 ) = (𝑎𝑡22 , 2𝑎𝑡2 )

2𝑎𝑡2 + 𝑡1 (𝑎𝑡22 ) = 2𝑎𝑡1 + 𝑎𝑡13

P(t2)

2𝑎(𝑡2 − 𝑡1 ) = 𝑎𝑡13 − 𝑎𝑡1 𝑡12 = 𝑎𝑡1 (𝑡12 − 𝑡22 )

−2𝑎(𝑡2 − 𝑡1 ) = 𝑎𝑡1 (𝑡1 + 𝑡2 )(𝑡1 − 𝑡2 )

−2 = 𝑡12 + 𝑡1 𝑡2 ⇒ 𝑡12 + 𝑡1 𝑡2 + 2 = 0

13. If a normal chord at a point ‘t’ on the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 subtends a right angle
at vertex then prove that 𝑡 = ±√2.

Sol: Given equation of parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 ----- (1)

Equation of normal chord at a point 𝑡 on the parabola

𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 is 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑡 = 2𝑎𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 3

𝑦+𝑥𝑡
⇒ 2𝑎𝑡+𝑎𝑡 3 = 1 ------ (2)

Homogenize eq (1) with the help of eq(2)

𝑦+𝑥𝑡
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥(1) = 4𝑎𝑥 (2𝑎𝑡+𝑎𝑡 3 )
67
 TSWREIS
(2𝑎𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 3 )𝑦 2 = 4𝑥(𝑦 + 𝑥𝑡) = (2𝑡 + 𝑡 3 )𝑦 2 = 4𝑥(𝑦 + 𝑥𝑡) (∵ ÷ 𝑎)

4𝑡𝑥 2 − (2𝑡 + 𝑡 3 )𝑦 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 = 0

Given ∟𝑃𝐴𝑄 = 90𝑜

Coefficient of 𝑥 2 + coefficient of 𝑦 2 = 0

4𝑡 − (2𝑡 + 𝑡 3 ) = 0 ⇒ 4𝑡 − 2𝑡 − 𝑡 3 = 0

2𝑡 = 𝑡 3 ⇒ 𝑍 = 𝑡 2

∴ 𝑡 = ±√2

14. Find the equations of tangents to the parabola 𝑦 2 = 16𝑥 which are parallel and
perpendicular respectively to the line 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 5 = 0 also find the coordinates of
their points of contact.

Sol: Given parabola 𝑦 2 = 16𝑥 ⇒ 4𝑎 = 16 ⇒ 𝑎 = 4

Straight line 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 5 = 0, slope m = 2

i) equation of tangents which are parallel to the given line of parabola 𝑦 2 = 16𝑥
𝑎
is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑚

4
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 2 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 2 ⇒ 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0

𝑎 2𝑎
∴ Point of contact of parallel line = (𝑚2 , 𝑚 )

4 2(4)
𝑃=( , ) = (1, 4)
4 2

𝑏 −1
Slope of the line perpendicular to given line 𝑚 = 𝑎 = 2

(ii) equation of tangents which are perpendicular to given line of parabola

𝑦 2 = 16𝑥 is

−1 4 −𝑥
𝑦= 𝑥+ 1 ⇒𝑦= − 4 ⇒ 2𝑦 = −𝑥 − 8(2) ⇒ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 16 = 0
2 (− ) 2
2

𝑎 2𝑎
∴ point of contact of perpendicular (𝑚2 , 𝑚 )

4 2(4)
𝑄=( 1 2
, −1 ) = (16, −16)
(− ) ( )
2 2

68
 TSWREIS
15. From an external point P tangents are drawn to the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 and these
tangents make angles 𝜃1 , 𝜃2 with its axis, such that 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃2 is constant d.
Then show that all such P lies on a horizontal line.

𝑎
Sol: equation of tangent to parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 in slope form is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑚 ----- (1)

Let 𝑃 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )be the point of intersection of tangents.

eq(1) passing through 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

𝑎
∴ 𝑦1 = 𝑚𝑥1 + 𝑚 ⇒ 𝑚2 𝑥1 − 𝑚𝑦1 + 𝑎 = 0

Has roots m1 and m2 and 𝑚1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃1 , 𝑚2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃2

𝑦 𝑎 𝑦1 𝑎
∴ 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 = 𝑥1 and 𝑚𝑚1 = 𝑥 = 𝑑 (𝑥 )
1 1 𝑥1 1

Given that 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃2 = 𝑑 𝑦1 = 𝑑

1 1 1 1
+ =𝑑 ⇒ + =𝑑 Locus of P is 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑑 which is a
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃2 𝑚1 𝑚2

horizontal line

𝑚1 + 𝑚2 = 𝑑𝑚1 𝑚2

16. Prove that the area of the triangle formed by the tangents at (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) and
1
(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) to the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥(𝑎 > 0) is |(𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )(𝑦2 − 𝑦3 )(𝑦3 − 𝑦4 )| sq. units.
16𝑎

Sol: Let 𝐷(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = 𝑎𝑡12 , 2𝑎𝑡1 , 𝐸 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = 𝑎𝑡22 , 2𝑎𝑡2 and F(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) = 𝑎𝑡32 , 2𝑎𝑡3 are

The points on 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 (𝑎 > 0)

Equation of tangents at D, E, F are respectively

𝑡1 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡12 ------ (1), 𝑡2 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡22 ------ (2) 𝑡3 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡32 ------ (3)

eq (1) – (2) ⇒ 𝑎(𝑡1 − 𝑡2 )(𝑡1 + 𝑡2 ) = (𝑡1 − 𝑡2 )𝑦 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑡1 + 𝑡2 )

put 𝑦 in eq(1) ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡1 𝑡2

∴ Point of intersection of eq(1) & (2) is 𝑃 = (𝑎𝑡1 𝑡2 , 𝑎(𝑡1 + 𝑡2 ))

Similarly the points of intersection of eq (2), (3) is is 𝑄 = (𝑎𝑡2 𝑡3 , 𝑎(𝑡2 + 𝑡3 ))

The point of Intersection of eq (3), eq(1) is is 𝑅 = (𝑎𝑡3 𝑡1 , 𝑎(𝑡3 + 𝑡1 ))

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 TSWREIS
Area of ΔPQR = Absolute value of
𝑎𝑡1 𝑡2 𝑎(𝑡1 + 𝑡2 ) 1
1
|𝑎𝑡2 𝑡3 𝑎(𝑡2 + 𝑡3 ) 1|
2
𝑎𝑡3 𝑡1 𝑎(𝑡3 + 𝑡1 ) 1

𝑡1 𝑡2 (𝑡1 + 𝑡2 ) 1
𝑎2
= Absolute value of |𝑡2 𝑡3 (𝑡2 + 𝑡3 ) 1|
2
𝑡3 𝑡1 (𝑡3 + 𝑡1 ) 1

R1 → R1 – R3, R2 → R2 – R3

𝑡1 (𝑡2 − 𝑡3 ) 𝑡2 − 𝑡3 1
𝑎2
= Absolute value of |𝑡3 (𝑡2 − 𝑡1 ) 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 1|
2
𝑡1 𝑡3 𝑡1 + 𝑡3 1

𝑡1 1 0
𝑎2
= absolute value of (𝑡2 − 𝑡3 )(𝑡2 − 𝑡1 ) | 𝑡3 1 0| eq(3)
2
𝑡1 𝑡3 𝑡1 + 𝑡3 1

𝑎2 𝑎2
= |(𝑡2 − 𝑡3 )(𝑡2 − 𝑡1 )(𝑡1 − 𝑡3 )| = |(𝑡1 − 𝑡2 )(𝑡2 − 𝑡3 )(𝑡3 − 𝑡1 )|
2 2

𝑎2
= 16𝑎3 |(2𝑎𝑡1 − 2𝑎𝑡2 )(2𝑎𝑡2 − 2𝑎𝑡3 )(2𝑎𝑡3 − 2𝑎𝑡1 )|

1
= 16𝑎 |(𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )(𝑦2 − 𝑦3 )(𝑦3 − 𝑦4 )| sq. units

17. show that the locus of point of intersection of perpendicular tangents to the
parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 is the directrix 𝑥 + 𝑎 = 0.

𝑎
Sol: equation of any tangent to 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑚

𝑚2 𝑥 − 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑎 = 0 -------- (1)

Let 𝑃 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) be the point of intersection of tangent

eq (1) passing through 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

𝑚2 𝑥1 − 𝑚𝑦1 + 𝑎 = 0 has roots m1, m2

𝑎
∴ 𝑚1 𝑚2 = 𝑥 ------- (2)
1

But given tangents are perpendicular ∴ 𝑚1 𝑚2 = −1

𝑎
eq(2) ⇒ = −1 ⇒ 𝑥1 + 𝑎 = 0
𝑥1

Locus of P is 𝑥 + 𝑎 = 0 be the directrix of 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥

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 TSWREIS
18. Show that the common tangent to the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 and 𝑥 2 = 4𝑏𝑦 is
𝑎1/3 𝑥 + 𝑏1/3 𝑦 + 𝑎2/3 𝑏2/3 = 0.

𝑎
Sol: equation of any tangent to the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + ----- (1)
𝑚

eq(1) is also a tangent to the parabola 𝑥 2 = 4𝑏𝑦

∴ 𝑐 = −𝑎𝑚2

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 1/3
= −𝑏𝑚2 ⇒ − 𝑏 = 𝑚3 ⇒ 𝑚 = − 𝑏1/3
𝑚

𝑎 1/3 −𝑎 1/3 𝑎
Sub 𝑚 = − 𝑏1/3 in eq (1), 𝑦 = 𝑥+ −𝑎1/3
𝑏1/3 ( 1/3 )
𝑏

−𝑎 1/3
𝑦= 𝑥 − 𝑎2/3 . 𝑏2/3
𝑏1/3

𝑏1/3 𝑦 = −𝑎1/3 𝑥 − 𝑎2/3 . 𝑏2/3

∴ 𝑎1/3 𝑥 + 𝑏1/3 𝑦 + 𝑎2/3 𝑏2/3 =

19. If 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0 is a normal to the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 then show that 𝑎𝑙 2 +

2𝑎𝑙𝑚2 + 𝑛𝑚2 = 0.

Sol: Given normal to 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 is 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0 ------- (1)

Equation of normal to 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥at point ‘t’ is

𝑦 = 𝑥𝑡 = 2𝑎𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 3

∴ 𝑥𝑡 + 𝑦 − (2𝑎𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 3 ) = 0 ----- (2)

Eq(1) and (2) represents same line

𝑙 𝑚 𝑛
= = −(2𝑎𝑡+𝑎𝑡 3 )
𝑡 1

𝑙 𝑚 𝑙
= ⇒ 𝑡 = 𝑚 ----- (3) and
𝑡 1
𝑚 𝑛 −𝑛
= −(2𝑎𝑡+𝑎𝑡 3 ) ⇒ = 2𝑎𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 3
1 𝑚

−𝑛 𝑙 𝑙 3 2𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑙3
= 2𝑎 (𝑚) + 𝑎 (𝑚) = + 𝑚3
𝑚 𝑚

−𝑛 2𝑎𝑙𝑚 2+𝑎𝑙3 2𝑎𝑙𝑚 2 +𝑎𝑙3

= ⇒ −𝑛 =
𝑚 𝑚3 𝑚2

∴ 𝑎𝑙 2 + 2𝑎𝑙𝑚2 + 𝑛𝑚2 = 0

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 TSWREIS
20. From an external point P, tangent are drawn to the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 and the
these tangents makes angles θ1, θ2 with its axis, such that 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃2 is a
constant b. then show that P lies on the line 𝑦 = 𝑏𝑥.

Sol: Let equation of any tangent to the parabola

𝑎
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑚 ----- (1)

Let 𝑃 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) be a point on eq(1)

𝑎
∴ 𝑦1 = 𝑚𝑥1 + 𝑚 ⇒ 𝑥1 𝑚2 − 𝑦1 𝑚 + 𝑎 = 0

Quadratic equation in m.

Let m1, m2 are the roots of a quadratic equation

and m1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃1 , m2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃2 are its slope at P

𝑦 𝑎
∴ 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 = 𝑥1 and 𝑦1 𝑦2 = 𝑥 = 𝑚1 𝑚2
1 1

Given that, 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃2 = 𝑏

𝑦
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 = 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑥1 = 𝑏
1

∴ 𝑦1 = 𝑏1 𝑥

∴ 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) lies on the line 𝑦 = 𝑏𝑥.

PARABOLA – VSAQ (2M)

1. Find the coordinates of the points on the parabola 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 whose focal distance
is 5/2. (mar-07, 09, May-09)

Sol: Let 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) be a point on the parabola 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥

1
∴ 𝑦12 = 2𝑥1 − − − − − (1) ⇒ 4𝑎 = 2 ⇒ 𝑎 = 2
5
Given focal distance = |𝑥1 + 𝑎| = 2
1 5 4
𝑥1 + 2 = 2 ⇒ 𝑥1 = =2
2

Sub 𝑥1 = 2 in eq(1), 𝑦12 = 2(2) = 4 ⇒ 𝑦1 = √4 = ±2

∴ Required points are (2, 2) and (2, -2)

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 TSWREIS
2. Find the points on the parabola 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥 whose focal distance is 10 units. (M- 08, 14)

Sol: Let 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) be a point on the parabola 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥

∴ 𝑦12 = 8𝑥1 − − − − − (1) ⇒ 4𝑎 = 8 ⇒ 𝑎 = 2

Given focal distance = |𝑥1 + 𝑎| = 10

𝑥1 + 2 = 10 ⇒ 𝑥1 = 10 − 2 = 8

Sub 𝑥1 = 8 in eq(1), 𝑦12 = 8(8) = 64 ⇒ 𝑦1 = √64 = ±8

∴ Required points are (8, 8) and (8, -8)

1
3. If (2 , 2) is one extremity of a focal chord of the parabola 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥. Find the

coordinates of the other extremity. (May -6, 10)

Sol: Given parabola 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥 ⇒ 4a = 8 ⇒ a = 2

1
Given one end of focal chord = (2 , 2) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

Let (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) be the other end of the focal chord

𝑥1 𝑥2 = 𝑎2 , 𝑦1 𝑦2 = −4𝑎2

1
𝑥2 = 4 2𝑦2 = −4(4)
2

𝑥2 = 8, =𝑦2 = −8

∴ (8, -8) be the other extremity.

4. Find the equation of parabola whose vertex is (3, -2) and focus is (3, 1). (May – 07)

Sol: Given vertex (A) = (3, -2), focus (S) = (3, 1)

The x-coordinates of vertex and focus are equal to 3.

Equation of the axis is x = 3

Which is parallel to y-axis. Focus is above

the vertex a = AS =3

∴ equation of parabola is (𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 4𝑎(𝑦 − 𝐾)

(𝑥 − 3)2 = 12(𝑦 + 2)

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 TSWREIS
5. Find the equation of the parabola whose focus S(1, -7) and vertex A(1, -2).

Sol: Given vertex (A) = (1, -2) = (h, k), focus (S) = (1, -7)

Here, x-coordinates of vertex and focus

are equal to 1

∴ 𝑥 = 1 be the axis and is parallel to y-axis.

Focus is below the vertex

∴ a = AS = 5, equation of the parabola is

(𝑥 − ℎ)2 = −4𝑎(𝑦 − 𝐾) ⇒ (𝑥 − 1)2 = −20(𝑦 + 2)

6. Find the value of K, if the line 2𝑦 = 5𝑥 + 𝐾 is a tangent to the parabola 𝑦 2 = 6𝑥.

Sol: given parabola 𝑦 2 = 6𝑥 ⇒ 4a = 6 ⇒ a = 3/2

5 𝐾 5 𝐾
Given tangent line 2𝑦 = 5𝑥 + 𝐾 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 + 2 ⇒ m = 2, c = 2
𝑎
Condition to a tangent is 𝑐 = 𝑚
𝐾 3/2 3 𝐾 6
= 5/2 ⇒ 5 = ⇒ 𝐾 = 5.
2 2

7. Find the equation of tangent to the parabola 𝑦 2 = 16𝑥 inclinated at an angle 60o
with its axis and aloes find the point of contact.
(M – 04)

Sol: given parabola 𝑦 2 = 16𝑥 ⇒ 4a = 16 ⇒ a = 4

An angle 60o, slope of tangent = tan60o = √3 = m
Equation of the tangent to the parabola is
𝑎 4 3𝑥+4
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑚 = √3𝑥 + =
√3 √3

√3𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 4 ⇒ 3𝑥 − √3𝑦 + 4 = 0
𝑎 2𝑎
∴ Point of contact = P = (𝑚2 , 𝑚 )
4 8
𝑃 = (3 , )
√3

74
 TSWREIS
8. Find the equation of normal to the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 which is parallel to
𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 5 = 0.

Sol: Given parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 ⇒ 4a = 4, a = 1

Slope of given normal 𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 5 = 0 is m = 2
Equation of normal in slope form is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 − 2𝑎𝑚 − 𝑎𝑚3
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 2(1)(2) − 1(2)3 = 2𝑥 − 4 − 8 = 0
∴ 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 12 = 0

9. Find the equation of the tangent to the parabola 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 12 = 0 at (4, 3/2).

(Mar-19).

Sol: given equation of parabola 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 12 = 0

P = (4, 3/2) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
∴ equation of the tangent at 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) to S = 0 is S1 = 0
i.e., 𝑥𝑥1 − 2(𝑥 + 𝑥1 ) − 4(𝑦 − 𝑦1 ) + 12 = 0
3
⇒ 𝑥(4) − 2(𝑥 + 4) − 4 (𝑦 + 2) + 12 = 0

⇒ 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 8 − 4𝑦 − 6 + 12 = 0
∴ 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 2 = 0 (∵ ÷ 2)
𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 1 = 0

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 TSWREIS

4. ELLIPSE (CDF POINTS)

1. A conic with eccentricity less than unity is called an ellipse (e < 1).
𝑥2 𝑦2
2. The equation of ellipse in the standard form + 𝑏2 = 1 (where a > b) with
𝑎2

i. Centre O(0, 0)
ii. Equation of major axis is 𝑦 = 0 (x-axis)
iii. Equation of minor axis is 𝑥 = 0 (y – axis)
iv. Length of major axis = 2a
v. Length of minor axis = 2b
vi. Foci (±𝑎𝑒, 0)
𝑎
vii. Equation of directrices 𝑥 = ±
𝑒

𝑎 2 −𝑏2
viii. Eccentricity 𝑒 = √ 𝑎2

2𝑏2
ix. Length of latus rectum = 𝑎
𝑥2 𝑦2
3. If the equation of ellipse is + 𝑏2 = 1 (where a < b)
𝑎2

i. Centre O(0, 0)
ii. Equation of major axis is 𝑥 = 0 (y-axis)
iii. Equation of minor axis is 𝑦 = 0 (x – axis)
iv. Length of major axis = 2b
v. Length of minor axis = 2a
vi. Foci (0, ±𝑏𝑒)
𝑏
vii. equation of directrices 𝑦 = ± 𝑒

𝑏2 −𝑎 2
viii. Eccentricity 𝑒 = √ 𝑏2

2𝑎 2
ix. Length of latus rectum = 𝑏

4. The equation of ellipse centre not at the origin i.e. C(h, k)

(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
i. + = 1 (a > b), then major axis is parallel to x -axis
𝑎2 𝑏2
(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
ii. + = 1 (a < b), then major axis is parallel to y -axis
𝑎2 𝑏2

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
5. The parametric equations of ellipse + 𝑏2 = 1 are } 𝜃 is a paramates.
𝑎2 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

76
 TSWREIS
𝑥2 𝑦2
6. If 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) is any point on the ellipse + 𝑏2 = 1 (a > b) whose foci are S and S’
𝑎2

then SP + S’P = 2a.

𝑥2 𝑦2
7. The line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 touches the ellipse + 𝑏2 = 1 if and only if 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 𝑚2 + 𝑏2 .
𝑎2
𝑥2 𝑦2
8. For all values of ‘m’ the line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 ± √𝑎2 𝑚2 + 𝑏2 is a tangent the ellipse + 𝑏2 =
𝑎2
−𝑎 2 𝑚 𝑏2 −𝑎 2𝑚 −𝑏2
1 (a > b). the point of contact is (√𝑎2 , √𝑎2 ) or (√𝑎2 , √𝑎2 )
𝑚 2 +𝑏2 𝑚 2 +𝑏2 𝑚 2 +𝑏2 𝑚 2+𝑏2
𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1
9. The equation of tangent to the ellipse at 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is + =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑥 𝑦
10. The equation of tangent to the ellipse at ‘θ’ is 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 1
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑎2 𝑥 𝑏2 𝑦
11. The equation of the normal to the ellipse + 𝑏2 = 1 at 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is − = 𝑎2 −
𝑎2 𝑥1 𝑦1

𝑏2 (where 𝑥1 ≠ 0, 𝑦1 ≠ 0)
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑦
12. The equation of the normal to the ellipse𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1 at the point 𝜃 is 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =

𝑎2 − 𝑏2 .
13. Auxiliary Circle: The circle described on the major axis of an ellipse as diameter is
called ‘Auxiliary Circle’ of the ellipse.
𝑥2 𝑦2
14. The equation of the Auxiliary circle of the ellipse + 𝑏2 = 1 (a > b) is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 .
𝑎2

15. Director Circle: The locus of point intersection of perpendicular tangents to the
ellipse is a circle. It is called the directrix of ellipse.
𝑥2 𝑦2
16. The director circle of the ellipse + 𝑏2 = 1 is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 .
𝑎2

ELLIPSE – SAQ (4M)

1. Find the equation of tangent to the ellipse 2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 8 which is parallel and
perpendicular to 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 4 = 0 (J-05, M-06, 08, May-08)
𝑥2 𝑦2
Sol: Given ellipse 2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 8 ⇒ + = 1, 𝑎2 = 4, 𝑏2 = 8
4 8

1
Slope of given line 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 4 = 0 is 𝑚 = 2

𝑥2 𝑦2
i) equation of tangent to ellipse + 𝑏2 = 1 is
𝑎2

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 ± √𝑎2 𝑚2 + 𝑏2

1 1 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 ± √4 (4) + 8 = 2 ± 3

⇒ 2𝑦 = 𝑥 ± 6 ⇒ 𝑥 − 2𝑦 ± 6 = 0 are parallel to given line

77
 TSWREIS
−1
ii) slope of the line perpendicular to given line = 𝑚

1
i.e., 𝑚 = − 1 = −2
( )
2

equation tangent to ellipse is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 ± √𝑎2 𝑚2 + 𝑏2

𝑦 = −2𝑥 ± √4(4) + 8 = −2𝑥 ± √24 = −2𝑥 ± 2√6

∴ 2𝑥 + 𝑦 ± 2√6 = 0

𝑥2 𝑦2
2. If the line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 touches the ellipse + 𝑏2 = 1 then prove that 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 𝑚2 +
𝑎2

𝑏2 (𝑎 > 𝑏). (J-02, 06)

Sol: given that, 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 ------ (1) is a

𝑥2 𝑦2
tangent to the ellipse + 𝑏2 = 1
𝑎2

𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1
∴ equation of the tangent at 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) to the ellipse is + − 1 = 0 ------- (2)
𝑎2 𝑏2

eq (1) & (2) represents same line

𝑥1 𝑦1
𝑎2 𝑏2 −1 𝑥1 𝑦 −1
= = ⇒ = −𝑏12 =
𝑚 −1 𝑐 𝑎2 𝑚 𝑐

−𝑎 2 𝑚 𝑏2
∴ 𝑥1 = , 𝑦1 =
𝑐 𝑐

−𝑎 2 𝑚 𝑏 2
∴𝑃= ( , 𝑐 ) lies on 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑐

𝑏2 −𝑎 2 𝑚
= 𝑚( )+𝑐
𝑐 𝑐

⇒ 𝑏2 = −𝑎2 𝑚2 + 𝑐 2 ⇒ 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 𝑚2 + 𝑏2

78
 TSWREIS
𝑥2 𝑦2
3. If P is a point on the ellipse + 𝑏2 = 1 whose foci S and S’ then show that
𝑎2

SP + S’P = 2a (Consta) (M- 13)

𝑥2 𝑦2
Sol: Given equation of ellipse + 𝑏2 = 1, (a > b)
𝑎2

Let S, S’ be the foci and ZM, Z’M’ be

corresponding

directrices. Join SP and S’P.

M, M’ be perpendicular to the directrices.

By definition

Let 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be a point on ellipse

𝑆𝑃 𝑆′𝑝
∴ 𝑃𝑀 = 𝑒 and =𝑒
𝑃𝑀′

𝑆𝑃 = 𝑒𝑃𝑀, 𝑆 ′ 𝑃 = 𝑒𝑃𝑀′

2𝑎
∴ SP + S’P = ePM + ePM’ = e(PM + PM’) = e(ZZ’) = 𝑒 ( 𝑒 )

SP + S’P = 2a (Constant)

4. Show that the points of intersection of the perpendicular tangents to the ellipse
lies on the circle (director Circle).
(M-03, May-11)
𝑥2 𝑦2
Sol: equation of tangent to ellipse + 𝑏2 = 1 is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 ± √𝑎2 𝑚2 + 𝑏2 ---------- (1)
𝑎2

Let 𝑃 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) be a point on the locus

P lies on eq(1), 𝑦1 = 𝑚𝑥1 ± √𝑎2 𝑚2 + 𝑏2

(𝑦1 − 𝑚𝑥1 )2 = 𝑎2 𝑚2 + 𝑏2

𝑦12 − 2𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑚 + 𝑚2 𝑥12 − 𝑎2 𝑚2 − 𝑏2 = 0

(𝑥12 − 𝑎2 )𝑚2 − 2𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑚 + (𝑦12 − 𝑏2 ) = 0 be a quadratic equation in term of m.

Let m1, m2 be roots and are the slopes of tangent of P.

2𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 2 −𝑏2
2 and 𝑚1 𝑚2 = 𝑥 2−𝑎 2 ------ (2)
1 1 1
∴ 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 = 𝑥 2−𝑎
1 1

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 TSWREIS
Given tangents are perpendicular m1m2 = -1 ----- (3)

𝑦12 −𝑏2
from eq(2) & (3), = −1
𝑥12 −𝑎 2

𝑦12 − 𝑏2 = −𝑥12 + 𝑎2

𝑥12 + 𝑦12 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2

∴ P lies on the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2

5. Find the eccentricity, coordinates of foci, length of the latusrectum and

equation of the directrices of the ellipse i) 9𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 − 36𝑥 + 32𝑦 − 92 = 0, ii)
3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 5 = 0
Sol: i) Given equation of ellipse 9𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 − 36𝑥 + 32𝑦 − 92 = 0

9(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4) + 16(𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1) = 92 + 36 + 16

9(𝑥 − 2)2 + 16(𝑦 + 1)2 = 144

(𝑥−2) 2 (𝑦+1)2
⇒ + =1
16 9

Here, ℎ = 2, 𝑘 = −1, 𝑎2 = 16, 𝑎 = 4 , 𝑏2 = 9, 𝑏 = 3, (a > b)

i) Centre (C) = (h, k) = (2, -1)

𝑎 2−𝑏2 16−9 √7
ii) eccentricity (e) = √ =√ =
𝑎2 16 4

√7
iii) foci = (h ≠ 𝑎𝑒, 𝑘) = (2 ± 4 ( 4 ) , −1) = (2 ± √7, −1)

2𝑏 2 2(9) 9
iv) length of Latusrectum = = =2
𝑎 4

𝑎 4×4
v) equation of directrices are 𝑥 = ℎ ± 𝑒 = 2 ± = √7𝑥 = (2√7 ± 16)
√7

ii) Given equation of ellipse 3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 5 = 0

3(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) + (𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1) = 5 + 3 + 1

3(𝑥 − 1 )2 + (𝑦 − 1) 2 = 9

(𝑥−1) 2 (𝑦−1)2
⇒ + =1
3 9

Here, ℎ = 1, 𝑘 = 1, 𝑎2 = 3, 𝑎 = √3 , 𝑏2 = 9, 𝑏 = 3, (a < b)

80
 TSWREIS
i) Centre (C) = (h, k) = (1, 1)

𝑏2−𝑎 2 9−3 6 2 √2
ii) eccentricity (e) = √ =√ = √9 = √3 =
𝑏2 9 √3

√2
iii) foci = (h, 𝑘 ≠ 𝑏𝑒) = (1, 1 ± 3 ( 3)) = (1, 1 ± √6)
√

2𝑎 2 2(3)
iv) length of Latusrectum = = =2
𝑏 3

𝑎 3 × √3
v) equation of directrices are 𝑦 = 𝑘 ± 𝑒 = 1 ± = √2𝑦 = (√2 ± 3√3)
√2

6. Find the eccentricity, coordinates of centre, foci, length of major axis, minor axis,
latusrectum, coordinates of centre and equations of directrices of the ellipse
4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1 = 0.
Sol: Given ellipse 4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1 = 0

4(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) + (𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1) = −1 + 4 + 1

(𝑥−1)2 (𝑦−(−1))2
4(𝑥 − 1 )2 + (𝑦 + 1) 2 = 4 ⇒ + =1
1 4

Here, ℎ = 1, 𝑘 = −1, 𝑎2 = 1, 𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏2 = 4, 𝑏 = 2, (a < b)

i) Centre (C) = (h, k) = (1, -1)

𝑏2−𝑎 2 4−1 3 √3
ii) eccentricity (e) = √ =√ = √4 =
𝑏2 4 2

√3
iii) foci = (h, 𝑘 ≠ 𝑏𝑒) = (1, −1 ± 2 ( 2 )) = (1, − 1 ± √3)

iv) length of major axis 2b = 2(2) = 4

v) length of minor axis = 2a = 2(1) = 2

2𝑎 2 2(1)
vi) length of Latusrectum = = =1
𝑏 2

𝑏 2 ×2 4
v) equation of directrices are 𝑦 = 𝑘 ± 𝑒 = −1 ± = −1 ±
√3 √3

⇒ √3𝑦 = (−√3 ± 4)

81
 TSWREIS
7. Find the length of the major axis, minor axis, latusrectum, eccentricity,
coordinates of centre, foci and the equation of directrices of the ellipse 𝑥 2 +
2𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 12𝑦 + 14 = 0 (may – 07)
Sol: Given ellipse 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 12𝑦 + 14 = 0

(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4) + 2(𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 + 9) = −14 + 4 + 18

(𝑥−2)2 (𝑦−(−3))2
(𝑥 − 2)2 + 2(𝑦 + 3) 2 = 8 ⇒ + =1
8 4

Here, ℎ = 2, 𝑘 = −3, 𝑎2 = 8, 𝑎 = 2√2 , 𝑏2 = 4, 𝑏 = 2, (a > b)

i) Centre (C) = (h, k) = (2, -3)

𝑎 2−𝑏2 8−4 4 1
ii) eccentricity (e) = √ =√ = √8 =
𝑎2 8 √2

1
iii) foci = (h ≠ 𝑎𝑒, 𝑘) = (2 ± 2√2. , −3) = (2 ± 2, −3) = (4, −3), (0, −3)
√2

iv) length of major axis 2a = 2(2√2) = 4√2

v) length of minor axis = 2b = 2(2) = 4

2𝑏 2 2(4)
vi) length of Latusrectum = = = 2√2
𝑎 2√2

𝑎 2 √2
v) equation of directrices are 𝑥 = ℎ ± 𝑒 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 ± 1 = 2±4
√2

⇒ 𝑥 = 6, 𝑥 = −2

8. Find the equation of ellipse whose focus is (1, -1), e = 2/3 and directrix is
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2 = 0.
Sol: Given focus (S) = (1, -1), e = 2/3, directrix is 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2 = 0

Let 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be a point on the ellipse

2 |𝑥+𝑦+2|
By definition SP = ePM ⇒ √(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 3 ( √12 )
+12

Squaring on both sides

9[(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 ] = 4(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2)2

⇒ [ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1] = 4[ 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 4 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 + 4𝑥 ]

∴ 7𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 7𝑦 2 − 26𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 10 = 0

82
 TSWREIS
9. Find the equation of the ellipse referred to it’s major and minor axes as
coordinates axes 𝑥, 𝑦 respectively with latusrectum of length 4 and distance
between foci 4√2.
𝑥2 𝑦2
Sol: Given length of latusrectum of the ellipse + 𝑏2 = 1 is 4
𝑎2

2𝑏2
i.e., = 4 ⇒ 𝑏2 = 2𝑎 and
𝑎

distance between foci = 2𝑎𝑒 = 4√2 ⇒ 𝑎𝑒 = 2√2

WKT, 𝑏2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎2 𝑒 2

2𝑎 = 𝑎2 − 8 ⇒ 𝑎2 − 2𝑎 − 8 = 0

⇒ (𝑎 − 4)(𝑎 + 2) = 0

𝑎 − 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎 = 4, 𝑎 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎 = −2 (< 0)

∵ a > 0, a = 4.

∴ 𝑏 2 = 2(𝑎 ) = 2(4) = 8

𝑥2 𝑦2
Equation of the ellipse is + =1
16 8

𝑥2 𝑦2
10. If a tangent to the ellipse 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1 (a > b) meets its major axis and minor axis at
𝑎2 𝑏2
M and N respectively, then prove that 𝐶𝑀2 + 𝐶𝑁 2 = 1 where C is the centre of the

ellipse. (M-18, AP)

𝑥2 𝑦2
Sol: Let 𝑃(𝜃) = (𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) be any point on the ellipse + =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

𝑥 𝑦
equation of tangent at 𝑃 (𝜃) is 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 1

𝑥 𝑦 𝑎 𝑏
𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1 meets the coordinate axes at M = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 , 0) and N = (0, )
( ) ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
∴ CM = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, CN = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ⇒ 𝐶𝑀 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝐶𝑁

𝑎2 𝑏2
∴ 𝐶𝑀2 + 𝐶𝑁 2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1

83
 TSWREIS
11. Find the equation of the ellipse in the (first quadrant) standard form such that
distance between foci is 8 and distance between directrices is 32.
𝑥2 𝑦2
Sol: equation of ellipse in the standard form is + 𝑏2 = 1
𝑎2

Given distance between foci = 2ae = 8 ⇒ ae = 4

2𝑎 𝑎
Distance between directrices = = 32 ⇒ = 16
𝑒 𝑒

𝑎
Consider (𝑎𝑒) (𝑒 ) = 4 × 16 = 64

𝑎2 = 64 ⇒ 𝑎 = 8

∴ 𝑎𝑒 = 4, 𝑏2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎2 𝑒 2 = 64 − 16 = 48

𝑥2 𝑦2
∴ equation of ellipse is + 48 = 1
64

12. If the length of the major axis of an ellipse is three times the length of its minor
axis then find the eccentricity of the ellipse.
𝑥2 𝑦2
Sol: equation of ellipse in the standard form is + 𝑏2 = 1
𝑎2

Length of major axis = 2a, length of minor axis = 2b

Given that, 2a = 3(2b) ⇒ a = 3b

Squaring on both sides

𝑎2 = 9𝑏2

𝑎2 = 9𝑎2 (1 − 𝑒 2 ) ⇒ 1 = 9(1 − 𝑒 2 )

1
1 − 𝑒2 = 9

1 8 8 2√2
𝑒2 = 1 − = ⇒ 𝑒 = √ =
9 9 9 3

84
 TSWREIS
13. Find the equation of ellipse in the standard form whose distance foci 2 and
length of the latusrectum is 15/2. (M-15,
TS. 18-AP)
𝑥2 𝑦2
Sol: equation of ellipse in the standard form is + 𝑏2 = 1
𝑎2

2𝑏2 15 15
Given length of latusrectum = = ⇒ 𝑏2 = 𝑎
𝑎 2 4

15
Distance between foci = 2ae = 2, 𝑎2 − 𝑎2 𝑒 2 = 𝑎
4

15
⇒ ae = 1 𝑎2 − 1 = 𝑎
4

4𝑎2 − 15𝑎 − 4 = 0

1
(𝑎 − 4)(4𝑎 + 1) = 0 ⇒ 𝑎 = 4, 𝑎 = − (not exist of
4

a = 4, 𝑏2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎2 𝑒 2 = 16 − 1 = 15

𝑥2 𝑦2
equation of ellipse is + 15 = 1
16

14. Find the length of major axis, latusrectum, eccentricity coordinates of centres,
foci and the equations of directrices of the ellipse 9𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 = 144.
(M-10, 11, 14)
Sol: Given equation of ellipse 9𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 = 144

𝑥2 𝑦2
+ = 1, 𝑎2 = 16, 𝑏2 = 9, 𝑏 = 2, (a > b)
16 9

i) Centre (C) = (h, k) = (0, 0)

𝑎 2−𝑏2 16−9 √7
ii) eccentricity (e) = √ =√ =
𝑎2 16 4

√7
iii) foci = (± 𝑎𝑒, 0) = (±4 , 0) = (±√7, 0)
4

iv) length of major axis 2a = 2(4) = 8

v) length of minor axis = 2b = 2(3) = 6
2𝑏2 2(9) 9
vi) length of Latusrectum = = =2
𝑎 4
𝑎 4×4 16
v) equation of directrices are 𝑥 = ± ⇒ 𝑥 = = ⇒ √7𝑥 = ±16
𝑒 √7 √7

85
 TSWREIS
15. Find the condition for the line 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝑃 to be a tangent to the ellipse
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ 𝑏2 = 1. (M-14)
𝑎2
𝑥2 𝑦2
Sol: Given ellipse 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1

Given line 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝑃

𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
𝑦 = − ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 ) 𝑥 + ------ (1)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑃
Here 𝑚 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 , 𝑐 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼

eq(1) is a tangent to ellipse then

𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 𝑚2 + 𝑏2
𝑃 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 2
(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 ) = 𝑎2 (− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 ) + 𝑏2
𝑃2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝛼
= 𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 + 𝑏2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝛼

𝑃2 = 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝑏2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼
16. Find the value of k, if the line 4𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑘 = 0 is tangent to the ellipse 𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 = 3.
(M-15, 17)
𝑥2 𝑦2
Sol: Given ellipse 𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 = 3 ⇒ + = 1, 𝑎2 = 3, 𝑏2 = 1
3 1

Given line 4𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑘 = 0
∴ 𝑦 = −4𝑥 − 𝑘 ------ (1), 𝑚 = −4, 𝑐 = −𝑘
eq(1) is a tangent to given ellipse then
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 𝑚2 + 𝑏2
(−𝑘)2 = 3(−4)2 + 1 ⇒ 𝑘 2 = 48 + 1 = 49
𝑘 = √49 = ±7
17. Find the equations of tangent and normal to the ellipse 9𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 = 144 at the
end of latusrectum in the first quadrant. (M-09)
Sol: Given ellipse 9𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 = 144

𝑥2 𝑦2
∴ + = 1, here 𝑎2 = 16, 𝑏2 = 9, 𝑏 = 2, (a > b)
16 9

𝑎 2−𝑏2 16−9 √7
Eccentricity (e) = √ =√ =
𝑎2 16 4

𝑏2
Positive end of latusrectum of ellipse = (𝑎𝑒, 𝑎 )

√7 9 9
= (4 ( 4 ) , 4 ) = (√7, 4) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
86
 TSWREIS
𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1
(i) equation of tangent at 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is + =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
9
𝑥(√7) 𝑦( )
4
+ = 1 ⇒ √7𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 16
16 9

(ii) equation of normal at 𝑃 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) to ellipse is

𝑎2 𝑥 𝑏2 𝑦
− = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2
𝑥1 𝑦1
16𝑥 9𝑦
− (9/4) = 16 − 9
√7

∴ 16𝑥 − 4√7 = 7√7

𝑥2 𝑦2
18. If the normal at one end of latusrectum of the ellipse + 𝑏2 = 1 passes through
𝑎2

and end of minor axis, 𝑒 4 + 𝑒 2 = 1, where 𝑒 is the eccentricity of the ellipse.

𝑥2 𝑦2
Sol: Given ellipse 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1
𝑏2
Positive end of latusrectum = (𝑎𝑒, 𝑎 )
𝑏2
Equation normal at = (𝑎𝑒, 𝑎 ) to ellipse is
𝑎2 𝑥 𝑏2 𝑦
− = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2
𝑥1 𝑦1

𝑎2 𝑥 𝑏2 𝑦
− 𝑏2
= 𝑎2 − 𝑏2
𝑎𝑒
𝑎
𝑎𝑥
− 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 passes through B’ = (0, -b)
𝑒

0 + 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 ⇒ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎2 − (𝑎2 − 𝑎2 𝑒 2 )
𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎2 𝑒 2 ⇒ 𝑏 = 𝑎𝑒 2
𝑏2 = 𝑎2 𝑒 4
𝑎 2 (1 − 𝑒 2 ) = 𝑎 2 𝑒 4
1 − 𝑒2 = 𝑒4 ⇒ 𝑒4 + 𝑒2 = 1
19. Find the equation of tangents to the ellipse 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 = 11 at the point whose
ordinate. (M-17-ts)
Sol: Given ellipse 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 = 11 ------ (1)
Let 𝑃 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) be a point on given ellipse
Given 𝑦 = 1, sub 𝑦 = 1 in eq(1), 2𝑥 2 + 3 = 11
2𝑥 2 = 8 ⇒ 𝑥 2 = 4 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±2
∴ P = (2, 1), Q = (-2, 1)
equation of tangent at P(2, 1) is 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 = 11
= 2𝑥(2) + 3𝑦(1) = 11 ⇒ 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 11 = 0

87
 TSWREIS
equation of tangent at Q(-2, 1) is 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 = 11
= 2𝑥(−2) + 3𝑦(1) = 11 ⇒ −4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 11
= 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 11 = 0
20. Prove that the equation of the chord joining the points 𝛼 and 𝛽 on the ellipse
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥 𝛼+𝛽 𝑦 𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽
+ 𝑏2 = 1 is 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ). (may-17-ts)
𝑎2 2 2 2

Sol: Let 𝑃(𝛼 ) = (𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼, 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 ), 𝑃(𝛽 ) = (𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽, 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 ) are two points
𝑥2 𝑦2
on the ellipse 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1

equation of the chord joining the points 𝛼 & 𝛽 is

𝑦 −𝑦
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑥2 −𝑥1 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
2 1

𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽−𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
𝑦 − 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽−𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 (𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 )

𝑏(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼)
𝑦 − 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝑎(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼) (𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 )

𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽
𝑏. 2𝑐𝑜𝑠( ). 𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
= 2
𝛼+𝛽
2
𝛼−𝛽 (𝑥 − 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 )
−𝑎. . 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛( ). 𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
2 2

𝛼+𝛽
−𝑏. 𝑐𝑜𝑠( )
2
𝑦 − 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝛼+𝛽 (𝑥 − 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 )
𝑎.𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
2

𝛼+𝛽 𝛼+𝛽 𝛼+𝛽 𝛼+𝛽

𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) = −𝑏𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑎𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )
2 2 2 2

𝛼+𝛽 𝛼+𝛽 𝛼+𝛽 𝛼+𝛽

𝑏𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2
) + 𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2
) = 𝑎𝑏 [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2
) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2
)]

𝛼+𝛽
= 𝑎𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( − 𝛼)
2

𝛽−𝛼
= 𝑎𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )
2

𝑥 𝛼+𝛽 𝑦 𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽

𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )
𝑎 2 2 2

Hence proved

88
 TSWREIS

5. HYPERBOLA

1. A conic eccentricity greater them unity is called hyperbola (e>1)

𝑥2 𝑦2
2. The equation of hyperbola in the standard form is − 𝑏2 = 1 with
𝑎2

i. center O (0,0).

ii. equation of transverse axis y=0 (x-axis)

iii. equation of conjugate axis x=0 (y-axis)

iv. length of transverse axis =2a.

v. length of conjugate axis =2b

vi. foci (±𝑎𝑒,0)

𝑎
vii. equation of directrices 𝑥 = ±
𝑒

𝑎2 +𝑏2
viii. eccentricity 𝑒 = √
𝑎2

2𝑏2
ix. length of latus rectum =
𝑎

3. The conjugate hyperbola: - The hyperbola whose transverse and conjugate axis are
respectively the conjugate and transverse axes of the given hyperbola it is called
conjugate hyperbola of the given hyperbola.
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑦2 𝑥2
4. The conjugate hyperbola of 2
− = 1 is − = −1 or − =1
𝑎 𝑏2 𝑎 2 𝑏2 𝑏 2 𝑎2

5. If the hyperbola is in the form

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑦2 𝑥2
2
− = −1 or − =1
𝑎 𝑏2 𝑏 2 𝑎2

i. center O(0,0)
ii. equation of transverse axis x=0 (y-axis)
iii. equation of conjugate axis y=0 (x-axis)
iv. length of the transverse axis =2b
v. length of the conjugate axis =2a
vi. foci (0, ±𝑏𝑒)
𝑏
vii. equation of directrices. 𝑦 = ±
𝑒
89
 TSWREIS

𝑎2 +𝑏2
viii. eccentricity 𝑒 = √
𝑏2

2𝑎2
ix. length of laureation =
𝑏

6. The equation hyperbola center not at the origin i.e. at (h,k)

(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
(i) − = 1 its conjugate hyperbola is − = −1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑥2 𝑦2
7. The parametric equations of hyperbola 2
− = 1 are
𝑎 𝑏2

𝑥 = 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 here in both 𝜃 is parameter

𝑥2 𝑦2
8. If 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) is any point on the hyperbola 2
− = 1 whose foci are Sand S’ then S’P –
𝑎 𝑏2

SP = 2a.
𝑥2 𝑦2
9. If the line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 touches the hyperbola 2
− = 1 then 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 𝑚2 − 𝑏2 .
𝑎 𝑏2

10. For all real values of ‘m’ the line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 ± √𝑎2 𝑚2 − 𝑏2 is a tangent to the hyperbola
𝑥2 𝑦2
2
− = 1.
𝑎 𝑏2
𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1
11. The equation of the tangent of the hyperbola at 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) is − = 1.
𝑎2 𝑏2

12. The equation of tangent to the hyperbola at the point ‘𝜃’ is

𝑥 𝑦 𝜋 3𝜋
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 − ̇ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 1 (𝜃 ≠ , )
𝑎 𝑏 2 2

13. The equation of the normal to the hyperbola S = 0 at (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is

𝑎 2𝑥 𝑏2 𝑦
𝑥1
− 𝑦1
= 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 .

14. The equation of normal at the point ‘𝜃’ is

𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑦 𝜋 3𝛱
+ = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 [𝜃 ≠ , ]
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 2 2

15. The rectangular hyperbola: if in a hyperbola the length of the transverse axis (2a) is

equal to the length of the conjugate axis (2b) the hyperbola is called the rectangular
hyperbola
The equation is 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 [∵ a = b]

16. The eccentricity of a rectangular hyperbola is equal to √2.

𝑥2 𝑦2
17. The equation of auxiliary circle of hyperbola − 𝑏2 = 1 is a 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 .
𝑎2

90
 TSWREIS
𝑥2 𝑦2
18. The equation director circle of hyperbola − 𝑏2 = 1 is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 .
𝑎2
𝑏
19. Asymptotes of a hyperbola: the equations of asymptotes hyperbola are 𝑦 = ± 𝑥.
𝑎

The combined equation of asymptotes of hyperbola

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
− 𝑏2 = 1 is − 𝑏2 = 0
𝑎2 𝑎2

𝑥2 𝑦2
20. The angle between the asymptotes to hyperbola − 𝑏2 = 1 is
𝑎2
𝑏
𝜃 = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [𝑎] = 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (𝑒) where 𝑒 is the eccentricity of hyperbola.

HYPERBOLA SAQ (4M)

1. Find the eccentricity, foci equations of the directrix, length of the latus rectum of the
hyperbola 9𝑥 2 − 16𝑦 2 + 72𝑥 − 32𝑦 − 16 = 0 .
Sol: Given equation of hyperbola

9𝑥 2 − 16𝑦 2 + 72𝑥 − 32𝑦 − 16 = 0

9(𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 ) − 16(𝑦 2 + 2𝑦) = 16

9(𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 16) − 16(𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1) = 16 + 144 − 16

9(𝑥 + 4)2 − 16(𝑦 + 1)2 = 144

2
(𝑥−(−4))2 (𝑦−(−1))
⇒ − =1
16 9

Here, h=-4, k=-1, a2 =16, b2 =9,

a=4, b=3
i. center (c) =(h,k)=(-4,-1)

𝑎2 +𝑏2 16+9 5
ii. eccentricity (e)= √ =√ =
𝑎2 16 4

5
iii. foci= (ℎ ± 𝑎𝑒, 𝑘) = (−4 ± 4 (4) , −1) = (−4 ± 5, −1)

= (1,-1) and (-9,-1)

iv. equation of the directrices are 𝑥 = ℎ ± 𝑎𝑒

4 16 −20±16
𝑥 = −4 ± 5 = −4 ± =
( ) 5 5
4

91
 TSWREIS
5𝑥 + 20 = ±16 ⇒ 5𝑥 + 4 = 0 and 5𝑥 + 36 = 0

2𝑏2 2(9) 9
v. length of latus rectum = = =
𝑎 5 2

2. Find the equations of the tangents to the hyperbola 𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 = 4 which are i) parallel
ii) perpendicular to the line 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0. (M-11, 15-TS).
Sol: Given equation of hyperbola 𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 = 4
𝑥2 𝑦2
− = 1, a2 =4 b2=1
4 1
−1
(i) Slope of tangent parallel to x+2y=0 is 𝑚 =
2

equation of tangents is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 ± √𝑎2 𝑚2 − 𝑏 2

−1 1 −𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦= 𝑥 ± √4 ( ) − 1 = ± 0⇒ =𝑦
2 4 2 2

∴ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0
There is no tangent parallel to 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0
(ii) Slope of tangent perpendicular to 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0 is m = 2 equation of tangents
are 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 ± √𝑎2 𝑚2 − 𝑏 2

𝑦 = 2𝑥 ± √4(4) − 1 = 2𝑥 ± √15

∴ 2𝑥 − 𝑦 ± √15 =0
3. Find the equations of the tangents to the hyperbola 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 = 12 which are i)
parallel ii) perpendicular to the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 7. (M-15, TS).
𝑥 2 𝑦 2
Sol: Given hyperbola 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 = 12 ⇒ − = 1, a2 =4, b2=3
4 3

(i) Slope of tangent parallel to 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 7 is 𝑚 = 1

equation of tangents is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 ± √𝑎2 𝑚2 − 𝑏 2

𝑦 = (1)𝑥 ± √4(1) − 3 = 𝑥 ≠ 1

𝑥 − 𝑦 ± 1 =0

ii. Slope of tangent perpendicular to 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 7 is m = -1 equation of tangents is 𝑦 =

𝑚𝑥 ± √𝑎2 𝑚2 − 𝑏 2

𝑦 = (−1)𝑥 ± √4(−1)2 − 3) =−𝑥 ± 1

∴ 𝑥+𝑦±1=0

92
 TSWREIS
4. Find the eccentricity, foci, length of latus rectum and equations of the
directrices of the hyperbola 𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 = 4. (may-11)
Sol: equation of the hyperbola 𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 = 4

𝑥2 𝑦2
∴ − = 1, a2 =4 b2=1
4 1

𝑎2 +𝑏2 4+1 √5
i. Eccentricity (e)= √ =√ =
𝑎2 4 2

√5
ii. foci= S= (±𝑎𝑒,0) = (±2 ( ) , 0) = (±√5, 0)
2

2𝑏2 2(1)
iii. length of latus rectum = = =1
𝑎 2
𝑎
iv. equations of the directrices are 𝑥 = ±
𝑒
2×2
𝑥=± ⇒ √5𝑥 = ±4
√5

√5𝑥 + 4 =0 and √5𝑥 − 4 =0

5. One focus of hyperbola located at (1,-3) and corresponding directrix is the line 𝑦 = 2.
3
Find the equation of hyperbola if its eccentricity is .
2
3
Sol: Given focus S = (1,-3), Directrix 𝑦 = 2, 𝑒 = 2

Let 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be a point on the hyperbola ⇒ SP = ePM

9 𝑦−2 2
𝑆𝑃 2 = 𝑒 2 𝑃𝑀2 ⇒ (𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 + 3)2 = 4 ( )
√0+1

9
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 + 9 = 4 (𝑦 2 + 4 − 4𝑦)

4𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 4 + 4𝑦 2 + 24𝑦 + 36 = 9𝑦 2 + 36 − 36𝑦
∴ 4𝑥 2 − 5𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 + 60𝑦 + 4 = 0

6. show that angle between the asymptotes of the hyperbola s=0 is

𝑏
2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) or 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (𝑒)
𝑎
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
Sol: Equation of asymptotes are − = 0 and + = 0
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏

Let 2𝜃 be the angle between asymptotes

𝑏
Slope of asymptotes = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑎
𝑏
⇒ 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑎)
𝑏
⇒ 2𝜃 = 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑎) be the angle

93
 TSWREIS
between asymptotes of S = 0
𝑏2
⇒ WKT, 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 1 + 𝑎2

𝑎 2 +𝑏2
⇒ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 = = 𝑒2
𝑎2

∴ sec 𝜃 = 𝑒 ⇒ 𝜃 = sec −1 𝑒

2𝜃 = 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (𝑒)
𝑏
Angle between asymptotes = 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) or 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (𝑒)
𝑎

7. Prove the point of intersection of two perpendicular tangents to the hyperbola

𝑥2 𝑦2
− 𝑏2 = 1 lies on the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2
𝑎2
Sol: Let 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) be the point of intersection of two perpendicular
𝑥2 𝑦2
tangents to the hyperbola 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = 1

∴ equation of tangents to the hyperbola with slope ‘m’ is

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 ± √𝑎2 𝑚2 − 𝑏 2 ---------- (1)

2
𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) lies on eq(1), 𝑦1 = 𝑚𝑥1 ± √𝑎2 𝑚2 − 𝑏
(𝑦1 − 𝑚𝑥1 )2 = 𝑎2 𝑚2 − 𝑏2

𝑦12 − 2𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑚 + 𝑚2 𝑥12 − 𝑎2 𝑚2 + 𝑏2 = 0

(𝑥12 − 𝑎2 )𝑚2 − 2𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑚 + (𝑦12 + 𝑏2 ) = 0 be a quadratic equation in terms of ‘m’

Let m1, m2 are the roots of a quadratic equation and are the slopes
of tangents at ‘p’
2𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑦12 +𝑏2
∴ 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 = and 𝑚1 𝑚2 =
𝑥12 −𝑎2 𝑥12 −𝑎2

Given tangents are perpendicular, m1m2 =-1

𝑦 2 +𝑏2
i.e., 𝑥12−𝑎2 = −1 ⇒ 𝑦12 + 𝑏 2 = −𝑥12 − 𝑎2
1

2 2
∴ 𝑥21 + 𝑦1 += 𝑎2 − 𝑏

Therefore, P lies on the circle 𝑥12 + 𝑦12 += 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2

𝑥2 𝑦2
8. Tangents to the hyperbola 2
− = 1 make angles 𝜃 1 and 𝜃 2 with transverse axis of
𝑎 𝑏2
the hyperbola. Show that the point of intersection of these tangents lies on the curve
2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑘(𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 ) when 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃2 = 𝑘. (M-15, TS)
𝑥2 𝑦2
Sol: Equation of the tangents to the hyperbola 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = 1

94
 TSWREIS

with slope m is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 ± √𝑎2 𝑚2 − 𝑏 2 ------- (1)

let 𝑃 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) be the point of intersection of tangents

2
therefore, P lies on eq(1), 𝑦1 = 𝑚𝑥1 ± √𝑎2 𝑚2 − 𝑏
(𝑦1 − 𝑚𝑥1 )2 = 𝑎2 𝑚2 − 𝑏2

𝑦12 − 2𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑚 + 𝑚2 𝑥12 − 𝑎2 𝑚2 + 𝑏2 = 0

(𝑥12 − 𝑎2 )𝑚2 − 2𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑚 + (𝑦12 + 𝑏2 ) = 0 be a quadratic equation in terms of ‘m’

Let m1, m2 are the roots of a quadratic equation and are the
slopes of tangents at ‘p’
2𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑦12 +𝑏2
Therefore, 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 = and 𝑚1 𝑚2 =
𝑥12 −𝑎2 𝑥12 −𝑎2

Given that, 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃2 = 𝑘

ie., 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 = 𝑘
2𝑥1 𝑦1
= 𝑘 ⇒ 2𝑥1𝑦1 = 𝑘(𝑥12 − 𝑎2 )
𝑥12 −𝑎2

Therefore, P lies on the curve 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑘(𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 ).

9. The differences of the focal distances of any point on the hyperbola is constant if P
𝑥2 𝑦2
is a point on the hyperbola 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = 1 with foci S and S’ then S’P – SP = 2a (constant).
𝑥2 𝑦2
Sol: Let 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be a point on the hyperbola − =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

Let S be the focus, M be a point on the directrix then by def.

SP = ePM and S’P =ePM’
∴ S’P – SP = ePM’ – ePM
= e(PM’- PM)

= e(MM’)
= e(ZZ’)
2𝑎
= e( 𝑒 )

∴ S’P – SP = 2a (constant)

95
 TSWREIS
𝑥2 𝑦2
10. If the line 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0 is a tangent to the hyperbola 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = 1, then show that

𝑎2 𝑙 2 − 𝑏2 𝑚2 = 𝑛2 . (May-07)
𝑥2 𝑦2
Sol: Given hyperbola − = 1 and given line is
𝑎2 𝑏2

𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚𝑦 = −𝑙𝑥 − 𝑛
𝑙 −𝑛
𝑦 = (− 𝑚) 𝑥 + ( 𝑚 ) is a tangent to hyperbola
𝑙 −𝑛
Here 𝑚 = (− ) , 𝑐 =
𝑚 𝑚

Condition to a tangent, 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 𝑚2 − 𝑏2
𝑛 2 𝑙 2
(− ) = 𝑎2 (− ) − 𝑏2
𝑚 𝑚

𝑛2 𝑎2 𝑙2 𝑛2 𝑎2 𝑙2 −𝑏2 𝑚2
𝑚2
=
𝑚2
- 𝑏2 ⇒ 𝑚2
=
𝑚2

∴ 𝑎2 𝑙 2 − 𝑏 2 𝑚 2 = 𝑛2
11. Find the equation of the hyperbola whose asymptotes are 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3 = 0,
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 5 = 0 and which passes through the point (1, −1). (June-05)
Sol. Given equation of the asymptotes are 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3 = 0, 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 5 = 0

equation of hyperbola can be taken as

(𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3) (3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 5) + 𝑘 = 0 ------ (1)

Given that, eq(1) passing through (1, −1)

(1 − 2 + 3)(3 − 4 + 5) + 𝑘 = 0 ⇒ 𝑘 = −8

Sub 𝑘 = −8 in eq(1) we get

(𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3) (3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 5) − 8 = 0

3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 + 9𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 8𝑦 2 + 12𝑦 + 5𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 15 − 8 = 0

∴ 3𝑥 2 + 10𝑥𝑦 + 8𝑦 2 + 14𝑥 + 22𝑦 + 7 = 0

12. Find the equation of the hyperbola of given length of transverse axis 6 whose vertex
bisects the distance between the Centre and the focus.
𝑥2 𝑦2
Sol: let equation of the hyperbola 2
− =1
𝑎 𝑏2

Given length of transverse axis = 2a = 6 ⇒ a = 3

And vertex (A) bisects the distance between

center (C) and Focus(S)
CS = CA + AS ⇒ CA + CA (∵ CA = AS)
CS = 2CA ⇒ 2a = ae (∵ CS = ae, CA = a)
96
 TSWREIS
Wkt, b2 = a2(e2-1) = 9(4-1) = 9(3) =27 ⇒ b=√27 = 3√3
𝑥2 𝑦2
eq. of hyperbola is − = 1 , ∴ 3𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 27
9 27

13. Find the centre, foci, eccentricity, equations of the directrices, length of the latus
rectum of the hyperbola 4(𝑦 + 3)2 − 9(𝑥 − 2)2 = 1
Sol: given equation of hyperbola 4(𝑦 + 3)2 − 9(𝑥 − 2)2 = 1 can be written as
9(𝑥 − 2)2 − 4(𝑦 + 3)2 = −1
(𝑥−2)2 (𝑦−(−3))2
1 − 1 = −1 is conjugate Hyperbola
( ) ( )
9 4

Here, h = 2, k = -3, a2 =1/9 , b2 =1/4, a=1/3, b=1/2

(i) centre ( c ) = (h,k) =(2,-3)

1 1
√𝑏2 +𝑎2 + √13
(ii) eccentricity (e)= =√ 9 4
1 =
𝑏 3
2

1 √13 √13
(iii) Foci= ( h,k±𝑏𝑒 ) = (2, −3 ± 2 ( )) =(2, −3 ± )
3 6

𝑏
(iv) equation of the directrices are 𝑦 = 𝑘 ±
𝑒
1
( ) 3
2
𝑦 = −3 ± √13
= −3 ± 2
( ) √13
3

1
2𝑎2 2( ) 4
9
(v) length of the latus rectum = = 1 =
𝑏 ( 2) 9

Hyperbola-VSAQ (2M)
1. If e, e1 be the eccentricities of a hyperbola and its conjugate hyperbola then
1 1
prove that 2 + 2 = 1 . (M-11)
𝑒 𝑒1

𝑎 2 +𝑏 2 𝑎 2 +𝑏 2
Sol. 𝑒 = √ and 𝑒1 = √ are the eccentricities of a
𝑎2 𝑏2

hyperbola and its conjugate hyperbola respectively

1 1 1 1 𝑏2 +𝑎2 𝟏 𝟏
+ = 𝑎2 +𝑏2
+ 𝑎2 +𝑏2
= = 1 ⇒ ⅇ𝟐 + ⅇ𝟐 = 𝟏
𝑒 2 𝑒12 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 𝑎2 +𝑏2 𝟏
𝑎 𝑏

97
 TSWREIS
5
2. If the eccentricity of a hyperbola is then find the eccentricity of its conjugate
4
hyperbola. (J-05, M-13, 15 – TS)
5
Sol. Given 𝑒 = let 𝑒1 be the eccentricity of a conjugate Hy
4
1 1 1 1 16 1
Wkt, + = 1⇒ 5 2
+ = 1⇒ + =1
𝑒 2 𝑒12
( 4) 𝑒12 25 𝑒12

1 16 9 25 5
=1− = ⇒ 𝑒12 = ⇒ 𝑒1 =
𝑒12 25 25 9 3

3. Find the equation of the tangents to the hyperbola 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 = 12 Which are parallel
to the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 7. (May – 07, 09)
𝑥2 𝑦2
Sol. Given hyperbola 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 = 12 ⇒ − = 1, 𝑎2 = 4, 𝑏2 = 3
4 3

Slope of the tangent parallel to 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 7 is 𝑚 = 1

Equation of the tangents are 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 ± √𝑎2 𝑚2 − 𝑏 2

𝑦 = 𝑥 ± √4 − 3 = 𝑥 ± 1 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥 ± 1
4. If 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 𝑘 = 0 is a tangent to 𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 = 5 then find k.
𝑥2 𝑦2
Sol. Given hyperbola 𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 = 5 ⇒ − 5 = 1, hence 𝑎2 = 5, 𝑏2 = 54
5 ( )
4

Given tangent line is 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 𝑘 = 0

3 𝑘
4𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 𝑘 ⇒ 𝑦 = ( ) 𝑥 + ( )
4 4
3 𝑘
Here 𝑚 = 4 , 𝑐 = 4

Tangent condition is 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 𝑚2 − 𝑏 2
𝑘 2 3 2 5
( 4) = 5 (4) − 4

𝑘2 9 5 45−20 25
= 5 (10) − 4 = = 16
16 1𝑏

𝑘 2 = 25

𝑘 = √25 = ±5
5. Find the length of the latus rectum of the hyperbola 𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 = 144
Sol. Given hyperbola 𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 = 144
𝑥2 𝑦2 144
∴ − 144 = 1, 𝑎2 = 144, 𝑏2 =
144 ( ) 5
5

144
2𝑏2 2( )
Length of the latus rectum = = 3
=8
𝑎 12

98
 TSWREIS
6. i. Find the eccentricity and length of the latus rectum of the hyperbola
16𝑦 2 − 9𝑥 2 = 144. (M-07)
Sol. Given hyperbola 16𝑦 − 9𝑥 = 144
2 2

𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑦2
− =1⇒ − = −1, 𝑎2 = 16, 𝑏2 = 9
9 16 16 9

It is a conjugate hyperbola

𝑎2 +𝑏2 16+9 5
Eccentricity (e)= √ = √ =
𝑎2 9 3

2𝑎2 2(16) 32
Length of latus rectum = =
𝑏 3 3

ii. find the eccentricity and length of latus rectum of the hyperbola 𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 = 4

Sol. Given hyperbola 𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 = 4

𝑥2 𝑦2
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 = 4 = − = 1 here 𝑎2 = 4, 𝑏2 = 1
4 1

𝑎2 +𝑏2 4+1 √5
⇒ Eccentricity (e)= √ = √ =
𝑎2 4 2
2𝑎2 2(1)
⇒ Length of latus rectum = =1
𝑏 2
7. Find the equation to the hyperbola whose foci are (4,2) and (8,2) and
eccentricity is 2. (M-09)

Sol. Centre ‘C’ be the midpoint of given foci 94,2) and (8,2)

4+8 2+2
𝑐=( , ) = (6,2) = (ℎ, 𝑘 )
2 2

Distance between foci = 2𝑎𝑒 = √16 + 0 = 4 ⇒ 𝑎𝑒 = 2

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐻𝑦, 𝑒 = 2 ⇒ a =1
wkt, 𝑏2 = 𝑎2 𝑒 2 − 𝑎2 ⇒ 𝑏2 = 4 − 1 = 3
(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
equation of a hyperbola is − =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
(𝑥−6)2 (𝑦−2)2
⇒ 1
− 3
=1

8. Define a rectangular hyperbola and find its eccentricity.

Def: If the length of transverse axis is equal to the length of conjugate axis in a hyperbola
then it is called a rectangular hyperbola.

i.e., 2a = 2b ⇒ a = b

𝑎2 +𝑏2 𝑎2 +𝑎2 2𝑎2

eccentricity (e)= √ =√ =√ = √2
𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑎2

99
 TSWREIS
9. Find the product of the length of perpendiculars from any point on the hyperbola
𝑥2 𝑦2
− = 1to its asymptotes.
16 9
𝑥2 𝑦2
Sol. Given hyperbola − = 1, 𝑎2 = 16, 𝑏2 = 9
16 9

The product of the length of the perpendicular distance from

any point to its

𝑎2 𝑏2 16×9 144
asymptotes = = =
𝑎2 +𝑏2 16+9 25
10. Find the equation of the hyperbola whose foci are and the transverse axis of length
is 8
Sol. Given foci, 𝑆 = (±5,0) = (±𝑎𝑒,0), 𝑎𝑒 = 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑

Length of transverse axis = 2𝑎 = 8 = 𝑎 = 4

wkt, 𝑏2 = 𝑎2 𝑒 2 − 𝑎2 = 25 − 16 = 9
𝑥2 𝑦2
equation of a hyperbola is 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = 1
𝑥2 𝑦2
16
− 9
= 1 ⇒ 9𝑥 2 − 16𝑦 2 = 144

𝜋
11. Find the equation of the normal at 𝜃 = to the hyperbola 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 = 12
3
Sol. Equation of the hyperbola 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 = 12
𝑥2 𝑦2
− = 1, 𝑎2 = 4, 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 2 = 3, 𝑏 = √3
4 3

Equation of the normal at 𝜃 is 𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑎𝑥
𝜃
+
𝑏𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃
= 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

2𝑥 √3𝑦 𝜋
+ = 4 + 3 , given angle 𝜃 = = 600
𝑠𝑒𝑐 600 𝑡𝑎𝑛 600 3

2𝑥 √3𝑦
= + = 7 ⇒ 𝑥+𝑦 = 7
2 √3

12. If the angle between the asymptotes is 300 then find its eccentricity.
Sol. Given angle 𝜃 = 300
Angle between asymptotes is 𝜃 = 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −| (𝑒)
2√2
300 = 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −| (𝑒) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −| (𝑒) = 150 = 𝑒 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐150 =
√3+1
2√2 √3−1
𝑒= × = √2(√3 − 1) = √6 − √2
√3+1 √3−1

100
 TSWREIS

6. INDEFINITE INTEGRATION (CDF POINTS)

Definition: Let f : E → R be a function E ⊆ R. If there is function F on E such that F’(x) = f(x)

for x E, then we call F an antiderivative of f or a primitive of f.

We denote it by ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 and rad it as ‘integral f(x) dx. ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = F(x) + C, here ‘C’ is
called a “Constant of Integration”.

The following are the indefinite integrals of some functions:

𝑥 𝑛+1
1. ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1
+ 𝑐 for 𝑛 ≠ −1
1
2. ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝑐

3. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐, ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
𝑎𝑥
4. ∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 + 𝑐, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
𝑒

5. ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
6. ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
𝜋
7. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐, where 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 − {(2𝑛 + 1) , 𝑛 𝜖 𝑍}
2

8. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝑐, where 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 − {𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 𝜖 𝑍}

𝜋
9. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐, where 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 − {(2𝑛 + 1) 2 , 𝑛 𝜖 𝑍}
𝜋
10. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥| + 𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥|, where 𝑥 ≠ {(2𝑛 + 1) 2 , 𝑛 𝜖 𝑍}

11. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥| + 𝑐, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 − {𝑛𝜋, 𝑛𝜖𝑍 }

12. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥| + 𝑐
𝜋 𝑥
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 4 + 2)| + 𝑐

13. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥| + 𝑐

𝑥
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑡𝑎𝑛 2| + 𝑐 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 − {𝑛𝜋, 𝑛𝜖𝑍}

14. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅

15. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
16. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
17. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 − {0}
18. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
19. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 − {0}
1
20. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑓𝑜 |𝑥| < 1
√1−𝑥 2

= −𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 + 𝑐

101
 TSWREIS
1
21. ∫ 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐 for 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅

= −𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 + 𝑐 for 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
1
22. ∫ |𝑥|√𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 + 𝑐 on 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 − [−1,1]
−1

= −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 + 𝑐 on 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 − [−1,1]
1
23. ∫ √1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ −1 𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅

= 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1), 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅

1 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑜𝑛 (1, ∞)
24. ∫ √𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = {
−1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ −1 (−𝑥) + 𝑐 𝑜𝑛 (−∞, −1)
1 1 𝑥
25. ∫ 𝑥 2+𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑎) + 𝑐 on R, where 𝑎 is positive real number
1 𝑥
26. ∫ √𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ −1 (𝑎) + 𝑐 on R
+𝑥 2
1 1 𝑥−𝑎
27. ∫ 𝑥 2−𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥+𝑎| + 𝑐 for 𝑥 ≠ ±𝑎
1 1 𝑎+𝑥
28. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 | | + 𝑐 for 𝑥 ∈ (−𝑎, 𝑎)
𝑎 2−𝑥 2 2𝑎 𝑎−𝑥
1 𝑥
29. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝑐 for 𝑥 ∈ (−𝑎, 𝑎)
√𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 𝑎
𝑥
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ −1 (𝑎) + 𝑐, 𝑜𝑛 (𝑎, ∞)
30. ∫ √𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = { 𝑥
−𝑎 2
−𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ −1 (− ) + 𝑐 𝑜𝑛(−∞, −𝑎)
𝑎
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
31. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝑐
𝑓(𝑥)

𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
32. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2√𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
√𝑓(𝑥)

33. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓 (𝑥) + 𝑐

[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛+1
34. ∫[𝑓(𝑥)]ℎ 𝑓1 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1
+𝑐

35. Integration by parts:

𝑑𝑢
If 𝑢, 𝑣 are its functions in ′𝑥′ ∫ 𝑢. 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ [𝑑𝑥 . ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝑎2 𝑥 𝑥
36. ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) + √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 on (−𝑎, 𝑎)
2 𝑎 2
𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
37. ∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ −1 (𝑎) + 𝑐 on [𝑎, ∞)
𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
38. ∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 + 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ −1 (− 𝑎 ) + 𝑐 on (−∞, −𝑎]
𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
39. ∫ √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 + 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ −1 (𝑎) + 𝑐 on R

Working Rules for Some Special Functions:

40. Evaluation of integrals of the type

1 1 𝑑𝑥
i. ∫ 𝑎+𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝑎+𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑐

102
 TSWREIS
𝑥 2𝑑𝑡
Working Rule: take 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2, 𝑑𝑥 = 1+𝑡 2

2𝑡 1−𝑡 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 1+𝑡 2, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 1+𝑡 2

𝑎 cos + 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
ii. ∫ 𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑ℎ
Working Rule: Numerator = 𝐴 𝑑𝑥 (𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟) + 𝐵(𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟)

𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥+𝑐
iii. ∫ 𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥+𝑓 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
Nominator = 𝐴 𝑑𝑥 (𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 ) + 𝐵 (𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 ) + 𝑐

𝑝𝑥+𝑞 𝑝𝑥+𝑞
iv. ∫ 𝑎𝑥 2+𝑏𝑥+𝑐 𝑑𝑥, ∫ √𝑎𝑥 2+𝑏𝑐+𝑐 𝑑𝑥, ∫(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞)√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
Working Rule: 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = 𝐴 (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝐵
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 1
v. ∫ (𝑝𝑥+𝑞)√𝑎𝑥 2+𝑏𝑥+𝑐 Working Rule: put 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = 𝑡 and integrate
𝑑𝑥
vi. ∫ 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 Working Rule put √𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = 𝑡
√𝑝𝑥+𝑞

41. Reduction formula:

i. 𝐼𝑛 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥, here 𝑛 is any positive integer
𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑛
= − 𝐼𝑛−1
𝑎 𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑛−1
ii. 𝐼𝑛 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛
+ 𝑛
𝐼𝑛−2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−1𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
iii. If 𝐼𝑛 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐼𝑛−2
𝑛 𝑛
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑛−1𝑥
iv. If𝐼𝑛 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛−1
− 𝐼𝑛−2
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑛−1 𝑥
v. If 𝐼𝑛 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑛
− 𝐼𝑛−2
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑛−2
vi. If 𝐼𝑛 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛−1
+ 𝑛−1 𝐼𝑛−2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑛−2
vii. If 𝐼𝑛 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛−1
+ 𝑛−1 𝐼𝑛−2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−1𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚−1 𝑥 𝑛−1
viii. If 𝐼𝑛 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑚+𝑛
+ 𝑚+𝑛 𝐼𝑚,𝑛−2

INDEFINITE INTEGRATION – LAQ (7 Marks)

9𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
1. Evaluate ∫ 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (M – 2008)
𝑑
Sol: Working Rule: Nr = A𝑑𝑥 (Dr) +B (Dr)

𝑑
9 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝐴 𝑑𝑥 (4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠) + 𝐵(4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)

9𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝐴(4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + 𝐵(4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) ------ (1)

Comparing sin 𝑥 − terms on both sides

103
 TSWREIS
−5𝐴 + 4𝐵 = −1 ----- (2)

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 – terms, 4𝐴 + 5𝐵 = 9 -------- (3)

Solving eq (2) & (3)

𝐴 𝐵 1
A B ⊥ = =
−36−5 4+(−45) −25−16

𝐴 𝐵 1
4 1 -5 4 −41
= −41 = −41

5 -9 4 5 ∴ 𝐴 = 1, 𝐵 = 1

Sub A = 1, B = 1 in eq (1) we get

9𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 1(4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + 1(4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)

9𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)+(4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
∴∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−5𝑠𝑛𝑥 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+5 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

= ∫ 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+5 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑓′ (𝑥)
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝑐

= 𝑙𝑜𝑔|4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥| + ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑙𝑜𝑔|4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 | + 𝑥 + 𝑐

9 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
∴ ∫ 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥| + 𝑐

2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
2. Evaluate ∫ 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (May-08, A-01)
𝑑
Sol: Working Rule Nr = A𝑑𝑥 (Dr) + B (Dr)

𝑑
2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝐴 (4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + 𝐵(4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝐴(−4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) + 𝐵(4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) ------- (1)

Comparing like terms on both sides we get

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 – terms ⇒ −4𝐴 + 5𝐵 = 3 ------ (2)

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 – terms ⇒ 5𝐴 + 4𝐵 = 2 -------- (3)

Solving eq (1) and (2)

𝐴 𝐵 1
A B ⊥ −10+12
= −16−8 = −16−25

𝐴 𝐵 1
5 -3 -4 5 2
= −23 = −41

−2 23
4 -2 5 4 ∴𝐴= ,𝐵 =
41 41

104
 TSWREIS
−2 23
Sub 𝐴 = ,𝐵 = in eq (1) we get
41 41

−2 23
2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = (−4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) + (4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
41 41

−2 23
2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (−4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+5 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)+ (4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
∴∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 41 41
𝑑𝑥
4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

−2 −4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+5 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 23 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

= 41
∫ 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥 + 41 ∫ 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑓′ (𝑥)
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝑐

−2 23
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥| + ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
41 41

−2 23
= 41
𝑙𝑜𝑔 |4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥| + 41 𝑥 + 𝑐

2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 −2 23
∴∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥| + 𝑥+𝑐
4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 41 41

2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+4
3. Evaluate ∫ 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+5 𝑑𝑥 (Mar – 11, 14, 16)
𝑑
Sol: Working Rule Nr = A𝑑𝑥 (Dr) + B (Dr)

𝑑
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 4 = 𝐴 (3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 5) + 𝐵(3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 5) + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥

2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 4 = 𝐴(3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + 𝐵(3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 5) + 𝑐 ------- (1)

Comparing like terms on both sides we get

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 – terms ⇒ −4𝐴 + 3𝐵 = 2 ------ (2)

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 – terms ⇒ 3𝐴 + 4𝐵 = 3 -------- (3) and

Constant – terms ⇒ 5𝐵 + 𝑐 = 4 ----- (4)

Solving eq (2) and (3)

𝐴 𝐵 1
A B ⊥ −9+8
= −6−12 = −16−9

𝐴 𝐵 1
3 -2 -4 3 −1
= −18 = −25

1 18
4 -3 3 4 ∴ 𝐴 = 25 , 𝐵 = 25

18
Sub 𝐵 = 25 in eq (4) we get

18 18 18 2
5 (25) + 𝑐 = 4 ⇒ 5
+𝑐 =4⇒𝑐 =4− 5
=5

1 18 2
Sub 𝐴 = ,𝐵 = ,𝑐 =
25 25 5

1 18 2
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 4 = (3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + (3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 5) +
25 25 5

105
 TSWREIS
1 18 2
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+4 (3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)+ (3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+5)+
∴∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 25 25 5
𝑑𝑥
3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+5 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+5

1 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 18 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+5 2 𝑑𝑥

= 25 ∫ 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+5 𝑑𝑥 + 25 ∫ 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+5 𝑑𝑥 + 5 ∫ 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+5

𝑓′ (𝑥) 𝑥 2𝑑𝑡 2𝑡 1−𝑡 2

∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝑐 put 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 , 𝑑𝑥 = 1+𝑡 2 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 1+𝑡 2 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 1+𝑡 2

2𝑑𝑡
1 18 2 1+𝑡2
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔|3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 5| + ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 + 5 ∫ 2𝑡 1−𝑡2
25 25 3( )+4( )+5
1+𝑡2 1+𝑡2

1 18 4 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔|3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 5| + 𝑥+ ∫
25 25 5 6𝑡+4−4𝑡 2 +5+5𝑡 2

1 18 4 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔|3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 5| + 𝑥+ ∫ 2
25 25 5 𝑡 +6𝑡+9

1 18 4 𝑑𝑡
= 25 𝑙𝑜𝑔|3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 5| + 25 𝑥 + 5 ∫ (𝑡+3)2

1 18 1 4
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔|3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 5| + 𝑥− ( )+𝑐
25 25 5 𝑡+3

1 18 4
= 25 𝑙𝑜𝑔|3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 5| + 25 𝑥 − 𝑥 +𝑐
5(3+𝑡𝑎𝑛 )
2

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+7
4. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+1
𝑑
Sol: Working Rule Nr = A𝑑𝑥 (Dr) + B (Dr)

𝑑
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 7 = 𝐴 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 1) + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 7 = 𝐴 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) + 𝐵(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 1) + 𝑐 ------ (1)

Comparing like terms on both sides we get

cos𝑥 – terms ⇒ 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 1 ------ (2)

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 – terms ⇒ −𝐴 + 𝐵 = 3 -------- (3) and

Constant – terms ⇒ 𝐵 + 𝑐 = 7 ----- (4)

Adding eq (2), (3) ⇒ B = 2, from eq(2) A = -1

Sub B = 2 in (4) ⇒ c = 7 – 2 = 5

Sub A = -1, B = 2, c = 5 in eq (1) we get

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 7 = −1(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) + 2(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 1) + 5

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+7 −(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)+2(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+1)+5
∴ ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+1
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+1
𝑑𝑥

−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+1
𝑑𝑥 + 5 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+1

𝑓′ (𝑥) 𝑥 2𝑑𝑡 2𝑡 1−𝑡 2

∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝑐 put 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 , 𝑑𝑥 = 1+𝑡 2 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 1+𝑡 2 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 1+𝑡 2

106
 TSWREIS
2𝑑𝑡
1+𝑡2
= − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 1| + 2𝑥 + ∫ 1−𝑡 2 2𝑡
( )+( )+1
1+𝑡2 1+𝑡2

2𝑑𝑡
= − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 1| + 2𝑥 + 5 ∫ 2𝑡+2

𝑑𝑡
= −𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 1| + 2𝑥 + 5 ∫ 𝑡+1

= − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 1| + 2𝑥 + 5 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑡 + 1| + 𝑐

𝑥
= − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 1| + 2𝑥 + 5 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2| + 𝑐

5. Find the reduction formula for ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑛 ≥) and hence find ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (may -09, 10, Mar-13to 19)
Sol: Let 𝐼𝑛 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Here 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
We know that, ∫ 𝑓𝑔 = 𝑓 ∫ 𝑔 − ∫(𝑓′ ∫ 𝑔)
𝑑
𝐼𝑛 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) − ∫(𝑛 − 1)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

= −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − (𝑛 − 1) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − (𝑛 − 1) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥 (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑛
= −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − (𝑛 − 1) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − (𝑛 − 1) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝑛 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1)𝐼𝑛−2 − (𝑛 − 1)𝐼𝑛
𝐼𝑛 + (𝑛 − 1)𝐼𝑛 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1)𝐼𝑛−2
𝑛. 𝐼𝑛 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1)𝐼𝑛−2
−𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑥 .𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑛−1
∴ 𝐼𝑛 = +( ) 𝐼𝑛−2 is called the reduction formula for ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑛 𝑛

Here, 𝐼0 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1, 𝐼1 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐

Now, 𝐼4 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝑥.𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 3
= 4
+ 4 𝐼2
−𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝑥.𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 3 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥.𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 1
= 4
+ 4[ 2
+ 2 𝐼0 ]
−𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝑥.𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 3 3
𝐼4 = 4
− 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 8 𝑥 + 𝑐

6. Find the reduction formula for ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and hence find ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (may -09, 12, Mar-15to 18)
Sol: Let 𝐼𝑛 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥. (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝑛 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑓(𝑛+1) (𝑥)
∫ 𝑓 𝑛 (𝑥). 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1
+𝑐
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑥
𝐼𝑛 = 𝑛−1
− 𝐼𝑛−2 is called the reduction formula for ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Here 𝐼0 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝐼1 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥| + 𝑐

𝑡𝑎𝑛 5 𝑥
Now, 𝐼6 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛6 𝑥 = 5
− 𝐼4
𝑡𝑎𝑛 5 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 3 𝑥
= 5
−[ 3
− 𝐼2 ]

107
 TSWREIS
𝑡𝑎𝑛 5 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 5 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
= 5
− 5
+ 1
− 𝐼0
𝑡𝑎𝑛 5 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 5 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝐼6 = 5
− 5
+ 1
−𝑥+𝑐

7. Obtain reduction formula for 𝐼𝑛 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, 𝑛 being a positive integer 𝑛 ≥ 2 and hence deduce
the value of ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. (May-11, Mar-
16), 19
Sol: let 𝐼𝑛 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑛−2 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑛−2 𝑥. (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝑛 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑛−2 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑓(𝑛+1) (𝑥)
∫ 𝑓 𝑛 (𝑥). 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1
+𝑐
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑛−1 𝑥
𝐼𝑛 = − 𝑛−1
− 𝐼𝑛−2 is called the reduction formula for ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Here 𝐼0 = 𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝐼1 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥| + 𝑐

𝑐𝑜𝑡 3 𝑥
Now, 𝐼4 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 3
− 𝐼2
𝑐𝑜𝑡 3 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
=− 3
− [− 1
− 𝐼0 ]
𝑐𝑜𝑡 3 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
=− 3
+ 1
+ 𝐼0
𝑐𝑜𝑡 3 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
𝐼4 = − + +𝑥+𝑐
3 1

8. Obtain the reduction formula for 𝐼𝑛 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑛 being a positive integer 𝑛 ≥ 2 and hence
deduce the value ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Sol: Given 𝐼𝑛 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−2 𝑥. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−2 𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
We know that, ∫ 𝑓𝑔 = 𝑓 ∫ 𝑔 − ∫(𝑓′ ∫ 𝑔)
𝑑
∴ 𝐼𝑛 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−2 𝑥 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−2 𝑥 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−2 𝑥(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) − ∫(𝑛 − 2)𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−3 𝑥. (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥). (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥

= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−2 𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − (𝑛 − 2) ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−2 𝑥, 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−2 𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − (𝑛 − 2) ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−2 𝑥, (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝑛 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−2 𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − (𝑛 − 2) ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑛 − 2) ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝑛 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−2 𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − (𝑛 − 2)𝐼𝑛 + (𝑛 − 2)𝐼𝑛−2
𝐼𝑛 + (𝑛 − 2)𝐼𝑛 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−2 𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + (𝑛 − 2)𝐼𝑛−2
(𝑛 − 1)𝐼𝑛 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−2 𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + (𝑛 − 2)𝐼𝑛−2
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−2 𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑛−2
∴ 𝐼𝑛 = +( ) 𝐼𝑛−2 is called the reduction formula for ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑛−1 𝑛−1

Hence, 𝐼0 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝐼1 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥| + 𝑐

𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 3
Now, 𝐼5 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 4
+ 4 𝐼3
𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥 .𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥.𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 1
= + [ + 𝐼1 ]
4 4 2 2

𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 3 3
𝐼5 = 4
+ 8 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) + 8 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥| + 𝑐

108
 TSWREIS
9. Obtain the reduction formula for 𝐼𝑛 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑛 being a positive integer 𝑛 ≥ 2 and hence
deduce the value ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Sol: Given 𝐼𝑛 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−2 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−2 𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
We know that, ∫ 𝑓𝑔 = 𝑓 ∫ 𝑔 − ∫(𝑓′ ∫ 𝑔)
𝑑
∴ 𝐼𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−2 𝑥 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−2 𝑥 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

= −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−2 𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥) − ∫(𝑛 − 2)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−3 𝑥. (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥). (−𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥)𝑑𝑥

= −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−2 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 − (𝑛 − 2) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−2 𝑥, 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−2 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 − (𝑛 − 2) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−2 𝑥, (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝑛 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−2 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 − (𝑛 − 2) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑛 − 2) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝑛 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−2 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 − (𝑛 − 2)𝐼𝑛 + (𝑛 − 2)𝐼𝑛−2
𝐼𝑛 + (𝑛 − 2)𝐼𝑛 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−2 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + (𝑛 − 2)𝐼𝑛−2
(𝑛 − 1)𝐼𝑛 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−2 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + (𝑛 − 2)𝐼𝑛−2
−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−2𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑛−2
∴ 𝐼𝑛 = +( ) 𝐼𝑛−2 is called the reduction formula for ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑛−1 𝑛−1
𝑥
Hence, 𝐼0 = 𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝐼1 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑡𝑎𝑛 2| + 𝑐
−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 3
Now, 𝐼5 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + 4 𝐼3
4
−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥 .𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 3 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 1
= +4[ + 2 𝐼1 ]
4 2

−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 3 3 𝑥
𝐼5 = − 8 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥) + 8 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑡𝑎𝑛 2| + 𝑐
4
−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−1 𝑥 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
10. If 𝐼𝑛 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 then show that 𝐼𝑛 = +( ) 𝐼𝑛−2 and hence deduce the value of
𝑛 𝑛

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Sol: Let 𝐼𝑛 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−1 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Here 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−1 𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
We know that, ∫ 𝑓𝑔 = 𝑓 ∫ 𝑔 − ∫(𝑓′ ∫ 𝑔)
𝑑
𝐼𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−1 𝑥. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−1 𝑥 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−1 𝑥(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) − ∫(𝑛 − 1)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−2 𝑥(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − (𝑛 − 1) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − (𝑛 − 1) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−2 𝑥 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑛
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−1 𝑥 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − (𝑛 − 1) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − (𝑛 − 1) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−1 𝑥 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1)𝐼𝑛−2 − (𝑛 − 1)𝐼𝑛
𝐼𝑛 + (𝑛 − 1)𝐼𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−1 𝑥 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1)𝐼𝑛−2
𝑛. 𝐼𝑛 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1)𝐼𝑛−2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−1 𝑥 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
∴ 𝐼𝑛 = +( ) 𝐼𝑛−2 is called the reduction formula for ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑛 𝑛

Here, 𝐼0 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝐼1 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐

Now, 𝐼4 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 3
= + 𝐼2
4 4

109
 TSWREIS
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥.𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥.𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1
= 4
+4[ 2
+ 2 𝐼0 ]
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥.𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 3 3
𝐼4 = 4
− 8 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + 8 𝑥 + 𝑐

11. Evaluate ∫(6𝑥 + 5)√6 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (AP -18)

𝑑𝑦
Sol: Working rule: 6𝑥 + 5 = 𝐴 𝑑𝑥 (6 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥) + 𝐵

6𝑥 + 5 = 𝐴(−4𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵 ----- (1)

Comparing like terms on both sides we get
𝑥 – terms ⇒ -4A = 6 ⇒ A = -6/4 = -3/2
Constant terms ⇒ A + B = 5 ⇒ B = 5 + 3/2 = 13/2
−3 13
Sub A = -3/2, B= 13/2 in eq (1), 6𝑥 + 5 = 2
(−4𝑥 + 1) +
2
3 13
∴ ∫(6𝑥 + 5)(√6 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (− (−4𝑥 + 1) + ) √6 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1
3 13
= − ∫(−4𝑥 + 1)(6 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ √−2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 6 𝑑𝑥
2 2

𝑓(𝑛+1)(𝑥)
⇒ ∫ 𝑓 𝑛 (𝑥). 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑛+1
1
+1
3 (6−2𝑥 2 +𝑥)2 13 𝑥
= −2 1 + 2
∫ √−2 [𝑥 2 − 2 − 3] 𝑑𝑥
+1
2
3
3 (6−2𝑥 2 +𝑥)2 13 1 1 1
= −2 3 + 2
√−2 (𝑥 2 . 2. 𝑥. + − − 3) 𝑑𝑥
4 16 16
2

3
13 1 2 7 2
= −(6 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥)2 + √−2 [(𝑥 − ) − ( ) ] 𝑑𝑥
2 4 4

3
13 7 1 2 2
= −(6 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥)2 + √2√(4) − (𝑥 − 4) 𝑑𝑥
2

𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑎) + 𝑐
2

3 1 2 2 7 2 1
13 (𝑥− ) ( ) 𝑥−
= −(6 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥) + 2 2 √2 [ 4 √(7) − (𝑥 − 1) + 4
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 7
4
)] + 𝑐
2 2 4 4 2
4
3
13 4𝑥−1 13 49 4𝑥−1
= −(6 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥)2 + ( ) √6 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )+𝑐
2 8 √2 32 7
3
13 637 4𝑥−1
= −(6 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥)2 + 16 (4𝑥 − 1)√6 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 32√2 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 7
)+𝑐
3
13 637 4𝑥−1
∴ ∫(6𝑥 + 5)√6 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −(6 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥)2 + (4𝑥 − 1)√6 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )+𝑐
16 32√2 7

12. Evaluate ∫(3𝑥 − 2) √2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1𝑑𝑥 (TS – 15)

𝑑𝑦
Sol: Working rule: 3𝑥 − 2 = 𝐴 (2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵
𝑑𝑥

3𝑥 − 2 = 𝐴(4𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵 ----- (1)

Comparing like terms on both sides we get
𝑥 – terms ⇒ 4A = 3 ⇒ A = 3/4
Constant terms ⇒ –A + B = -2 ⇒ B = A – 2 = -5/4
3 5
Sub A = 3/4 , B= –5/4 in eq (1), 3𝑥 − 2 = (4𝑥 − 1) −
4 4
3 5
∴ ∫(3𝑥 − 2)(√2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (4 (4𝑥 − 1) − 4) √2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥

110
 TSWREIS
1
3 5
= ∫(4𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ √2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
4 4

𝑓(𝑛+1)(𝑥)
⇒ ∫ 𝑓 𝑛 (𝑥). 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑛+1
1
+1
3 (2𝑥 2 −𝑥+1)2 5 𝑥 1
=4 1 − 4 ∫ √2 [𝑥 2 − 2 + 2] 𝑑𝑥
+1
2

3
3 2 5 1 1 1 1
= . (2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)2 − √2√(𝑥 2 . 2. 𝑥. + − + ) 𝑑𝑥
4 3 4 4 16 16 2

2
1 3
5 1 2 √7
= 2 (2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)2 − 2√2 √[(𝑥 − 4) + ( 4 ) ] 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
∫ √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 ( ) + 𝑐
2 𝑎

3 2
1 2 √7 1
(2𝑥 2 −𝑥+1)2 5 (𝑥− ) 2 ( ) 𝑥−
= − 4 √2 [ 4 √(𝑥 − 1) + (√7) + 4
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 ( 4
)] + 𝑐
2 2 4 4 2 √7
4

3
(2𝑥 2 −𝑥+1)2 5 4𝑥−1 5 7 4𝑥−1
= − ( ) √2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 − . 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 ( )+𝑐
2 4 8 2√2 32 √7
3
(2𝑥 2 −𝑥+1)2 5 35 4𝑥−1
= 2
− 32 (4𝑥 − 1)√2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 − 64√2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 ( )+𝑐
√7
3
(2𝑥 2 −𝑥+1)2 5 35 4𝑥−1
∴ ∫(3𝑥 − 2) √2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1𝑑𝑥 = − 32 (4𝑥 − 1)√2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 − 64√2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 ( )+𝑐
2 √7
2𝑥+5
13. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (M-0g), 17, TS-15
√𝑥 2 −2𝑥+10

𝑑𝑦
Sol: Working rule: 2𝑥 + 5 = 𝐴 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 10) + 𝐵

2𝑥 + 5 = 𝐴(2𝑥 − 2) + 𝐵 ----- (1)

Comparing like terms on both sides we get
𝑥 – terms ⇒ 2A = 2 ⇒ A = 1
Constant terms ⇒ –2A + B = 5 ⇒ –2 + B = 5 ⇒ B = 5 + 2 = 7
Sub A = 1, B = 7 in eq (1) we get
2𝑥+5 1(2𝑥−2)+7
∴ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ . 𝑑𝑥
√ 𝑥 2 −2𝑥+10 √ 𝑥 2 −2𝑥+10
2𝑥−2 1
=∫ . 𝑑𝑥 + 7 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2 −2𝑥+10 √𝑥 2 −2𝑥+10

𝑓′ (𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2√𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
√𝑓(𝑥)
1
= 2√𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 10 + 7 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2 −2𝑥+1+9
1
= 2√𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 10 + 7 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√(𝑥−1)2 +32

𝑥−1
= 2√𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 10 + 7 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 ( 3
)+𝑐
2𝑥+5 𝑥−1
∴ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2√𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 10 + 7 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 ( )+𝑐
√ 𝑥 2 −2𝑥+10 3

𝑥+1
14. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√ 𝑥 2 −𝑥+1
𝑑𝑦
Sol: Working rule: 𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵
𝑑𝑥

𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴(2𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵 ----- (1)

Comparing like terms on both sides we get
111
 TSWREIS
1
𝑥 – terms ⇒ 2A = 1 ⇒ A = 2
1 1 3
Constant terms ⇒ –A + B = 1 ⇒ – + B = 1 ⇒ B = 1+ =
2 2 2

Sub A = 1/2, B = 3/2 in eq (1) we get

1 3
𝑥 + 1 = 2 (2𝑥 − 1) + 2
1 3
𝑥+1 (2𝑥−1)+
∴∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 2
𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2 −𝑥+1 2
√𝑥 −𝑥+1

1 2𝑥−1 3 1
= 2∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2 −𝑥+1 √𝑥 2 −𝑥+1

𝑓′ (𝑥)
∫ √𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2√𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
1 3 1
= (2) . 2 √𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 + 2 ∫ 1 1 1
𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2 −2.𝑥. + − +1
2 4 4

3 1
= √𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2
√(𝑥− 1) +(√3)
2 2

1
3 𝑥−
= √𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 ( √3
2
)+𝑐
2
2

3 2𝑥−1
= √𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 ( )+𝑐
√3
𝑥+1 3 2𝑥−1
∴∫ 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ −1 ( )+𝑐
√𝑥 2 −𝑥+1 √3
𝑥+1
15. Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 2+3𝑥+12 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Sol: Working rule: 𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 12) + 𝐵

𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴(2𝑥 + 3) + 𝐵 ----- (1)

Comparing like terms on both sides we get
1
𝑥 – terms ⇒ 2A = 1 ⇒ A =
2
3 3 1
Constant terms ⇒ 3A + B = 1 ⇒ +B = 1 ⇒ B = 1– = −2
2 2
1 1
Sub A = B= − in eq (1) we get
2 2
1 1
𝑥 + 1 = (2𝑥 + 3) −
2 2
1 1
𝑥+1 (2𝑠+3)−
2 2
∴ ∫ 𝑥 2+3𝑥+12 = ∫ 𝑥 2 +3𝑥+12
𝑑𝑥
1 2𝑥+3 1 1
= ∫ 2 − ∫ 2
2 𝑥 +3𝑥+12 2 𝑥 +3𝑥+12
𝑓′ (𝑥)
∫ √𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝑐
1 1 𝑑𝑥
= 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 12| − 2 ∫ 3 9 9
𝑥 2 +2.𝑥. + − +12
2 4 4
1 1 1
=2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 12| − 2 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
3 2 √39
(𝑥+ ) +( )
2 2

3
1 1 1 𝑥+
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 12| − . 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( √392 ) + 𝑐
2 2 (√39)
2 2

1 1 2𝑥+3
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 12| − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )+𝑐
2 √39 √39
𝑥+1 1 1 2𝑥+3
∴ ∫ 𝑥 2+3𝑥+12 = 2
𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 12| − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )+𝑐
√39 √39

112
 TSWREIS
1
16. i) Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (AP-14, TS-20)
(1+𝑥)√3+2𝑥−𝑥 2
1 1 1−𝑡
Sol: Working Rule: Put 1 + 𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑡 − 1 = 𝑡
1
𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑡 2
1
1 − 2 𝑑𝑡
∴∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡
2
(1+𝑥)√3+2𝑥−𝑥 1
√3+2( 1−𝑡)−( 1−𝑡)
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
1
− 2
=∫ 𝑡
1√ 2−2𝑡 (1−2𝑡+𝑡2 )
3+ −
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡2
1
− 2 𝑑𝑡
=∫ 𝑡
1 3𝑡2 +2𝑡−2𝑡2 −1+2𝑡−𝑡2
√
𝑡 𝑡2

1
− 2 𝑑𝑡 1 1 4
= ∫11𝑡 = −∫ 𝑑𝑡 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑡
. √4𝑡−1 √4𝑡−1 4 √4𝑡−1
𝑡𝑡

𝑓′ (𝑥)
∫ √𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2√𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
1
= − 4 (2 √4𝑡 − 1) + 𝑐

1 1
= − 2 √4 (1+𝑥) − 1 + 𝑐

1 4−1−𝑥
= −2√ 1+𝑥
+𝑐

1 3−𝑥
= − 2 √1+𝑥 + 𝑐

1 1 3−𝑥
∴∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − 2 √1+𝑥 + 𝑐
(1+𝑥)√3+2𝑥−𝑥 2
1
ii) Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (TS-18)
(𝑥+1)√2𝑥 2 +3𝑥+1
1 1 1−𝑡
Sol: Working Rule: Put 1 + 𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑡 − 1 =
𝑡
1
𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑡 2
1
1 − 2 𝑑𝑡
∴∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2
𝑡
(𝑥+1)√2𝑥 2 +3𝑥+1 1
√2( 1−𝑡) +3( 1−𝑡)+1
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
1
− 2
=∫ 𝑡
1√2(1−2𝑡+𝑡2 ) 3−3𝑡
+ +1
𝑡 𝑡2 𝑡

1
− 2 𝑑𝑡
=∫ 𝑡
1 2−4𝑡+2𝑡2 +3𝑡−3𝑡2+𝑡2
√
𝑡 𝑡2
1
− 2 𝑑𝑡 −1
= ∫ 1 1𝑡 = −∫ 𝑑𝑡
. √2−𝑡 √2−𝑡
𝑡𝑡

𝑓′ (𝑥)
∫ √𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2√𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐

= 2 √2 − 𝑡 + 𝑐
1
= 2√2 − (1+𝑥) + 𝑐

2𝑥+2−1
= 2√ +𝑐
1+𝑥

113
 TSWREIS
2𝑥+1
= 2√ 𝑥+1 + 𝑐

1 2𝑥+1
∴ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2√ 𝑥+1 + 𝑐
(𝑥+1)√2𝑥 2 +3𝑥+1
1
17. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(1−𝑥)√3−2𝑥−𝑥 2
1 1 𝑡−1
Sol: Working Rule: Put 1 − 𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑡 = 𝑡
1 1
−𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
1
1 − 2 𝑑𝑡
∴ ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡
2
(1−𝑥)√3−2𝑥−𝑥 1
√3−2(𝑡−1)−(𝑡−1)
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
1
− 2 𝑑𝑡
=∫ 𝑡
1 3𝑡2 −2𝑡2 +2𝑡−𝑡2 +2𝑡−1
√
𝑡 𝑡2
1
− 2 𝑑𝑡 1
= ∫1 1
𝑡
= −∫ 𝑑𝑡
. √4𝑡−1 √4𝑡−1
𝑡 𝑡

1 4 𝑓′ (𝑥)
= −4∫ 𝑑𝑡 {∵ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2√𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐}
√4𝑡−1 √𝑓(𝑥)

1
= − 4 (2 √4𝑡 − 1) + 𝑐

1 1
= − 2 √4 (1−𝑥) − 1 + 𝑐

1 4−1−𝑥
= −2√ 1−𝑥
+𝑐

1 3−𝑥
= − 2 √1−𝑥 + 𝑐

1 1 3−𝑥
∴ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − √ +𝑐
(1−𝑥)√3−2𝑥−𝑥 2 2 1−𝑥

5−𝑥
18. Evaluate ∫ √𝑥−2 𝑑𝑥. (M02, 04)(19-AP, TS-17)

5−𝑥 5−𝑥 5−𝑥

Sol: ∫ √𝑥−2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √𝑥−2 × 5−𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5−𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
√(𝑥−2)(5−𝑥)

5−𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
√5𝑥−𝑥 2 −10+2𝑥

5−𝑥 5−𝑥
∫ √𝑥−2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √ 𝑑𝑥 ------- (1)
−𝑥 2 +7𝑥−10
𝑑
Working Rule: 5 − 𝑥 = 𝐴 (−𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 10) + 𝐵
𝑑𝑥

5 − 𝑥 = 𝐴(−2𝑥 + 7) + 𝐵 ------- (2)

Comparing like terms on both side we get
1
𝑥 – terms ⇒ –2A = –1 ⇒ A = 2

Constant terms ⇒ 7A + B = 5
7 7 3
=2+B=5⇒B=5–2=2
1 3
Sub A = 2, B = 2
in eq (2)
1 3
5−𝑥 = (−2𝑥 + 7) +
2 2

114
 TSWREIS
1 3
5−𝑥 (−2𝑥+7)+
eq (1) ⇒ ∫ √𝑥−2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 2
𝑑𝑥
√−𝑥 2 +7𝑥−10

1 (−2𝑥+7) 3 1
= 2∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√−𝑥 2 +7𝑥−10 √−(𝑥 2 +7𝑥−10)
1 3 1
= (2 √−𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 10) + ∫ 2 2
𝑑𝑥
2 2
√(3) −(𝑥−7)
2 2

7
3 𝑥−
= √−𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 10 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 3
2
)+𝑐
2
2

5−𝑥 3 2𝑥−7
∴ ∫ √𝑥−2 𝑑𝑥 = √−𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 10 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 3
)+𝑐

𝑑𝑥
19. Find ∫ (AP-15)
3 𝑐0𝑠𝑥+4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+6
𝑥 2𝑑𝑡 2𝑡 1−𝑡 2
Sol: Working Rule Put 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 , 𝑑𝑡 = , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 =
2 1+𝑡 2 1+𝑡 2 1+𝑡 2
2𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑡2
∴ ∫ 3 𝑐0𝑠𝑥+4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+6 = ∫ 1−𝑡2 2𝑡
3( )+4( )+6
1+𝑡2 1+𝑡2

2𝑑𝑡
2
= ∫ 3−3𝑡2+8𝑡+6+6𝑡
1+𝑡
2
1+𝑡2

2𝑑𝑡 2𝑑𝑡
= ∫ 3𝑡 2+8𝑡+9 = ∫ 8
3[𝑡 2+ 𝑡+3]
3

2𝑑𝑡
=∫ 4 16 16
3[𝑡 2 +2.𝑡. + − +3]
3 9 9

2 𝑑𝑡
=∫ 2
4 2 √11
3 [(𝑡+ ) + ( ) ]
3 3

4
2 1 𝑡+
= 3 . √11 . 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( √113 )
3 3

2 3𝑡+4
= 3 . 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )+𝑐
√11
𝑥
2 3𝑡𝑎𝑛 +4
= 3 . 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 2
)+𝑐
√11

𝑑𝑥
20. Evaluate ∫ 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (Mar – 18, TS)
𝑥 2𝑑𝑡 2𝑡 1−𝑡 2
Sol: Working Rule Put 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 , 𝑑𝑡 = , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 =
2 1+𝑡 2 1+𝑡 2 1+𝑡 2
2𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑡2
∴ ∫ 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = ∫ 1−𝑡 2 2𝑡
4( )+3 ( )
1+𝑡2 1+𝑡2

2𝑑𝑡
2 2𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= ∫ 4−4𝑡
1+𝑡
2+6𝑡 = ∫
4−4𝑡 2 +6𝑡
= ∫ 2−2𝑡 2+3𝑡
1+𝑡2

𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
=∫ 3𝑡 = 3 9 9
−2[𝑡 2 − −1] −2[𝑡 2 −2.𝑡. + − −1]
2 4 16 16

𝑑𝑡 1 𝑑𝑡
=∫ 3 2 5 2
= 2
∫ 5 2 3 2
−2[(𝑡− ) −( ) ] ( ) −(𝑡− )
4 4 4 4

5 3
1 1 +𝑡− 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑎+𝑥
= . 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |45 4
|+𝑐 [∵ ∫ 2 2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 | | + 𝑐]
2 2(5) −𝑡+
3
𝑎 −𝑥 2𝑎 𝑎−𝑥
4 4 4

1 4𝑡+2 1 2𝑡+1
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 | |+𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 | |+𝑐
5 8−4𝑡 5 4−2𝑡
𝑥
1 2𝑡𝑎𝑛 +1
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 | 2
𝑥 |
5 4−2𝑡𝑎𝑛
2

115
 TSWREIS
𝑑𝑥
21. Evaluate ∫
5+4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑥 2𝑑𝑡 2𝑡 1−𝑡 2
Sol: Working Rule Put 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 , 𝑑𝑡 = , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 =
2 1+𝑡 2 1+𝑡 2 1+𝑡 2
2𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑡2
∴ ∫ =∫ 1−𝑡2
5+4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 5+4( )
1+𝑡2

2𝑑𝑡
2 2 𝑑𝑡
= ∫ 5+5𝑡1+𝑡
2+4−4𝑡2 = ∫ 2
𝑡 +9
1+𝑡2

𝑑𝑡
=2∫
𝑡 2 +32
1 𝑡 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
= 2. 3 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (3) + 𝑐 [∵ ∫ 2 2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝑐]
𝑥 +𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
2 1 𝑥
= 3 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (3 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2) + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 2 1 𝑥
∴ ∫ 5+4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 3 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (3 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2) + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
22. Evaluate ∫ (Mar-05)
4+5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑥 2𝑑𝑡 2𝑡 1−𝑡 2
Sol: Rule Put 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2, 𝑑𝑡 = 1+𝑡 2, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 1+𝑡 2, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 1+𝑡 2
2𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑡2
∴ ∫ 4+5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 =∫ 2𝑡
4+5( )
1+𝑡2
2𝑑𝑡
1+𝑡2 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
=∫ 4+4𝑡2+10𝑡
= ∫ 2 = ∫ 2
4𝑡 +10𝑡+4 2𝑡 +5𝑡+2
1+𝑡2

𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
=∫ 5 = ∫ 5 25 25
2(𝑡 2 + 𝑡+1) 2[𝑡 2 +2.𝑡. + − +1]
2 4 16 16

1 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥−𝑎
= 2∫ 5 2 3 2
{∵ ∫ 2 2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 | | + 𝑐}
(𝑡+ ) −( ) 𝑥 −𝑎 2𝑞 𝑥+𝑎
4 4
5 3
1 1 𝑡+ −
= 2. 3 𝑙𝑜𝑔 | 4 4
5 3 |+𝑐
2( ) 𝑡+ +
4 4 4

1 4𝑡+2 1 2𝑡+1
= 3 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |4𝑡+8| + 𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |2𝑡+4| + 𝑐
3
𝑥
1 2𝑡𝑎𝑛 +1
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 | 2
𝑥 |+𝑐
3 2𝑡𝑎𝑛 +4
2

𝑑𝑥
23. Evaluate ∫ 5+4𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 (Mar-11)

Sol: Put 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (1 + 𝑡 2 )𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑡 1−𝑡 2
∴ 𝑑𝑥 = 1+𝑡 2 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = 1+𝑡 2
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑡2
∴ ∫ 5+4𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = ∫ 1−𝑡2
5+4( )
1+𝑡2

𝑑𝑡
2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 5+5𝑡1+𝑡
2+4−4𝑡2 = ∫ 2
𝑡 +9
= ∫ 𝑡 2+32
1+𝑡2

1 𝑡 1 1
= 3 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (3) + 𝑐 = 3 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (3 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
24. Evaluate ∫ (June-10)
2−3𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥

Sol: Put 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (1 + 𝑡 2 )𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑡2
∴ ∫ 2−3𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = ∫ 1−𝑡2
2−3( )
1+𝑡2

116
 TSWREIS
𝑑𝑡
2 𝑑𝑡 1 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 2+2𝑡1+𝑡
2−3+3𝑡2 = ∫
5𝑡 2 −1
= 5∫ 1
𝑡 2−
1+𝑡2 5

1
1 𝑑𝑡 1 𝑡−
= 5∫ 1 2
= 1 𝑙𝑜𝑔 | √5
1 |+𝑐
𝑡 2 −( ) 2. 𝑡+
√5 √5 √5

1 √5𝑡−1
= 2√5 𝑙𝑜𝑔 | |+𝑐
√5𝑡+1

1 √5𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥−1
= 2√5 𝑙𝑜𝑔 | |+𝑐
√5𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 +1

𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
25. Show that ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 ( ) + 𝑐
2 2 𝑎

Sol: Put 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝑥 𝑥2 √𝑎 2 −𝑥 2
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = √1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = √1 − 𝑎2 = 𝑎

𝑥
𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑎)

∴ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃. 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃

= ∫ √𝑎2 (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃). 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃

= ∫ √𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 . 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃

= ∫ 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 . 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎2 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
= 𝑎2 ∫ 2
𝑑𝜃
𝑎2
= [∫ 1 𝑑𝜃 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 𝑑𝜃]
2
𝑎2 1
= 2
[𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃] + 𝑐
2

𝑎2 1
= [𝜃 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃] + 𝑐
2 2

𝑎2
= [𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃] + 𝑐
2

𝑎2 𝑥 𝑥 √𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 𝑎 2
= 2
. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑎) + 𝑎 . 𝑎
. 2
+𝑐
𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝑐
2 𝑎

Hence proved.
𝑥+3
26. Evaluate ∫ (𝑥−1)(𝑥 2+1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+3 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
Sol: Let (𝑥−1)(𝑥 2+1) = 𝑥−1 + 𝑥 2+1 ------- (1)

𝑥+3 𝐴(𝑥 2 +1)+(𝐵𝑥+𝐶)(𝑥−1)

=
(𝑥−1)(𝑥 2 +1) (𝑥−1)(𝑥 2 +1)

∴ 𝑥 + 3 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 − 1)

Put 𝑥 = 1, 4 = 2A + 0 ⇒ 2A = 4 ⇒ A = 2
Comparing like terms on both sides we get
𝑥 2 – term ⇒ A + B = 0 ⇒ B = –A = –2
𝑥 = term ⇒ C – B = 1 ⇒ C = 1+B = 1 – 2 = -1
Sub A = 2, B = -2 , C = -1 in eq(1) we get
𝑥+3 2 (−2𝑥−1)
∴ (𝑥−1)(𝑥 2 +1)
= 𝑥−1 + 𝑥 2 +1

117
 TSWREIS
𝑥+3 2 (−2𝑥−1)
∫ (𝑥−1)(𝑥 2+1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [𝑥−1 + 𝑥 2 +1
] 𝑑𝑥
1 (−2𝑥−1)
= 2 ∫ 𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 2 +1
𝑑𝑥
1 2𝑥 1
= 2 ∫ 𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 2+1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+3
∴ (𝑥−1)(𝑥 2 +1)
= 2𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 − 1| − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥 2 + 1| − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
2𝑥+3
27. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥+3)(𝑥 2 +4)
2𝑥+3 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
Sol: Let = + ------- (1)
(𝑥+3)(𝑥 2 +4) 𝑥+3 𝑥 2 +4

2𝑥+3 𝐴(𝑥 2 +4)+(𝐵𝑥+𝐶)(𝑥+3)

(𝑥+3)(𝑥 2 +4)
= (𝑥+3)(𝑥 2 +4)

∴ 2𝑥 + 3 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 4) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 + 3)

Put 𝑥 = −3, –3 = 13A + 0 ⇒ 13A = -3 ⇒ A = -3/13
Comparing like terms on both sides we get
𝑥 2 – term ⇒ A + B = 0 ⇒ B = –A = 3/13
𝑥 = term ⇒ 3B+C = 2 ⇒ C = 3(3/13)+C = 2
9 26−9 17
(9/13) + C = 2 ⇒ 2 - 13 = 13
= 13
−3 3 17
Sub A = 13
, B = 13, C = 13 in eq(1) we get
−3 3 17
2𝑥+3 ( 𝑥+ )
∴ (𝑥+3)(𝑥 2 +4)
= 13
𝑥+3
+ 13 13
𝑥 2 +4
−3 3 17
2𝑥+3 ( 𝑥+ )
∫ (𝑥+3)(𝑥 2+4) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [ 𝑥+3
13
+ 13
2
𝑥 +4
13
] 𝑑𝑥

−3 1 3 2𝑥 17 1
= ∫ 𝑥+3 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 2+4 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 2+4 𝑑𝑥
13 13 13
−3 1 3 𝑥 17 1
= ∫ 𝑥+3 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 2+4 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 2+22 𝑑𝑥
13 26 13
−3 3 17 𝑥
= 13
𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 + 3| + 26 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥 2 + 4| + 13 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2 ) + 𝑐
2𝑥+3 −3 3 17 𝑥
∴ ∫ (𝑥+3)(𝑥 2+4) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 + 3| + 26 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥 2 + 4| + 13 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2) + 𝑐
13

2𝑥 2 +𝑥+1
28. Evaluate ∫ (𝑥+3)(𝑥−2)2 𝑑𝑥

2𝑥 2 +𝑥+1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Sol: Let ∫ (𝑥+3)(𝑥−2)2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥+3 + 𝑥−2 + (𝑥−2)2 ----- (1)

2𝑥 2 +𝑥+1 𝐴(𝑥−2)2 +𝐵(𝑥+3)(𝑥−2)+𝐶(𝑥+3)

(𝑥+3)(𝑥−2)2
= (𝑥+3)(𝑥−2)2

2𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 2)2 + 𝐵(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2) + 𝐶(𝑥 + 3)

2

16
Put 𝑥 = −3, 16 = A(25) + 0 + 0 ⇒ 25A = 16 ⇒ A = 25

Comparing like terms on both sides we get

𝑥 2 – terms ⇒ A + B = 2 ⇒ B = 2 – A = 2 – 16/25 = 34/25
Constant terms ⇒ 4A – 6B + 3C =1
16 34 64 6(34) 55
= 4 ( ) − 6 ( ) + 3𝐶 = 1 ⇒ 3𝐶 = 1 − + =
25 25 25 25 25
16 34 55
Sub 𝐴 = 25, 𝐵 = 25, 𝐶 = 25 in eq(1)
16 34 55
2𝑥 2 +𝑥+1 ( ) ( ) ( )
2 𝑑𝑥 =
25 25 25
∴∫ + +
(𝑥+3)(𝑥−2) 𝑥+3 𝑥−2 (𝑥−2)2

118
 TSWREIS
16 34 55
2𝑥 2 +𝑥+1 ( ) ( ) ( )
∫ (𝑥+3)(𝑥−2)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [𝑥+3
25 25
+ 𝑥−2 25
+ (𝑥−2) ]
2 𝑑𝑥

16 1 34 1 55 1
= 25 ∫ 𝑥+3 𝑑𝑥 + 25 ∫ 𝑥−2 + 25 ∫ (𝑥−2)2 𝑑𝑥
16 34 11 −1
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥 + 3| + 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 − 2| + ( )+𝑐
25 25 5 𝑥−2
16 34 11
= 25 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥 + 3| + 25 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 − 2| − 5(𝑥−2) + 𝑐

2𝑥 2 +𝑥+1 16 34 11
∴ ∫ (𝑥+3)(𝑥−2)2 𝑑𝑥 = 25 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥 + 3| + 25 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 − 2| − 5(𝑥−2) + 𝑐

29. Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 √1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 (May-12)

𝑑
Sol: Working Rule 𝑥 = 𝐴 (1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) + 𝐵
𝑑𝑥

𝑥 = 𝐴(1 − 2𝑥) + 𝐵 ------- (1)

Comparing like terms on both sides we get
𝑥 – terms ⇒ -2A = 1 ⇒ A = -1/2
Constant term ⇒ A + B = 0 ⇒ B = -A = ½
1 1
Sub A = -1/2, B = ½ in eq (1); 𝑥 = − (1 − 2𝑥) +
2 2
1 1
∴ ∫ 𝑥 √1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (− 2 (1 − 2𝑥) + 2) √1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
1 1
= − 2 ∫(1 − 2𝑥)(1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ √1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑛+1
𝑓 𝑛 (𝑥). 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑛+1
+𝑐
1
+1
1 (1+𝑥−𝑥 2 )2 1
= −2 1 + 2 ∫ √−(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥
+1
2
3
1 (1+𝑥−𝑥 2 )2 1 1 1 1
=− 1 + ∫ √− (𝑥 2 − 2. 𝑥. + − − 1) 𝑑𝑥
2 3( ) 2 2 4 4
2

3 2
−1 1 1
= (1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )2 + ∫ √− [(𝑥 − )2 − (√5) ] 𝑑𝑥
3 2 2 2

3 2
−1 1 1
= (1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )2 + ∫ √(√5) − (𝑥 − )2 𝑑𝑥
3 2 2 2

𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑎) + 𝑐
2
1 2 √5 1
−1 3
1 (𝑥−2) √5 1 2 ( ) 𝑥−
= √( ) − (𝑥 − ) +
2 )2 2
3
(1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2[ 2 2 2 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( √5
2
)] + 𝑐
2

3
1 2𝑥−1 5 2𝑥−1
= − (1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )2 + ( ) √1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )+𝑐
3 4×2 2×8 √5
3
1 2𝑥−1 5 2𝑥−1
= − 3 (1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )2 + ( 8
) √1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 +
16
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )+𝑐
√5
1
30. Evaluate ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+√3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2𝑑𝑡 2𝑡 1−𝑡 2
Sol: Put 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2, 𝑑𝑥 = 1+𝑡 2 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 1+𝑡 2 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 1+𝑡 2
2𝑑𝑡
1 1+𝑡2
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+√3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑡 1−𝑡2
+√3( )
1+𝑡2 1+𝑡2

119
 TSWREIS
2𝑑𝑡
2 2𝑑𝑡
= ∫ 2𝑡+√3−√3𝑡
1+𝑡
2 = ∫
2𝑡+√3−√3𝑡 2
1+𝑡2

2𝑑𝑡
=∫ 2
−√3[𝑡 2 − 𝑡−1]
√3

2 𝑑𝑡
= ∫ 1 1 1
√3 −[𝑡 2 −2.𝑡. + − −1]
√3 3 3

2 𝑑𝑡
= ∫ 1 2 2 2
√3 −[(𝑡− ) −( ) ]
√3 √3

2 𝑑𝑡 1 1 𝑎+𝑥
= ∫ 2 2 1 2
{∵ ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 | | + 𝑐}
𝑎 −𝑥 2𝑎 𝑎−𝑥
√3 ( ) −(𝑡− )
√3 √3
2 1 1
2 1 +𝑡− 1 𝑡+
= 2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |√3
2
√3
1 | + 𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |
2
√3
|+𝑐
√3 2( ) −𝑡+ √3−𝑡
√3 √3 √3
𝑥1
1 𝑡𝑎𝑛( )+
= 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |
2√3
𝑥 |+𝑐
√3−𝑡𝑎𝑛 (2 )

1𝑥
1 1 𝑡𝑎𝑛( )+
𝑑𝑥 = √32
∴∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 | 𝑥 |+𝑐
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+√3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 2 √3−𝑡𝑎𝑛 (2 )

𝑑𝑥
31. Evaluate ∫ 1+𝑥 4 on R
1 1 2𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥 2 +1−𝑥 2 +1
Sol: Let 𝐼 = ∫ 1+𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 1+𝑥 4 2 1+𝑥 4

1 (𝑥 2 +1)−(𝑥 2 −1) 1 (𝑥 2 +1) (𝑥 2 −1)

= 2∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 4 +1 𝑥 4 +1 𝑥 4 +1
1 1
1 (1+ 2 ) (1− 2 )
= 2∫ 𝑥
1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥
1 𝑑𝑥 (∵ 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑁𝑟 &𝐷𝑟 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 2 )
𝑥 2+ 2 𝑥 2+ 2
𝑥 𝑥

1 1
Put 𝑥 − 𝑥 = 𝑡 𝑥+𝑥 =𝑧
1 1
(1 + ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 (1 − ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧
𝑥2 𝑥2

1 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑧
= 2 [∫ 2 ]− 2
𝑡 2 +(√2) 𝑧 2 −(√2)

1 1 𝑡 2 𝑧−√2
= 2[ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) − 2√2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑧+√2|] + 𝑐
√2 √2
1 1
1 1 𝑥− 2 𝑥+ −√2
= [ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 𝑥
)− 𝑙𝑜𝑔 | 𝑥
1 |] + 𝑐
2√2 √2 √2 2√2 𝑥+ +√2
𝑥

1 1 𝑥 2 −1 2 𝑥 2 +1−√2𝑥
= 2√2 [ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )−
4√2
𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥 2+1+√2𝑥|] + 𝑐
√2 √2𝑥

𝑑𝑥 1 1 𝑥 2 −1 2 𝑥 2 +1−√2𝑥
∴∫ = [ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )− 𝑙𝑜𝑔 | |] + 𝑐
1+𝑥 4 2√2 √2 √2𝑥 4√2 𝑥 2 +1+√2𝑥

32. Evaluate ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) 𝑑𝑥, (𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑏 ≠ 0) on R. (Mar-19, TS)

Sol: Let 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) 𝑑𝑥
WKT, ∫ 𝑓𝑔 = 𝑓 ∫ 𝑔 − ∫(𝑓′ ∫ 𝑔), for convenient 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑔(𝑥) = sin(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)
𝑑
∴ 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 ∫ sin(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) 𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
cos(𝑏𝑥+𝑐) 1
= 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (− 𝑏
) − ∫ 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (− cos(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)) 𝑑𝑥
𝑏
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑎
=− 𝑏
cos(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝑏 ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 . cos(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) 𝑑𝑥
−𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑎 1
𝐼= 𝑏
cos(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝑏 [𝑒 𝑎𝑥 ∫ cos(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) − ∫ 𝑎 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 . 𝑏 sin(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) 𝑑𝑥]

120
 TSWREIS
−𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 1 𝑎2
= 𝑏
cos(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝑏
. 𝑏 sin(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) − 𝑏2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 . sin(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) 𝑑𝑥
−𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑎2
𝐼= cos(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + sin(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) − 𝐼
𝑏 𝑏2 𝑏2
𝑎2 −𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝐼+ 𝐼= cos(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + sin(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)
𝑏2 𝑏 𝑏2
𝑎 2 +𝑏2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
( )𝐼 = [𝑎 sin(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) − 𝑏 cos(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)]
𝑏2 𝑏2
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
∴𝐼= [𝑎 sin(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) − 𝑏 cos(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)] + 𝐾
𝑎 2 +𝑏2
1
33. Evaluate ∫ 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (AP-20, 22 TS-15)
𝑥 2𝑑𝑡 2𝑡 1−𝑡 2
Sol: Put 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 , 𝑑𝑥 = , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 =
2 1+𝑡 2 1+𝑡 2 1+𝑡 2
2𝑑𝑡
1 1+𝑡2
∴ ∫ 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑡 1−𝑡2
1+ +
1+𝑡2 1+𝑡2

2𝑑𝑡
= ∫ 1+𝑡 2−2𝑡+1−𝑡 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= 2 ∫ 2+2𝑡 = ∫ 1+𝑡

= 𝑙𝑜𝑔|1 + 𝑡 | + 𝑐
𝑥
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 | + 𝑐
1 𝑥
∴ ∫ 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2| + 𝑐

VSAQ (2Marks)
2. Evaluate ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (AP-17, 22, TS-16, 19)
Sol: ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝑐
1
3. Evaluate ∫ (𝑥+1)(𝑥+2) 𝑑𝑥 (AP-19)
1 1 1
Sol: ∫ (𝑥+1)(𝑥+2) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ((𝑥+1) − (𝑥+2)) 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 + 1| − 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 + 2|
𝑥+1
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥+2| + 𝑐

4. Evaluate ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + log 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) 𝑑𝑥. (TS-15, 18)

Sol: ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + log 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) 𝑑𝑥. = 𝑒 𝑥 log(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) + 𝑐
{∵ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥, ∫(𝑓 ′ (𝑥) + 𝑓(𝑥))𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐}
1+𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
5. Evaluate ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 ( 𝑥
) 𝑑𝑥 (AP-15, 18)
1+𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 1
Sol: ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 ( 𝑥
) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 ( + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

= 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑐
1
{∵ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = , ∫(𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓′(𝑥))𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐}
𝑥

6. Evaluate ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 . 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥 (AP-16)

Sol: let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
∫(𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓′(𝑥))𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
∴ ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 . 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐
121
 TSWREIS
7. Evaluate ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Sol: let 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
∫(𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓′(𝑥))𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
∴ ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐
1+𝑥
8. Evaluate ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (2+𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 2+𝑥−1
Sol: Given ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (2+𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [(2+𝑥)2] 𝑑𝑥
1 (−1)
= ∫ 𝑒𝑥 [ + ] 𝑑𝑥
2+𝑥 (2+𝑥)2

∫(𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓′(𝑥))𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐

1 𝑒𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 (2+𝑥) + 𝑐 = 2+𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥 𝑒𝑥
9. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (AP-14)
(𝑥+1)2

𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑥+1−1
Sol: ∫ (𝑥+1)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [(𝑥+1)2] 𝑑𝑥
1 (−1)
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [𝑥+1 + (𝑥+1)2] 𝑑𝑥

∫(𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓′(𝑥))𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐

1 𝑒𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥 ( )+𝑐 = +𝑐
𝑥+1 𝑥+1
𝑒𝑥
10. Evaluate 𝑒 𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥

Sol: let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 + 1, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥

𝑓′ (𝑥)
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝑐
𝑥 𝑒𝑥
∴ ∫ (𝑥+1)2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑒 𝑥 + 1| + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
11. Evaluate (𝑥+3)√𝑥+2 (AP-14, TS-22)
𝑑𝑥 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Sol: (𝑥+3)√𝑥+2 = ∫ (1+𝑡 2).𝑡
𝑑𝑡
Put √𝑥 + 2 = 𝑡 = 2∫
1+𝑡 2

𝑥 + 2 = 𝑡2
𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡) + 𝑐
𝑥 + 3 = 𝑡2 + 1 = 2. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (√𝑥 + 2) + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
12. Evaluate (𝑥+5)√𝑥+4
𝑑𝑥 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Sol: (𝑥+5)√𝑥+4 = ∫ (1+𝑡 2).𝑡
𝑑𝑡
Put √𝑥 + 4 = 𝑡 = 2 ∫ 1+𝑡 2

𝑥 + 4 = 𝑡2
𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡) + 𝑐
𝑥 + 5 = 𝑡2 + 1 = 2. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (√𝑥 + 4) + 𝑐
𝑒 𝑥 (1+𝑥)
13. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 )

Sol: Put 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
122
 TSWREIS
𝑑𝑡
=∫ = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡

= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 + 𝑐 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑐
1
1
14. Evaluate ∫ (1 − ) 𝑒 (𝑥+𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
1 1
Sol: Put 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 𝑡, (1 − 𝑥 2) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡

= ∫ 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑐
1
(𝑥+ )
=𝑒 𝑥 +𝐶
log(1+𝑥)
15. Evaluate ∫ 1+𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
Sol: Put log(1 + 𝑥) = 𝑡, 1+𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑡2
= ∫ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = +𝑐
2
[log(1+𝑥)]2
= +𝑐
2
1
16. Evaluate 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
1 1
Sol: 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥
2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
2
1 𝑥 𝑥
= ∫ 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 + 𝑐
1
17. Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 [log(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
1
Sol: Put log(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) = 𝑡, 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
1 1
∫ 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 [log(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

= 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑡 | + 𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|log(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)| + 𝑐
𝑥2
18. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√1−𝑥 6

𝑥2 1 3𝑥 2
Sol: ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√1−𝑥 6 √1−(𝑥 2 )3

Put 𝑥 3 = 𝑡, 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
1 𝑑𝑡 1
= ∫ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑡) + 𝑐
3 √1−𝑡 2 3

1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥 3 ) + 𝑐
3
𝑥8
19. Evaluate∫ 1+𝑥 18 𝑑𝑥 (AP-16)
𝑥8 1 9𝑥 8
Sol: ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 18 9 1+(𝑥 9 )2

Put 𝑥 9 = 𝑡, 9𝑥 8 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
1 𝑑𝑡 1
= 9 ∫ 1+𝑡 2 = 9 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡) + 𝑐
1
= 9 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 9 ) + 𝑐
2𝑥 3
20. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 8
2𝑥 3 1 4𝑥 3
Sol: ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫
1+𝑥 8 2 1+(𝑥 4 )2

Put 𝑥 4 = 𝑡, 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
1 𝑑𝑡 1
= ∫ 2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡) + 𝑐
2 1+𝑡 2

123
 TSWREIS
1
= 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 4 ) + 𝑐
𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝑥
21. Evaluate ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝑥
Sol: ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥.𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝑥 . 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑛+1
∴ 𝑓 𝑛 (𝑥). 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1
+𝑐
(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)4+1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)5
= +𝑐 = +𝑐
4+1 5
cot(log 𝑥)
22. Evaluate ∫ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
Sol: Put 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑥
cot(log 𝑥)
∫ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cot(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡

= 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 | + 𝑐
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔|sin(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)| + 𝑐
23. Evaluate ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. log(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1
Sol: Put log(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) = 𝑡, 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)
= 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 ⇒ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑 𝑡
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑡2
∴ ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. log(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = +𝑐
2
1
= 2 [log(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)]2 + 𝑐

𝑐𝑜𝑠√𝑥
24. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
1
Sol: Put √𝑥 = 𝑡, 2√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑐𝑜𝑠√𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠√𝑥
∴∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2√𝑥

= 2 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑐
= 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛√𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡𝑎𝑛 1 𝑥)
25. Evaluate ∫ 1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 (AP-15, 18)
1
Sol: Put 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 = 𝑡, 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡𝑎𝑛 1 𝑥)
∫ 1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡

= −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑐
= −𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥) + 𝑐
1 2
26. Evaluate ∫ ( + ) 𝑑𝑥
√1−𝑥 2 √1+𝑥 2

1 2
Sol: ∫ ( + ) 𝑑𝑥
√1−𝑥 2 √1+𝑥 2
1 2
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√1−𝑥 2 √1+𝑥 2

124
 TSWREIS
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
27. Evaluate 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 (AP-16, 19, TS-17)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥
Sol: 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥
= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫(𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥)𝑑𝑥
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 + 𝑐
(𝑎 𝑥 −𝑏𝑥 )2
28. Evaluate ∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑏𝑥
𝑑𝑥 (TS-22)
(𝑎 𝑥 −𝑏𝑥 )2 𝑎 2𝑥 +𝑏2𝑥 −2𝑎 𝑥 𝑏𝑥
Sol: ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑥 𝑏𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 𝑏𝑥
𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑥
= ∫ (𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 − 2) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑥 𝑏 𝑥
= ∫ [( ) + ( ) − 2] 𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑎
𝑎 𝑥 𝑏 𝑥
( ) ( )
= 𝑏
𝑎 + 𝑎
𝑏 − 2𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑙𝑜𝑔( ) 𝑙𝑜𝑔( )
𝑏 𝑎

1 3
29. Evaluate ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

1 3 1 1 1
Sol: ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 . 𝑥 + 3𝑥. 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3) 𝑑𝑥
3 1
= ∫ (𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 3) 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥4 3𝑥 2 1
= 4
+ 2
+ 3𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥| − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑐

30. Evaluate ∫ √1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Sol: ∫ √1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= √2 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −√2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
31. Evaluate ∫
√𝑥 2 +2𝑥+10

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Sol: ∫ =∫
√𝑥 2 +2𝑥+10 √𝑥 2 +2𝑥+1+9

𝑑𝑥
=∫
√(𝑥+1)2 +32

1 𝑥+1
= 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 ( 3
)+𝑐
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
32. Evaluate ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥+4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+5 𝑑𝑥

Sol: Put 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑡
∴ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥+4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+5 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡 2+4𝑡+5
𝑑𝑡
= ∫ (𝑡+2)2+1

= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡 + 2) + 𝑐
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2) + 𝑐
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
33. Evaluate ∫ 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

125
 TSWREIS
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
Sol: ∫ 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1 1
= 2 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
1 1
= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 1 1
=2 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
= −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 − 2 + 𝑐

34. Evaluate ∫ 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Sol: According to ILATE, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥
∫ 𝑓𝑔 = 𝑓 ∫ 𝑔 − ∫(𝑓′ ∫ 𝑔)
𝑑
∴ ∫ 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ ( 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑥2 1 𝑥2
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 ( ) − ∫ . 𝑑𝑥
2 1+𝑥 2 2

𝑥2 1 1
= 2
. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 − 2 ∫ (1 − 1+𝑥 2) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 1 1
= 2
. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 + 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥 2 +1 𝑥
=( 2
) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 − + 𝑐
2

35. Evaluate ∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Sol: let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) = 1
∫ 𝑓𝑔 = 𝑓 ∫ 𝑔 − ∫(𝑓′ ∫ 𝑔)
𝑑
∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥. 1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥)
1
= (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐
36. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
(TS-18)
Sol: Put 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑡, −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑑𝑡
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡 3 (−𝑑𝑡)
= − ∫ 𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡
𝑡4 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥
=− +𝑐 = +𝑐
4 4
1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
37. Evaluate ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1−2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥/2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥/2
Sol: ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 ( 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥/2
) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 ] 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2

= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓′(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐

= 𝑒 𝑥 (−𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥) + 𝑐 {∵ 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥}
= −𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝑐
38. Evaluate ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Sol: let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) = 1
126
 TSWREIS
WKT, ∫ 𝑓𝑔 = 𝑓 ∫ 𝑔 − ∫(𝑓′ ∫ 𝑔)
𝑑
∴ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 . 1𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 ∫ 1. 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 ∫ 1𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 (𝑥) − ∫ . 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√1−𝑥 2
1 −2𝑥
= 𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 √ 1−𝑥 2
1
= 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + [2√1 − 𝑥 2 ] + 𝑐
2

= 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
39. Evaluate ∫ √𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (Mar-16, TS)
Sol: according to ILATE, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥
WKT, ∫ 𝑓𝑔 = 𝑓 ∫ 𝑔 − ∫(𝑓′ ∫ 𝑔)
𝑑
∴ ∫ √𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
3 3
2 1 2
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ( 𝑥 2 ) − ∫ . . 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑥 3
3 3
2 2 2
= 3 𝑥 . 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 3 . 3 . 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
2

3 3
2 4
= 3 𝑥 2 . 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 9 . 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
40. Evaluate ∫ 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥+𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Sol: Put 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 𝑡

(−2𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 2𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
(−𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
(𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥)(𝑏 − 𝑎)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑏−𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 1 𝑑𝑡
∴ ∫ 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥+𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑏−𝑎 𝑡
1
= 𝑏−𝑎 log|𝑡 | + 𝑐
1
= 𝑏−𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥| + 𝑐
1
41. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 −1
1 𝑒 𝑥 +1−𝑒 𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −1
Sol: ∫ 𝑒 𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 −1
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑒 𝑥 − 1| − 𝑥 + 𝑐 (or)
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑒 𝑥 − 1| − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑒 𝑥 −1
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 | |+𝑐
𝑒𝑥

42. Evaluate ∫ √16 − 25𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

16
Sol: ∫ √16 − 25𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √25 ( − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
25

4 2
= 5 ∫ √( ) − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
5

𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
∴ ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑎) + 𝑐

2 4 2
𝑥 4 ( ) 𝑥
= 5 [ √( ) − 𝑥 2 + 5
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 4 )] + 𝑐
2 5 2 ( )
5

127
 TSWREIS
𝑥 8 5𝑥
= 2 √16 − 25𝑥 2 + 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 4 ) + 𝑐
𝑥 6 −1
43. Evaluate ∫ 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 for 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
𝑥 6 −1 𝑥 6 +1−2
Sol: ∫ 𝑑𝑥 =∫ 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 2 𝑥 2 +1
3
(𝑥 2 ) +13 1
=∫ 𝑥 2 +1
𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +1(𝑥 4 −𝑥 2 +1) 1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +1 1+𝑥 2
1
= ∫(𝑥 4 − 𝑥 2 + 1)𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥5 𝑥5
= 5
− 3
+ 𝑥 − 2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
44. Evaluate ∫ 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑥
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 1− 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Sol: ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 1+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

𝑓′(𝑥)
∵ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝑐

= 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥| + 𝑐
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
45. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝜃
√2−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃

Sol: Put 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑡, −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑡, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = −𝑑𝑡

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 −𝑑𝑡
∫√ 𝑑𝜃 = ∫
2−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 √2−𝑡 2

𝑑𝑡 𝑡
= -∫ = −𝑠𝑖𝑛1 ( ) + 𝑐
√(√2)2 −𝑡 2 √2

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= −𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )+𝑐
√2

46. Evaluate ∫ 𝑒 √𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Sol: Put √𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑥 = 𝑡 2, 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∫ 𝑒 √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑡 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑡 . 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= 2 𝑒 𝑡 (𝑡 − 1) + 𝑐
= 2𝑒 √𝑥 (√𝑥 − 1) + 𝑐
47. Evaluate ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Sol: WKT, 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥
3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 = 4

3 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
∴ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
4
3 1
= 4 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 4 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 1 −1
= 4 (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) − 4 ( 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥) + 𝑐
1 3
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐
12 4

48. Evaluate ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
Sol: ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 ∫ cos(𝑥 + 2𝑥) + cos(𝑥 − 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

128
 TSWREIS
1
= 2 ∫(𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1 1
= ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + 𝑐
2 3
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
49. Evaluate ∫ (1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)2 (AP-20)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Sol: ∫ (1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)2

Put 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑡 1 −1
= ∫ 𝑡 2 = − 𝑡 + 𝑐 = (1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + 𝑐

50. Evaluate ∫ 𝑥. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Sol: According to ILATE 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥
∫ 𝑓𝑔 = 𝑓 ∫ 𝑔 − ∫(𝑓′ ∫ 𝑔)
𝑑
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ ( 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑥2 1 𝑥2
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ( ) − ∫ . 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥 2

𝑥2 1
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑥2 1 𝑥2
= 2
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 2 . 2
+𝑐
𝑥2 𝑥2
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − +𝑐
2 4
(3𝑥+1)2
51. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (Mar-16, 18)
2𝑥
(3𝑥+1)2 9𝑥 2 +6𝑥+1
Sol: ∫ 𝑑𝑥 =∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 2𝑥
1 1 1
= 9 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
9 𝑥2 1
= ( ) + 3𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥| + 𝑐
2 2 2

9𝑥 2 1
= + 3𝑥 + 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥| + 𝑐
4
4
52. Evaluate ∫ (𝑥 + 1+𝑥 2) 𝑑𝑥
4 1 𝑥2
Sol: ∫ (𝑥 + 1+𝑥 2) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 4
+ 4𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐

53. Evaluate ∫(𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 3)𝑑𝑥

Sol: ∫(𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 3)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥4 2𝑥 3
= + + 3𝑥 + 𝑐
4 3

54. Evaluate ∫ √1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (TS-17)

Sol: ∫ √1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ± ∫(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑥
= ± [∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
= ± [−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥] + 𝑐
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥
55. Evaluate ∫ 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (TS – 20)
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥 1
Sol: ∫ 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= ∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 = [𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥] + 𝑐
2 2
2𝑥+1
56. Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 2+𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 (TS – 20)

129
 TSWREIS
2𝑥+1
Sol: ∫ 𝑥 2+𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥

Put 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑡, (2𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡

2𝑥+1 𝑑𝑡
∫ 𝑥 2+𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑡 | + 𝑐

= 𝑙𝑜𝑔| 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1| + 𝑐
1
57. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (AP-15)
√𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 𝑥 √1−𝑥 2
1
Sol: Put 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
√1−𝑥 2
1 1
∫√ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡 = 2√𝑡 + 𝑐
𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 √𝑡

= 2√𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
3𝑥 2
58. Find ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (TS-22)
1+𝑥 6
3𝑥 2 3𝑥 2
Sol: ∫ 1+𝑥 6 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1+(𝑥 3)2 𝑑𝑥

Put 𝑥 3 = 𝑡, 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
1
= ∫ 1+𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑡 + 𝑐

= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 3 ) + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
59. Evaluate 1+𝑒 𝑥 (AP-19)
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 𝑥 𝑒𝑥
Sol: 1+𝑒 𝑥 = ∫ 1+𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1 − 1+𝑒 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑐

60. Evaluate ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑥 (AP-17)

Sol: let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, ∫ 𝑒 𝑒 (𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓′(𝑥))𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
∴ ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐

61. Evaluate ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (TS-17)

Sol: Put √𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑥 2 = 𝑡, 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∴ ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 (2𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 2 ∫ 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
According to ILATE 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡, 𝑔(𝑥) = cos 𝑡
∫ 𝑓𝑔 = 𝑓 ∫ 𝑔 − ∫(𝑓′ ∫ 𝑔) + 𝑐
2 ∫ 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 2[𝑡 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − (1. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡)]
= 2[𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡]
= 2[𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡]+c
= 2[√𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛√𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠√𝑥] + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
62. Find ∫ 𝑥 2−81
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
Sol: ∫ 𝑥 2−81 = ∫ 𝑥 2−92 = (𝑥+9)(𝑥−9) 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1
= 18 ∫ 𝑥−9 − 𝑥+9 𝑑𝑥
1
= [log(𝑥 − 9) − log(𝑥 + 9)] + 𝑐
18
1 𝑥−9
= 18 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥+9| + 𝑐

130
 TSWREIS
7. DEFINTE INTEGRATION

CDF POINTS:-

1. Definition of definite integral :-

Let 𝑓: [𝑎, 𝑏] → 𝑅 be 𝑎 b bounded function Let 𝑃 = {𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , … 𝑥𝑖 , 𝑥𝑖+1 , … 𝑥𝑛−1 , 𝑥𝑛 } be 𝑎 partition
of [𝑎, 𝑏], Δ𝑥𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑖−1 , ad 𝑡𝑖 ∈ [𝑥𝑖−1 , 𝑥𝑖 ] for 𝑖 = 1,2,3 … 𝑛,
The Riemann Sum 𝑆(𝑝, 𝑓) = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓(𝑡𝑖 )Δ𝑥𝑖 The definite integral is a limit of 𝑎 Riemann Sum
such that

𝑛 𝑏
lim ∑ 𝑓 (𝑡𝑖 )Δ𝑥𝑖 = 𝐴 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 .
𝑛→∞ 𝑎
𝑖=1

𝑏
such an exists is unique and is Said to be definite integral denoted by∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 . 𝑎 is

called lower limit and bis called the upper limit.

1 2 𝑛−1
2. If 𝑓 is continuous on [0,1] and 𝑝 = {0, 𝑛 , 𝑛 , ⋯ 𝑛
, 1] is a partition of [0,1] in te 𝑛 subentervals
1 1 1 𝑖
of length then from the above∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = lim ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓 ( )
𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛

𝑛p 𝑝 𝑖
3. If 𝑓 is Conterminous on [0, 𝑝] where ' 𝑝 ' is a positive integer then∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = lim ∑𝑖=1 𝑓 (𝑛).
𝑛→∞

4. The Fundamental theorem of integral calculus: If ' 𝑓 ' is integrable on [𝑎, 𝑏] and if there is a
𝑏
differentiable function F on [𝑎, 𝑏] such that 𝐹 ′ = 𝑓, then ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)
𝑏
5. Properties of definite integrals:- Let 𝑓: [𝑎, 𝑏] → 𝑅 be integration [a, b] then ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 =
𝑎
− ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥]
𝑐
6. For any 𝑐 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏] ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0,
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
7. 𝑓, 𝑔 are ter functions integrable on [𝑎, 𝑏] Then,∫𝑎 (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑎 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
𝑏 𝑏
8. Any 𝛼 ∈ 𝑅 ∫𝑎 (𝛼𝑓(𝑥))𝑑𝑥 = 𝛼∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
9. For any 𝑐 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏] then ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
10. If 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) then ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥.

𝑎 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
11. If 𝑓 defied on [−a, a] and integrable ∫−0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = { 𝑎 .
2 ∫0 𝑓 (𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
12. f: [0,2𝑎] → 𝑅 be integrable on [0, a] If 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥 ) for all 𝑥 in [a, 2𝑎]
2𝑎 𝑎
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
0 0
13. Let 𝑓 is integrable on [𝑎, 𝑏] If 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥] = 𝑓(𝑥) for all 𝑥 in [𝑎, 𝑏]
b 𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
𝑎 𝑎

131
 TSWREIS
Reduction formulae.
𝜋/2 𝑛−1
14. If 𝐼𝑛 = ∫0 sin𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ( ) 𝐼𝑛−2 where 𝑛 ⩾ 2
𝑛
𝜋/2 𝑛−1
15. 𝐼𝑛 = ∫0 cos𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ( ) 𝐼𝑛−2 when 𝑛 ⩾ 2
𝑛

𝜋/2 𝜋/2
∴ ∫ 𝑛
sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥, where 𝑛 ⩾ 2
0 0

𝜋/2 𝑛−1
16. If 𝐼𝑚,𝑛 = ∫0 sin𝑚 𝑥cos 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 then 𝐼𝑚,𝑛 = 𝑚+𝑛 𝐼𝑚,𝑛−2
Working Rules for some important definite integrals:-
1 log (1+𝑥) 𝜋
17. ∫0 1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥, working rule:- Put 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃, 𝐿. 𝑙 = 0, 𝑈. 𝑙 = 4
𝜋/4 sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥
18. ∫0 9+16sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥. Workig rule:put sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 = 𝑡.𝐿 ⋅ 𝐿 = −1, 𝑈 ⋅ 𝐿 = 0.
𝜋/2 𝑥 𝜋/2 sin2 𝑥 𝜋 𝑥sin 𝑥 𝜋 𝑥
19. ∫0 sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, ∫0 sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, ∫0 1+sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, ∫0 1+sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
Working Rule: ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥.

𝜋
√𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑏 𝑏
20. ∫𝜋3 𝑑𝑥 working rule: - ∫a 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫a 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
6
√𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+√𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

3 3 3
a a
21. ∫−𝑎 𝑥 2 (𝑎 2 − 𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑥 2 (𝑎 2 − 𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥 since 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 (𝑎 2 − 𝑥 2 )2 is even

Working rule: put 𝑥 = 𝑎sin 𝜃 (or) 𝑥 = 𝑎cos 𝜃

𝜋
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2𝑑𝑡 1−𝑡 2
22. ∫02 , working rule: Put 𝑡 = tan , 𝑑𝑥 = , cos 𝑥 = L.L= 0,∪ 𝐿 = 1
4+5 cos 𝑥 2 1+𝑡 2 1+𝑡 2
𝜋/4 𝑎 𝑎
23. ∫0 log(1 + tan 𝑥)𝑑𝑥; working rule: ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝜋 1 − Tan 𝑥
Tan ( − 𝑥) = L. L = 0, U. L = 1
4 1 + Tan 𝑥
3
1 𝜋
24. ∫0 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥𝑑𝑥 , working rule: put 𝑥 = sin2 𝜃 (or) 𝑥 = cos2 𝜃 𝐿 ⋅ 𝐿 = 0, 𝑈 ⋅ 𝐿 = 2
1
16 𝑥 4𝑑𝑥
25. ∫0 1+𝑥 1/2
, working rule; put 𝑥1/4 = 𝑡

Definite Integration - VSAQ

𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏
1. ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥, ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

4 2 4 2 4
2. ∫0 |2 − 𝑥|𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 |2 − 𝑥|𝑑𝑥 + ∫2 |2 − 𝑥|𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 (2 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫2 − (2 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

2 1 2 1 (1−𝑥)𝑑𝑥 2 −(1−𝑥)𝑑𝑥
3. ∫0 |1 − 𝑥|𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 |1 − 𝑥|𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 |1 − 𝑥|𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 0
+ ∫1 𝜋/2

𝜋/2 0 𝜋/2 0 𝜋/2

4. ∫−𝜋/2 sin |𝑥|𝑑𝑥 = ∫−𝜋/2 sin |𝑥|𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 sin |𝑥|𝑑𝑥 = ∫−𝜋/2 sin(−𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥

3 2𝑥 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
5. ∫2 𝑑𝑥 = [log(1 + 𝑥 2 )]32 = log 2 ∵ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
1+𝑥 2 𝑓(𝑥)

132
 TSWREIS
1 𝑥2 1 𝑥 2+1−1 1 1
6. ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 (1 − ) 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 − tan−1 𝑥)10
𝑥 2+1 𝑥 2+1 1+𝑥 2

4 𝑥2 4 𝑥 2−1+1 4
4 1 𝑥2
7. ∫0 1+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 1+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 (𝑥 − 1 + 1+𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ( 2 − 𝑥 + log(1 + 𝑥))
0

2
2 2 √22−𝑥 2𝑑𝑥 𝑥 22 𝑥
8. ∫0 √4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝜋
= [2 √22 − 𝑥 2 + 2
sin−1 ( 2)]
0

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
9. ∫0 √2 + 2cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = √2∫0 √1 + cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = √2√2∫0 cos 𝜃/2𝑑𝜃

𝑛−1 𝑛−3 2 1
⋅ ⋯ ⋅ , if 𝑛 ≠ 1 is odd
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛−2 𝑚+3 𝑚+1
𝜋/2 𝑛−1 𝑛−3 1 𝑚−1 1 𝜋
10. ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝑥 ⋅ cosn 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑚+𝑛
⋅ 𝑚+𝑛−2 ⋯ 𝑚+2 ⋅ 𝑚
⋯2, 2 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑚, 𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
𝑛−1 𝑛−3 1 𝑚−1 2
{𝑚+𝑛 ⋅ 𝑚+𝑛−2 ⋯ 𝑚+2 ⋅ 𝑚
⋯3, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 1 ≠ 𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑

Definite Integration – LAQ (7 Marks)

𝜋/4 sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥
1. Show that ∫0 9+16sin 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 (A P-17, AP, TS - 15)

Sol: Put sin𝑥 − cos𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇒ (cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡

sin2 𝑥 + cos2 𝑥 − 2sin 𝑥cos 𝑥 = 𝑡 2

1 − sin 2𝑥 = 𝑡 2 ⇒ sin 2𝑥 = 1 − 𝑡 2
∴ 9 + 16sin 2𝑥 = 9 + 16(1 − 𝑡 2 ) = 9 + 16 − 16𝑡 2 = 25 − 16𝑡 2

𝜋/4 0
sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 1 1 0 𝑑𝑡
∴∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫
9 + 16sin 2𝑥 −1 25 − 16𝑡
2 16 −1 25 2
16 − 𝑡
0

0
5
1 0
𝑑𝑡 1 1 + 𝑡
= ∫ 2 = ⋅ [log |4 |]
16 −1 5 16 5 5
( ) −𝑡 2 2 ( ) − 𝑡
4 4 4 −1
0
1 5 + 4𝑡 1 5 5−4
= [log | |] = [log | | − log | |]
40 5 − 4𝑡 −1 40 5 574
1 1 1 1
= [log 1 − log ( )] = [0 − log 3−2 ] = [−log 3−2 ]
40 9 40 40
2 1
= log 3 = log 3.
40 20

1 log(1+𝑥) 𝜋 𝐴𝑃 − 22
2. Show that ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = 8 log 2 (
1+𝑥 2 𝑇𝑆 − 17,19,20)
Sol: Put 𝑥 = tan 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = sec 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃, 𝐿 ⋅ 𝐿 = 0, 𝑈 ⋅ 𝐿 = 𝜋/4
1 log(1+𝑥) 𝜋/4 log(1+Tan 𝜃)
let 𝐼 = ∫0 1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 1+tan2 𝜃
⋅ Sec 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝜋/4 log(1+tan 𝜃)
= ∫0 sec2 𝜃
⋅ Sec 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝜋/4
I = ∫0 log(1 + Tan 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 − 𝐶
𝑎 𝑎
WKT ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

133
 TSWREIS
Now
𝜋/4 𝜋
𝐼 = ∫0 log (1 + Tan ( 4 − 𝜃)) 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
𝜋/4 Tan −Tan 𝜃
4
= ∫0 log (1 + 𝜋 ) 𝑑𝜃
1−Tan ⋅Tan 𝜃
4

Now,
𝜋/4
𝜋
𝐼=∫ log (1 + Tan ( − 𝜃)) 𝑑𝜃
0 4
𝜋
𝜋/4 Tan 4 − Tan 𝜃
=∫ log (1 + 𝜋 ) 𝑑𝜃
0 1 − Tan 4 ⋅ Tan 𝜃

𝜋/4 𝜋/4
1 − Tan 𝜃 1 + Tan 𝜃 + 1 − Tan 𝜃
𝐼=∫ log [1 + ] 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ log [ ] 𝑑𝜃
0 1 + Tan 𝜃 0 1 + Tan 𝜃
𝜋/4 139
2
=∫ log [ ] = ∫ (log 2 − log(1 + Tan 𝜃))𝑑𝜃
0 1 + tan 𝜃 0
𝜋/4 𝜋/4
𝐼 = log 2 ∫ 1𝑑𝜃 − ∫ log(1 + Tan 𝜃)𝑑𝜃
0 0
𝜋
= log 2(𝜃)04
−𝐼 {∵ fran eq(1)}
𝜋
𝐼 + 𝐼 = (log 2)
4
𝜋 𝜋
2𝐼 = log 2 ⇒ 𝐼 = log 2.
4 8
𝜋 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
3. Evaluate ∫0 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 (May-16, TS-16, AP-15)

𝜋 𝑥sin 𝑥
Sol: let 𝐼 = ∫01+cos2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
wKT, ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Now,
𝜋(𝜋 − 𝑥) sin(𝜋 − 𝑥) (𝜋 − 𝑥) sin 𝑥
𝐼=∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥
0 1 + cos (𝜋 − 𝑥) 𝜋 1 + cos 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
sin 𝑥 xsin 𝑥
𝐼 = 𝜋∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥
0 1 + cos 𝑥 0 1 + cos 𝑥
𝜋
− sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = −𝜋 ∫ 2
− 𝐼 {∵ fromeq (1) }
0 1 + cos 𝑥
𝐼 + 𝐼 = −𝜋[tan−1 (cos 𝑥 )]𝜋0
2𝐼 = −𝜋[tan−1 (cos 𝜋) − tan−1 (cos 0)]
= −𝜋[Tan−1 (−1) − Tan−1 (1)]
= −𝜋[− Tan−1 (1) − Tan−1 (1)]
2𝐼 = 2𝜋 Tan−1 (1)
𝐼 = 𝜋(tan−1 (1))
𝜋
= 𝜋( )
4
𝜋2
∴ 𝐼=
4

134
 TSWREIS
𝜋 𝑥sin3 𝑥
4. Evaluate ∫0 1+cos2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 (Mar − 15 − 𝑇 ⋅ 𝑆), is – 18

𝜋 𝑥sin3 𝑥
Sol: let 𝐼 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 − (1)
1+cos2 𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
WKT , ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Now
𝜋 𝜋
(𝜋 − 𝑥)sin3 (𝜋 − 𝑥) (𝜋 − 𝑥)sin3 𝑥
𝐼 =∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 1 + cos2 (𝜋 − 𝑥) 0 1 + cos2 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
sin3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑥sin3 𝑥
= 𝜋∫ 2
− ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥
0 1 + cos 𝑥 0 1 + cos 𝑥
from eq (1) \&
𝜋/2
sin2 𝑥 sin3 𝑥
𝐼 = 2𝜋 ∫ (sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥) − 𝐼 𝑓(𝑥) =
1 + cos2 𝑥 1 + cos2 𝑥
0 𝑓(𝜋 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
{ 𝑓 even }
2
𝐼 + 𝐼/2 1 − cos 𝑥(sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥)
1 + cos2 𝑥 put

put
1−𝑡 0 2 cos 𝑥 =𝑡
2𝐼 = 2𝜋 ∫ 2
(−𝑑𝑡) −sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
1 1+𝑡 sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −𝑑𝑡
(𝐿 ⋅ 𝐿 = 1, 𝑈 ⋅ 𝐿 = 0)
1
1 − 𝑡2
𝐼=∫ 2
𝑑𝑡 1
0 1+𝑡

1 1
2 − 1 − 𝑡2 2 − (1 + 𝑡 2 )
= 𝜋∫ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
0 1 + 𝑡2 0 1 + 𝑡2
1 1
1
= 𝜋 [2 ∫ 2
𝑑𝑡 − ∫ 1𝑑𝑡]
0 1+𝑡 0
= 𝜋[2[tan−1 (𝑡)]10 − (𝑡)10 ]

= 𝜋[2tan−1 (1) − 0 − 1 + 0]
𝜋
= 2𝜋 ( ) − 𝜋
4

𝜋2
𝐼= −𝜋
2
𝜋 𝑥
5. Evaluate ∫0 1+sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 ( May-11)
𝜋 𝑥
Sol: let 𝐼 = ∫0 1+sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − (1)
𝑎 𝑎
WKT, ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Now
𝜋 𝜋−𝑥 𝜋 𝜋−𝑥
𝐼 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥
1+sin(𝜋−𝑥) 1+sin 𝑥
𝜋 1 𝜋 𝑥
= 𝜋 ∫0 1+sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 1+sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝜋 1
𝐼 = 𝜋 ∫0 1+sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 − 𝐼 { from eq (1) }
135
 TSWREIS
𝜋 1 𝜋 1 1−sin 𝑥
𝐼 + 𝐼 = 𝜋 ∫0 1+sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫0 1+sin 𝑥
× 1−sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 1−sin 𝑥 𝜋 1−sin 𝑥
2𝐼 = 𝜋 ∫0 1−sin2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫0 cos2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝜋 1 sin 𝑥
= 𝜋 ∫0 [ − ] 𝑑𝑥
cos2 𝑥 cos2 𝑥
𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 (sec 2 𝑥 − sec 𝑥 ⋅ Tan 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
= 𝜋 [𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥]𝜋0
= 𝜋[(tan 𝜋 − sec 𝜋) − (tan 0 − sec 0)]
= 𝜋[0 − (−1) − (0 − 1)]
= 2𝑙 = 2𝜋
=𝑙=𝜋
11/2 𝑥 𝜋
6. Show that ∫0 sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 2√2 log(√2 + 1)(𝑇𝑆 − 17, 𝐴𝑃 − 18,20)

𝜋/2 𝑥
Sol: let 𝐼 = ∫0 sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥----- (1)

𝑎 𝑎
WKT, ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Now,

𝜋 𝜋
𝜋/2 ( − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2−𝑥
𝜋/2
2
𝐼=∫ 𝜋 𝜋 𝑑𝑥 = ∫
0 sin ( 2 − 𝑥) + cos ( 2 − 𝑥) 0 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥

𝜋 𝜋
𝑑𝑥 𝜋/2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
2
= ∫02 − ∫0
cos 𝑥+sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥+sin 𝑥

𝜋 𝜋/2 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫0 − 𝐼 { from 𝑒𝑞 (1) }
2 cos 𝑥+sin 𝑥

𝑥
𝜋 0 2𝑑𝑡
Put 𝑡 = tan 2 , 𝑈 ⋅ 𝐿 = 0
𝐼+𝐼 = ∫
2 0 1+𝑡 2 2𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 =
1+𝑡 2

1 𝑑𝑡 1−𝑡 2 2𝑡 2𝑡 1−𝑡 2
2𝐼 = 𝜋 ∫0 1−𝑡 2 +2𝑡
= 𝜋 ∫0 + 1+𝑡 2 , sin 𝑥 = 1+𝑡 2 , cos 𝑥 = 1+𝑡 2

0 𝑑𝑡 1 𝑑𝑡
= 𝜋 ∫0 −[𝑡 2−2⋅𝑡⋅1+1−1−1]
= 𝜋 ∫0 −[(𝑡−1)2−2]

1 𝑑𝑡 1 𝑑𝑡
= 𝜋 ∫0 = 𝜋 ∫0
2−(𝑡−1)2 (√2)2 −(𝑡−1)2

𝑑𝑥 1 𝑎+𝑥
{∵ ∫ = log | | + 𝑐}
𝑎2 −𝑥 2 2𝑎 𝑎−𝑥

1 𝑎+𝑥
= log | | + 𝑐}
2𝑎 𝑎−𝑥
1
1
√2 + 𝑡 − 1
=𝜋⋅ log | |]
2√2 √2 − 𝑡 + 1 0

136
 TSWREIS
𝜋 √2 + 1 − 1 √2 + 0 − 1
𝑅𝐼 = [log | | − log | |]
2√2 √2 − 1 + 1 √2 − 0 + 1
𝜋 √2 √2 − 1
= [log | | − log | |]
2√2 √2 √2 + 1

𝜋 √2 √2 − 1
= [log | | − log | |]
2√2 √2 √2 + 1

𝜋 √2 + 1
= [log(1) + log |( )|]
2√2 √2 − 1

𝜋 (√2 + 1)2 2𝜋
= [0 + log | |] = log(√2 + 1)
2√2 1 2√2
𝜋
∴𝐼= log(√2 + 1)
2√2
π/2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 1
7. Show that ∫0 sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = log(√2 + 1) (TS-15)
√2

π/2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
Sol: Let 𝐼 = ∫0 sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 ------- (1)

𝜋/2 𝑎
WKT, ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋
𝜋/2 sin2( −𝑥) 𝜋
cos2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫0 𝜋 𝜋
2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫02 cos 𝑥+sin 𝑥
----- (2)
sin( −𝑥)+cos( −𝑥)
2 2

𝜋/2 sin2 𝑥 cos2 𝑥

Adding eq (1) < (2), 𝐼 + 𝐼 = ∫0 + 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥

𝜋/2 sin2 𝑥+cos2 𝑥

2𝐼 = ∫0 sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝜋/2 1
= ∫0 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥

𝑥
Put 𝑡 = tan 2 , 𝐿 ⋅ 𝐿 = 0, 𝑈 ⋅ 𝐿 = 1

2𝑑𝑡
1 1+𝑡2 2𝑑𝑡 2𝑡 1−𝑡 2
2𝐼 = ∫0 1−𝑡2
𝑑𝑥 = , sin 𝑥 = , cos 𝑥 =
2𝑡
+ 1+𝑡 2 1+𝑡 2 1+𝑡 2
1+𝑡2 1+𝑡2

1 2𝑑𝑡 1 2𝑑𝑡
= ∫0 2𝑡+1−𝑡 2
= ∫0 −[𝑡 2−2𝑡−1]

1 2𝑑𝑡 1 2𝑑𝑡
= ∫0 −[𝑡 2−2𝑡+1−2]
= ∫0 −[(𝑡−1)2−(√2)2 ]

1
1 2𝑑𝑡 1 √2+𝑡−1
= ∫0 (√2)2−(𝑡−1)2
= 2 [2√2 log ∣ ]
√2−𝑡+1 0

1 √2+1−1 √2+0−1
= [log | | − log | |]
√2 √2−1+1 √2−0+1

1 √2−1 1 √2+1
= [0 − log | |] = log | |
√2 √2+1 √2 √2−1

137
 TSWREIS
1 √2+1 √2+1 1 (√2+1)2
= log | × |= log | 1
|
√2 √2−1 √2+1 √2

2
2𝐼 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(√2 + 1)
√2

1
𝐼= 𝑙𝑜𝑔(√2 + 1)
√2

𝜋 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝜋
8. Show that ∫0 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 2 − 𝜋 (Mar-16, TS)

𝜋 𝑥sin 𝑥
Sol: 𝐼 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 ----- (1)
1+sin 𝑥

𝑎 𝑎
WkT, ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝜋 (𝜋−𝑥)sin(𝜋−𝑥) 𝜋 (𝜋−𝑥)sin 𝑥
Now, 𝐼 = ∫0 1+sin(𝜋−𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 1+sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝜋 𝜋sin 𝑥 𝜋 𝑥sin 𝑥
= ∫0 𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 𝑑𝑥
1 + sin 𝑥 1 + sin 𝑥
𝜋
𝐼 = 𝜋∫0 sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 𝐼 {∵ from 1 (1) }
𝜋 𝜋
1 + sin 𝑥 − 1 1
I+𝐼 = 𝜋∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫ (1 − ) 𝑑𝑥
0 1 + sin 𝑥 0 1 + sin 𝑥
𝜋
𝜋 1
2𝐼 = 𝜋 ∫0 1𝑑𝑥 − 𝜋 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1+sin 𝑥
0

𝜋 1 1−sin 𝑥
= 𝜋(𝑥)𝜋0 − 𝜋 ∫0 1+sin 𝑥
× 1−sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝜋 1−sin 𝑥
= 𝜋(𝜋 − 0) − 𝜋 ∫0 1−sin2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝜋 1−sin 𝑥
= 𝜋(𝜋) − 𝜋 ∫0 cos2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝜋 1 sin 𝑥
= 𝜋 2 − 𝜋 ∫0 (cos2 𝑥 − cos2 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

𝜋
= 𝜋 2 − 𝜋 ∫0 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥

2𝐼 = 𝜋 2 − 𝜋[tan 𝑥 − sec 𝑥]𝜋0

= 𝜋 2 − 𝜋[(tan 𝜋 − sec 𝜋) − (tan 0 − sec 0)]

= 𝜋 2 − 𝜋[0 − (−1) − 0 + 1]

= 𝜋 2 − 𝜋[1 + 1]

2𝐼 = 𝜋 2 − 2𝜋

𝜋2
𝐼= 2
−𝜋

138
 TSWREIS
𝜋
9. Evaluate ∫0 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛7 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (TS-19)

𝜋
Sol: let I ∫0 𝑥 ⋅ sin7 𝑥 ⋅ cos6 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
WKT, ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝜋
I = ∫ (𝜋 − 𝑥)sin7 (𝜋 − 𝑥) ⋅ cos6 (𝜋 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= ∫0 (𝜋 − 𝑥)sin7 𝑥 ⋅ cos6 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝜋sin7 𝑥cos6 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 𝑥sin7 𝑥 ⋅ cos6 𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝜋
𝐼 = 𝜋 ∫0 sin7 𝑥 ⋅ cos6 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 𝐼 {∵ fromeq (1)}

𝜋/2
𝐼 + 𝐼 = 2𝜋 ∫0 sin7 𝑥 ⋅ cos6 𝑥𝑑𝑥 (∵ 𝑓(𝜋 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑛−1 𝑛−3 1 𝑚−1 2

2𝐼 = 2𝜋 [𝑚+𝑛 . 𝑚+𝑛−2 … … 𝑚+2 . 𝑚
… … . 3 , 𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛]

6−1 6−3 6−5 7−1 7−3 7−5

𝐼 = 𝜋 [7+6 ⋅ 7+6−2 ⋅ 7+6−4 ⋅ 7
⋅ 7−2 ⋅ 7−4]

5 3 1 6 4 2 16𝜋
= 𝜋[ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ]=
13 11 9 7 5 3 3003

𝜋/2 cos 𝑥
10. Evaluate ∫−𝜋/2 1+𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑇5 − 17)
𝜋/2 cos 𝑥
Sol: Let 𝐼 = ∫−𝜋/2 𝑑𝑥 − − − −(1)
1+𝑒 𝑥

𝑎 𝑎
𝜔𝑘𝑇, ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Now
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝜋/2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(−2 + 2 −𝑥) 2 cos(−𝑥) 2 cos(−𝑥)
𝐼= ∫−𝜋/2 𝜋 𝜋 𝑑𝑥 =∫ 𝜋 𝑑𝑥 = = ∫ 𝜋 1 𝑑𝑥
(− + −𝑥)
1+𝑒 2 2 − 1+𝑒 −𝑥 − 1+ 𝑥
2 2 𝑒

𝜋/2 𝑒 𝑥 .𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫−𝜋/2 𝑒 𝑥 +1
------- (2)

Adding eq (1) & (2)

𝜋/2 cos 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 .𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝐼 + 𝐼 = ∫−𝜋/2 (1+𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 +1
) 𝑑𝑥

𝜋/2 (1+𝑒 𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝜋/2

2𝐼 = ∫−𝜋/2 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 =∫−𝜋/2(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑥 (∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 is an even function)
1+𝑒 𝑥

𝜋/2 𝜋/2 𝜋
2𝐼 = 2 ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)0 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛0

𝐼 = 1−0

I=1

139
 TSWREIS
𝜋/4
11. Evaluate ∫0 log(1 + Tan 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 (AP-TS-16, AP-18, TS-22)
𝜋/4
Sol: Let 𝐼 = ∫0 log(1 + Tan 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Now,
𝜋/4 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛
𝐼 = ∫0 log (1 + Tan ( 4 − 𝑥)) {∵ ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥}
𝜋 𝜋
Tan −Tan 𝑥
4
= ∫04 log (1 + 𝜋 ) 𝑑𝑥
1+Tan ⋅Ta 𝑥
4

𝜋/4 1−Tan 𝑥
= ∫0 log (1 + 1+Tan 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋/4 1+tanx+1−Tan 𝑥
= ∫0 log ( 1+Tan 𝑥
) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋/4 2
= ∫0 log (1+tan 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋/4
= ∫0 (log 2 − log(1 + tan 𝑥))𝑑𝑥
𝜋/4 𝜋/4
𝐼 = ∫0 log 2𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 log(1 + Tan 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋/4
𝐼 = (log 2) ∫0 1𝑑𝑥 − 𝐼 {∵ from eq (1) }
𝜋/4
𝐼 + 𝐼 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(2𝑥)0
𝜋
2𝐼 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
4
𝜋
𝐼 = 8 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
𝑥2 𝑦2
12. Find the area of the ellipse 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1. Also deduce the area of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2
𝑥2 𝑦2
Sol: Equation of the ellipse 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1

𝑦2
=1
𝑏2
𝑏2
∴ 𝑦 2 = 2 (𝑎 2 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑎
𝑏
𝑦 = √𝑎 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑎
𝑎
𝑏 𝑎
Area of 𝐶𝐴𝐵 = 𝑎 ∫0 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑏 𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
= [ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + sin−1 ( )]
𝑎 2 2 𝑎 0
𝑏 𝑎2 𝜋 𝑏 𝑎2 𝜋 𝜋
= [0 + ⋅ − (0 − 0)] = [ ] = 𝑎𝑏
𝑎 2 2 𝑎 4 4

𝜋
∴Area of the ellipse = 4 (Area of 𝐶𝐴𝐵) = 4 ( 4 𝑎𝑏) = 𝜋𝑎𝑏 sq. units

∴ Area of circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 (∵ 𝑏 = 𝑎)

is 𝜋𝑎𝑏 = 𝜋(𝑎)(𝑎) = 𝜋𝑎2 squnits

13. Find the area bounded between the curves 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥, 𝑥 2 = 4 by (𝐴𝑃 − 19)
Sol f Equations of the given curves are 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 ------ (1), 𝑥 2 = 4by ----- (2)
140
 TSWREIS
∴ 𝑦 4 = 16𝑎2 𝑥 2 = 16𝑎 2 (4𝑏𝑦) = 64𝑎 2 𝑏𝑦 {: from eq (2) }

𝑦 4 − 64𝑎 2 𝑏𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦(𝑦 3 − 64𝑎2 𝑏) = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 3 − 64𝑎2 𝑏 = 0

𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 3 = 64𝑎2 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑦 = 4𝑎2/3 𝑏1/3

𝑦2 16𝑎 4/3⋅𝑏 2/3

from eq (1), 𝑥 = 4𝑎 = 4𝑎
= 4𝑎1/3 𝑏2/3

∴ 𝑝 = (4𝑎1/3 𝑏2/3 , 4𝑎2/3 𝑏1/3 ) be the point of intersection

of given parabolas other than origin

𝑥2
∀𝑥 ∈ (0,4𝑎1/3 𝑏2/3 ), √4√𝑎√𝑥 ≥
4𝑏
4𝑎 1/3𝑏 2/3 𝑥2
∴ Required Area = ∫0 (√4√𝑎√𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥
4𝑏

1
2/3
0 3 4𝑎 3𝑏
2 1 𝑥
= √4√𝑎 [ (𝑥 3/2 )] 4𝑎1/3 𝑏2/3 − [ ]
3 0 4𝑏 3 0
√4√𝑎 3/2 1 1 3
= [2(4𝑎1/3 𝑏2/3 ) − 0] − [ (4𝑎1/3 𝑏2/3 ) − 𝑐]
3 4𝑏 3
√4√𝑎 1 64𝑎𝑏2
= [2(8√𝑎 ⋅ 𝑏)] − [ ]
3 4𝑏 3
32𝑎𝑏 16𝑎𝑏 16
= − = 𝑎𝑏 sq units
3 3 3

14. Find the area closed between the 2 (Jun e-03)

Sol: Given Equation of curves are 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1------(1), 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 2 ----- (2)

There is no point of intersection of eq (1) & (2)

∀𝑥 ∈ (−1,2), 𝑥 2 + 1 ⩾ 2𝑥 − 2
2
∴ Required Area = ∫−1 (𝑥 2 + 1 − (2𝑥 − 2))𝑑𝑥

2 2
𝑥3
= ∫ (𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥 = ( − 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥)
2
−1 3 −1
8 1
= ( − 4 + 6) − (− − 1 − 3)
3 3
8 1
= + 2 + 4 + = 3 + 6 = 9 squnits
3 3

141
 TSWREIS
15. Find the area enclosed between the curves 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 and 𝑦 = 4 − 2𝑥
Sol: Given curves 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 ---- (1) and 𝑦 = 4 − 2𝑥 ----- (2)

from eq (1) & (2) 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 = 4 − 2𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4 = 0

(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 1) = 0

∴ 𝑥 = −1,4

∀𝑥 ∈ (−1,4),4 − 2𝑥 ≥ 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥
4
∴ Required Area = ∫ [4 − 2𝑥 − (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥)]𝑑𝑥
−1

4
= ∫ (4 + 3𝑥 − 𝑥 −1 )𝑑𝑥
−1
4
3𝑥 2 𝑥 3
= (4𝑥 + − )
2 3 −1

64 3 1
= (16 + 24 − ) − (−4 + + )
3 2 3
45 65 125
= 20 + − = squnits
2 3 6
𝑥2 𝑦2
16. Let 𝐴𝑂𝐵 be positive quadrant of the ellipse 2 + = 1 with 𝑂𝐴 = 𝑎, 𝑂𝐵 = 𝑏 then show that area
𝑎 𝑏2
𝜋−2
bounded between chord 𝐴𝐵 and Arc 𝐴𝐵 of ellipse is ( 4
) 𝑎𝑏𝑠 units
𝑥2 𝑦2
Sol: Given ellipse + = 1------ eq (1) cuts 𝑥-axis at 𝐴(𝑎, 0), 𝐴′ (−𝑎, 0) and
𝑎2 𝑏2

𝑦-axis at 𝐵 = (0, 𝑏), 𝐵′ = (0, −𝑏)

𝑥 𝑦
∴ Equal ias of 𝐴𝐵 is 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1 ----- (2)

𝑏
from eq (1), 𝑦 = √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
𝑎

𝑏
from eq (2), 𝑦 = 𝑎 (𝑎 − 𝑥)

𝑏 𝑏
∀𝑥 ∈ (0, 𝑎), √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ≥ (𝑎 − 𝑥)
𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 𝑏 𝑏
∴Required Area = ∫0 (𝑎 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑎 (𝑎 − 𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥

𝑎
𝑏 𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥 𝑥2
= [ √𝑎 2 − 𝑥 2 + sin−1 ( ) − 𝑎𝑥 + ]
𝑎 2 2 𝑎 2 0
𝑏 𝑎2 −1 2
𝑎2
= [(0 + sin (1) − 𝑎 + ) − (0 + 0 − 0 + 0)]
𝑎 2 2

𝑏 𝑎2 𝜋 𝑎2 𝑏𝑎2 𝜋 𝑎𝑏 𝜋 − 2 𝜋−2
= [ ⋅ − ]= [ − 1] = ( ) = 𝑎𝑏 ( ) squnits
𝑎 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4

142
 TSWREIS
𝑏 𝜋
17. Prove that ∫𝑎 √(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑏 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 8 (𝑏 − 𝑎)2 (TS-18)

𝑏 𝑏
Sol: ∫𝑎 √(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 √−𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 − 𝑎𝑏𝑑𝑥

𝑏
= ∫ √−[𝑥 2 − (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏]𝑑𝑥
𝑎

𝑏
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 2 𝑎+𝑏 2
=∫ √− [𝑥 2 −2⋅𝑥⋅ +( ) −( ) + 𝑎𝑏] 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 2 2 2

𝑏
𝑎+𝑏 2 𝑏−𝑎 2
= ∫ √− [[𝑥 − ] −( ) ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 2 2

𝑏
𝑏−𝑎 2 𝑎+𝑏 2
= ∫ √( ) − (𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 2 2

𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑎 2 − 𝑥 2 + sin−1 ( ) + 𝑐
2 2 𝑎
𝑏
𝑎+𝑏 𝑏−𝑎 2 𝑎+𝑏
𝑥−( ) 𝑏−𝑎 2 𝑎+𝑏 ( ) 𝑥−
=[ 2 √( ) − (𝑥 − )+ 2
sin−1 ( 𝑏−𝑎
2
)]
2 2 2 2
2
𝑎

𝑏
2𝑥−(𝑎+𝑏) (𝑏−𝑎)2 2𝑥−𝑎−𝑏
=[ 4
√(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑏 − 𝑥) + 8
sin−1 ( 𝑏−𝑎
)]
𝑎

(𝑏−𝑎)2 (𝑏−𝑎)2
=0+ sin−1 (1) − [0 + sin−1 (−1)]
8 8

(𝑏−𝑎)2 𝜋 (𝑏−𝑎)2 𝜋 (𝑏−𝑎)2 𝜋

= 8
⋅2+ 8 2
=2 8
⋅2

𝜋
= 8 (𝑏 − 𝑎)2

Definite Integration - SAQ (4 Marks)

𝜋/2 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
1. Find ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥 (AP-17)

𝜋/2 𝑎sin 𝑥+𝑏cos 𝑥

Sol: let 𝐼 = ∫0 sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 ------(1)

∞ ∞
WKT, ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Now,
𝜋 𝜋
𝑎sin ( 2 − 𝑥) + 𝑏cos ( 2 − 𝑥)
𝜋/2
𝐼=∫ 𝜋 𝜋 𝑑𝑥
0 sin ( 2 − 𝑥) + cos ( 2 − 𝑥)
𝜋/2
𝑎cos 𝑥 + 𝑏sin 𝑥
𝐼=∫ −2
0 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥

143
 TSWREIS
Adding eq (1) & (2) we get
𝜋/2
𝑎sin 𝑥 + 𝑏cos 𝑥 𝑎cos 𝑥 + 𝑏sin 𝑥
𝐼+𝐼 =∫ ( + ) 𝑑𝑥
0 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥
𝜋/2
𝑎sin 𝑥 + 𝑏cos 𝑥 + 𝑎cos 𝑥 + 𝑏sin 𝑥
2𝐼 =∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
𝜋/2
(𝑎 + 𝑏)sin 𝑥 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)cos 𝑥
2𝐼 =∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
𝑎 + 𝑏 𝜋/2 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝜋/2
𝐼 =( )∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ( )∫ 1𝑑𝑥
2 0 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 2 0
𝑎+𝑏 𝜋/2 𝑎+𝑏 𝜋 𝑎+𝑏 𝜋
=( ) (𝑥)0 = ( ) ( − 0) = ( )( )
2 2 2 2 2
𝜋
∴ 𝐼 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)
4
√sin 𝑥
2. Find ∫𝜋/6 𝑑𝑥 (𝑇𝑠 − 20)
√sin 𝑥+√cos 𝑥
𝜋/3 √sin 𝑥
Sol: Let 𝐼 = ∫𝜋/6 𝑑𝑥 -------- (1)
√sin 𝑥+√cos 𝑥

𝑏 𝑏
WKT, ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Now,

𝜋 𝜋
𝜋/3 √sin ( + − 𝑥)
6 3
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝜋/6 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
√sin ( + − 𝑥) + √cos ( + − 𝑥)
6 3 6 3

𝜋
𝜋/3 √sin ( − 𝑥)
2
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝜋/6 𝜋 𝜋
√sin ( − 𝑥) + √cos ( − 𝑥)
2 2

𝜋⁄3 √𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝐼 = ∫𝜋⁄6 -------- (2)
√𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+√𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

Adding eq (1) & eq(2)

𝜋/3
√sin 𝑥 √cos 𝑥
𝐼+𝐼 = ∫ + 𝑑𝑥
√sin 𝑥 + √cos 𝑥
𝜋/6 √cos 𝑥 + √sin 𝑥
𝜋/3 𝜋/3
√sin 𝑥 + √cos 𝑥 𝜋/3
2𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥)𝜋/6
𝜋/6 √sin 𝑥 + √cos 𝑥 𝜋/6
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2𝐼 = − =
3 6 6
𝜋
𝜋/4 ∴ 𝐼 =
12

3. Evaluate ∫0 log(1 + tan 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

144
 TSWREIS
𝜋/4
Sol: Let 𝐼 = ∫0 log(1 + tan 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − (1)

𝜋
1/4
𝜋 𝜋/4 Tan − Tan 𝑥
𝐼=∫ log (1 + tan ( − 𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ log (1 + 4 ) 𝑑𝑥
4 𝜋
0 0 1 + Tan ⋅ Tan 𝑥
4
𝜋
𝜋/4
4 1 − Tan 𝑥 1 + Tan𝑥 + 1 − Tan 𝑥
= ∫ log [1 + ] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ log [ ] 𝑑𝑥
0 1 + Tan 𝑥 0 1 + Tan 𝑥
𝜋/4 𝜋/4
2
=∫ log [ ] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [log 2 − log (1 + tan 𝑥)]𝑑𝑥
0 1 + tan 𝑥 0
𝜋/4 𝜋/4
= (log 2) ∫ 1𝑑𝑥 − ∫ log(1 + tan 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝜋/4
𝐼 = (log 2)(𝑥)0 − 𝐼 {∵ from oq (1)}
𝜋
𝐼 + 𝐼 = (log 2) ( )
4
𝜋
2𝐼 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
4
𝜋
𝐼= log 2
8
𝜋 ⁄2 𝑑𝑥
4. Find ∫0 4+5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

𝑥 2𝑑𝑡 1−𝑡 2
Sol: put 𝑡 = tan 2 , 𝑑𝑥 = 1+𝑡 2 , cos 𝑥 = 1+𝑡 2

𝐿 ⋅ 𝐿 = 0, 𝑈 ⋅ 𝐿 = 1
2𝑑𝑡 2𝑑𝑡
𝜋 ⁄2 𝑑𝑥 1 1+𝑡2 1 2
∫0 4+5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = ∫0 1−𝑡2
= ∫0 4+4𝑡1+𝑡
2 +5−5𝑡2
4+5( )
1+𝑡2 1+𝑡2

1 2𝑑𝑡 1 𝑑𝑡
= ∫0 9−𝑡 2
= 2 ∫0 32 −𝑡 2

1 3+𝑡 1 1 3+1 3+0

=2⋅ [log | |] = [log | | − log | |]
2(3) 3−𝑡 0 3 3−1 3−0

1 4 3 1 1
= 3 [log (2) − log (3)] = 3 [log 2 − log 1] = 3 [log 2 − 0]

1
= 3 log 2
𝜋/2 ( Mar -03, 15-T.S
5. Find the reduction formula for ∫0 sin𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥
May -06)
𝜋/2 𝜋/2
Sol: Let 𝐼𝑛 = ∫0 sin𝑛𝜋/2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 sin𝑛−1 𝑥 ⋅ sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝜋 ⁄2 𝜋 ⁄2 𝑑
𝐼𝑛 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥 ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 (
𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

𝜋 ⁄2 𝜋 ⁄2
= (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥))0 − ∫0 (𝑛 − 1)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

145
 TSWREIS
𝜋/2
= 0 + (𝑛 − 1) ∫ sin𝑛−2 𝑥 ⋅ cos2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
2
= (𝑛 − 1) ∫ sin𝑛−2 𝑥 (1 − sin2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0

𝜋/2 𝜋/2
= (𝑛 − 1) ∫0 sin𝑛−2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − (𝑛 − 1) ∫0 sin𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝐼𝑛 = (𝑛 − 1)𝐼𝑛−2 − (𝑛 − 1)𝐼𝑛

𝐼𝑛 + (𝑛 − 1)𝐼𝑛 = (𝑛 − 1)𝐼𝑛−2
𝑛𝐼𝑛 = (𝑛 − 1)𝐼𝑛−2
𝑛−1
∴ 𝐼𝑛 = ( ) 𝐼𝑛−2
𝑛
𝑛−3 𝑛−5
And 𝐼𝑛−2 = 𝐼 ⇒ 𝐼𝑛−4 = 𝐼
𝑛−2 𝑛−4 𝑛−4 𝑛−6

𝑛−1 𝑛−3 𝑛−5

∴ 𝐼𝑛 = ⋅ ⋅ … 𝐼0 (or) 𝐼𝑛 according as 𝑛 is even or odd
𝑛 𝑛−2 𝑛−4

𝜋/2 𝜋/2153 𝜋/2 𝜋

But 𝐼0 = ∫0 sin0 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 1𝑥 = (𝑥)0 =2
and
𝜋/2
𝐼1 = ∫ sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = (−cos 𝑥)𝜋/2
0
= −0 + 1 = 1
0
𝑛−1 𝑛−3 𝑛−5 1𝜋
𝜋/2 ⋅ ⋅ ⋯ , if 𝑛 is even
∴ 𝐼𝑛 = ∫ sin𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = { 𝑛 𝑛−2 𝑛−4 22
0 𝑛−1 𝑛−3 𝑛−5 2
⋅ ⋅ ⋯ ⋯ ⋅ 1, if 𝑛 is odd
𝑛 𝑛−2 𝑛−4 3
𝜋
6. Evaluate ∫−𝜋 sin2 𝑥 ⋅ cos4 𝑥𝑑𝑥
2
(Mar − 13, ray - 09)
2
𝜋/2 𝜋/2
Sol: ∫−𝜋/2 sin2 𝑥 ⋅ cos4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 sin2 𝑥 ⋅ cos4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 {∵ 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 }

m = 2, n = 4

𝑛−1 𝑛−3 1 𝑚−1 1 𝜋

= 2 [𝑚+𝑛 ⋅ 𝑚+𝑛−2 ⋅ ⋯ 𝑚+2 ⋅ ⋯ 2 ⋅ 2 , m, n are even ]
𝑚

4−1 4−3 2−1 𝜋 3 1 1 𝜋 𝜋

= 2 [2+4 ⋅ 2+4−2 ⋅ ⋅ 2 ] = 2 [6 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ] = 16
2

7. Find the area of the region enclosed by the curves 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑦 = 5 − 2𝑥 .

Sol: Given curves 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ----- (1), 𝑦 = 5 − 2𝑥 ----- (2)
from eq (1), (2), 5 − 2𝑥 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2

𝑥2 − 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 5 = 0

𝑥2 − 6𝑥 + 5 = 0

𝑥2 − 5𝑥 − 𝑥 + 5 = 0

146
 TSWREIS
𝑥(𝑥 − 5) − 1(𝑥 − 5) = 0

(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 − 1) = 0

𝑥 − 5 = 0, 𝑥 − 1 = 0

𝑥 = 1, 𝑥 = 5

∀ 𝑥 ∈ (1,5), 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ≥ 5 − 2𝑥
5
∴ Required Area = ∫1 (4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − (5 − 2𝑥))𝑑𝑥

5 5
= ∫ (4𝑥 − 𝑥2 − 5 + 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (6𝑥 − 𝑥2 − 5)𝑑𝑥
1 1
5 5
𝑥 2 𝑥3 𝑥3
= (6 ⋅ − − 5𝑥) = (3𝑥2 − − 5𝑥)
2 3 1
3 1
125 1
= (3(25) − − 25) − (3 − − 5)
3 3
32
= sq units
3

8. Find the area enclosed by the curves 𝑦 = 3𝑥 and 𝑦 = 6𝑥 − 𝑥 2

Sol: Given curves 𝑦 = 3𝑥 ----- (1) passes through origen and
𝑦 = 6𝑥 − 𝑥 2 -----(2) represents a parabola
from eq (1), (2),
3𝑥 = 6𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 3𝑥 = 0
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 − 3) = 0
𝑥(𝑥 − 3) = 0
𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 3
∀𝑥 ∈ (0,3); 6𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ≥ 3𝑥
3
∴ Required Area = ∫0 6𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑑𝑥
3
3 𝑥2 𝑥3
= ∫0 (3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 = (3 − )
2 3 0
9 27 9
= = 3 (2) − 3
= 2 squnits

9. Find area bounded by 𝑦 2 = 3𝑥 and 𝑥 = 3

Sol: Given 𝑦 2 = 3𝑥 and 𝑥 = 3
𝑦 = √3 ⋅ √𝑥 represents a parabola is symmetrical about 𝑥-axis
3
∴ Required area = 2 ∫ √3 ⋅ √𝑥𝑑𝑥
0
2 3
= 2√3 ⋅ (𝑥 3/2 )0
3
4√3 3/2 4√3 ⋅ 3√3
= [3 − 0] =
3 3
= 12 squints

147
 TSWREIS
10. Find the ara bounded by 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 and 𝑥 2 = 4𝑦 (Ma r-14, 20)
Sol: Given equations are 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 and 𝑥 2 = 4𝑦 represents parabolas
∴ 𝑂(0,0), 𝐴 = (4,4) are the points of intersection of given parabolas
𝑥2
∴ 𝑦 = 2√𝑥 & 𝑦 = 4

𝑥2
∀ 𝑥 ∈ (0,4),2√𝑥 ⩾
4
4 𝑥2
∴ Required area = ∫0 (2√𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥
4

4
2 𝑥3
= 2 ⋅ [3 (𝑥 3/2 ) − 12]
0

4 64
= (8) − −0+0
3 12

32 16
= −
3 3
16
= sq. units
3

11. Find the area bounded by the curves 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑥 3

Sol: Given curves 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑥 3

from eq(1), (2), 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 3 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥) = 0

∀𝑥 ∈ (0,1), ∀𝑥 2 ≥ 𝑥 3
1
Required area = ∫0 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥

1
𝑥3 𝑥4 1 1
= ( − ) = − −0
3 4 0 3 4
4−3 1
= = squints
12 12

12. Find the area of one of the curve linear triangle bounded by 𝑦 = sin 𝑥, 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 and 𝑥-axis.
Sol: Given curves 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 and 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 and 𝑥-axis from eq (1) (2), sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥

⇒ 𝑥 = 𝜋/4

𝜋
∀𝑥 ∈ (0, ) , cos 𝑥 ≥ sin 𝑥
4
𝜋 𝜋
∀𝑥 ∈ ( , ) , sin 𝑥 ≥ cos 𝑥
4 2
Required Area =

148
 TSWREIS
𝜋
𝜋/4 𝜋/2 𝜋/4
∫0 sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝜋/4 cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = (−cos 𝑥)0 + (sin 𝑥)𝜋2
4

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= −cos+ cos 0 + sin − sin
4 2 4
𝜋 1 1 2
=− +1+1− =2− = 2 − √2 sq. units
2 √2 √2 √2
𝜋
13. Evaluate ∫02 𝑥 ⋅ sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋/2
Sol: ∫0 𝑥 ⋅ sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 According to ILATE 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

𝜋/2 𝜋 𝑑
= 𝑥 ∫0 sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 (𝑑𝑥 (𝑥) ∫ sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

𝜋/2 𝜋/2
= [𝑥(−cos 𝑥)]0 − ∫0 1 ⋅ (−cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝜋/2
= 0 + (sin 𝑥)0
𝜋
= sin 2 − sin 0 = 1

1
14. Find∫0 𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
Sol: According to ILATE, 𝑓(𝑥) = tan−1 𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥
1 1 1 1 1
∴ ∫0 𝑥 ⋅ tan−1 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = tan−1 𝑥 ∫0 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 ( Tan−1 𝑥 ∫0 𝑥𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥2 1 1 𝑥2
= ( 2 ⋅ tan−1 𝑥) − ∫0 1+𝑥 2
⋅ 2
𝑑𝑥
0
1𝜋 1 1 1+𝑥 2−1
= − ∫0 𝑑𝑥
24 2 1+𝑥 2
𝜋 1 1 1
= − ∫0 (1 − ) 𝑑𝑥
8 2 1+𝑥 2
𝜋 1
= − [𝑥 − Tan−1 𝑥]10
8 2
𝜋 1 𝜋 𝜋 1 𝜋 𝜋 1
= 8 − 2 [1 − 4 ] = 8 − 2 + 8 = 4 − 2

15. Find the area between the line 𝑦 = 0 and the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3
Sol: Given curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 and 𝑦 = 0
∴ 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 = 0
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
𝑥 = 1, 𝑥 = 3

The curve cuts 𝑥-axis at 𝑥 = 1, 𝑥 = 3

3
Required Area = ∫1 − (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥

3 3
𝑥 3 4𝑥 2 𝑥3
= −[ − + 3𝑥] = − [ − 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥]
3 2 1
3 1
1 1 4
= − [(9 − 18 + 9) − ( − 2 + 3)] = + 1 = squnits
3 3 3
149
 TSWREIS
16. Find ∫0 𝑥 3/2 √1 − 𝑥𝑑𝑥
1
Sol: Given ∫0 𝑥 3/2 √1 − 𝑥𝑑𝑥 put 𝑥 = sin2 𝜃

1 put 𝑥 = sin 𝜃
Given ∫ 𝑥 3/2 √1 − 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2sin 𝜃 ⋅ cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃
0 𝑑 ⋅ 𝐿 = 0, 𝑈 ⋅ 𝐿 = 𝜋/2
𝜋/2
=∫ (sin2 𝜃)3/2 √1 − sin2 𝜃 (2sin 𝜃cos 𝜃)𝑑𝜃
0
𝜋/2
=∫ sin3 𝜃 ⋅ cos2 𝜃(2sin 𝜃 ⋅ cos 𝜃)𝑑𝜃
0
𝜋/2
2−1 4−1 4−3 𝜋
= 2∫ sin4 𝜃cos2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 2 [ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ]
0 4+2 4 4−2 2
1 3 1 𝜋
= 2[ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ]
6 4 2 2
𝜋
=
16
16 𝑥 1/4
7. Evaluate ∫0 1+𝑥 1/2
𝑑𝑥
16 𝑥 1/4 2 𝑡 2 𝑡4
Sol: ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 (4𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡) = 4∫0 𝑑𝑡
1+𝑥 1/2 1+𝑡 2 1+𝑡 2

𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡 = 4
2
1
𝐿 ⋅ 𝐿 = 0, 𝑈 ⋅ 𝐿 = 2 = 4 ∫ (𝑡 2 − 1 + ) 𝑑𝑡
0 1 + 𝑡2
2
𝑡3
= 4 [ − 𝑡 + tan−1 𝑡]
3 0
8 −1
= 4 [ − 2 + tan (2)] − 0
3
2
= 4 [ + tan−1 (2)]
3

𝑎
18. Evaluate ∫−𝑎 𝑥 2 (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )3/2 𝑑𝑥 (𝑇𝑆 − 17)
𝜋 𝜋
Sol: Put 𝑥 = 𝑎sen 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃, 𝐿 ⋅ 𝐿 = − , 𝑈 ⋅ 𝐿 =
2 2

3
𝑎 𝜋/2
∴ ∫−𝑎 𝑥 2 (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )3/2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫−𝜋/2 𝑎2 sin2 𝜃(𝑎2 − 𝑎2 sin2 𝜃 )2 ⋅ 𝑎cos𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝜋/2
=∫ 𝑎2 sin2 𝜃 ⋅ 𝑎3 ⋅ cos3 𝜃 ⋅ 𝑎cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃
−𝜋/2

𝜋/2
= 𝑎6 ∫−𝜋/2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 𝑑𝜃, 𝑚 = 2, 𝑛 = 4 (𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛)

𝜋/2
= 2𝑎6 ∫0 sin2 𝜃 ⋅ cos4 𝜃𝑑𝜃; 𝑓(𝜃) is even function

150
 TSWREIS
4−1 4−3 1 𝜋
= 2𝑎6 [ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ]
4+2 4+2−2 2 2
3 1 𝜋 𝜋
= 2𝑎6 [ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ]
6 4 2 2
𝜋 𝜋𝑎6
= 2𝑎6 [ ] = sq units.
32 16
𝑎
19. Find ∫0 𝑥 (𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑛 𝑑𝑥

𝑎
Sol: let 𝐼 = ∫0 𝑥(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
WKT ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Now,
𝑎 𝑎
𝐼 = ∫0 (𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 [𝑎𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑥 𝑛+1 ]𝑑𝑥

𝑎
𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑥 𝑛+2
= [𝑎 𝑛+1
− 𝑛+2 0
]

𝑎 𝑛+1 𝑎 𝑛+2 𝑎 𝑛+2 𝑎 𝑛+2

=𝑎⋅ 𝑛+1
− 𝑛+2
= 𝑛+1
− 𝑛+2

1 1 𝑎 𝑛+2
= 𝑎𝑛+2 [ − ]=
𝑛+1 𝑛+2 (𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)

1 1 1
20. Find lim [ + +⋯+ ]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛+1 𝑛+2 6𝑛
1 1 1
Sol: Given lim [ + + ⋯+ ]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛+1 𝑛+2 6𝑛

1 1 1
= lim [𝑛+1 + 𝑛+2 + ⋯ + n+5𝑛 ]
𝑛→∞

1 1
= lim ∑5𝑛
𝑖 [ ] = lim ∑5𝑛
𝑖 𝑖
𝑛→∞ 𝑛+𝑖 𝑛→∞ 𝑛[1+ ]
𝑛

5 1 𝑖 1
= ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑙𝑜𝑔|1 + 𝑥|)50 {∵ = 𝑥, = 𝑑𝑥, lim ∑ =∫ , 𝑝 = 5}
1+𝑥 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛→∞

= 𝑙𝑜𝑔6 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔6 = 0 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔6

√𝑛+1+√𝑛+2+⋯+√𝑛+𝑛
21. Find lim ( 𝑛√𝑛
)
𝑛→∞
√𝑛+1+√𝑛+2+⋯+√𝑛+𝑛 𝑛+𝑞
Sol: Given lim ( 𝑛√𝑛
) = lim ∑𝑛𝑖=1 √𝑛√𝑛
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞

𝑛 1
1
1 𝑖 2 1
= lim ∑ (1 + ) = ∫ (1 + 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛 0 𝑖=1
2 1 2
= [(1 + 𝑥)3/2 ]0 = [23/2 − 1]
3 3
2
= [2√2 − 1]
3
1
1 2 𝑛 𝑛
22. Evaluate lim [(1 + 𝑛) (1 + 𝑛) … … (1 + 𝑛)] .
𝑛→∞

151
 TSWREIS
1
1 2 𝑛 𝑛
Sol: Let 𝐼 = lim [(1 + ) (1 + ) … … (1 + )]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

1 1 2 𝑛
log 𝐼 = 𝑛 lim log [(1 + 𝑛) (1 + 𝑛) ⋯ (1 + 𝑛)]
𝑛→∞

1 1 2 𝑛
=
𝑛 𝑛→∞
lim log [𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 + 𝑛) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 + 𝑛) ⋯ + log (1 + 𝑛 )]

1 𝑖
= = 𝑛 lim ∑𝑛𝑖=1 log (1 + 𝑛)
𝑛→∞

1
log 𝐼 = ∫0 log(1 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

= [(1 + 𝑥) log(1 + 𝑥) − (1 + 𝑥)]10 {∵ ∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐}

= 2𝑙𝑜𝑔2 − 2 − (−1)

= 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 − 1 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 4 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑒

4 4
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐼 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑒) ⇒ 𝐼 = 𝑒

1 𝜋 2𝜋 𝑛𝜋
23. Find lim [tan + tan + ⋯ + tan ]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 4𝑛 4𝑛 4𝑛

1 𝜋 2𝜋 𝑛𝜋
Sol: Given lim 𝑛 [tan 4𝑛 + tan 4𝑛 + ⋯ + tan 4𝑛 ]
𝑛→∞

1 𝑖𝜋 1 𝜋 𝑖
= lim [∑𝑛𝑖=1 tan ] = lim ∑𝑛𝑖=1 tan ( ⋅ )
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 4𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 4 𝑛

1 𝜋 1 𝜋 1
= ∫0 tan ( ⋅ 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 [log |sec ⋅ 𝑥|]
4 ( ) 4 0
4

4 𝜋
= 𝜋 [log |sec 4 | − log sec 0]

4 4 1
= 𝜋 [log √2 − log 1] = 𝜋 [2 log 2 − 0]

2
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
𝜋

2𝜋
24. Find ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2𝜋 𝜋
Sol: ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 sin4 𝑥 ⋅ cos6 𝑥𝑑𝑥 (∵ 𝑓(2𝜋 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥))
𝜋
= 2(2) ∫02 sin4 𝑥 ⋅ cos6 𝑥𝑑𝑥 (∵ 𝑓(𝜋 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥))

6−1 6−3 6−5 4−1 4−3 𝜋 𝑚 = 4 (even)

= 4 [4+6 ⋅ 6+4−2 ⋅ 4+6−4 ⋅ ⋅ 4−2 ⋅ 2 ] ,
4 𝑛 = 6 (even)
5 3 1 3 1 𝜋 3𝜋
= 4 [10 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ] = 128

152
 TSWREIS
4
25. Evaluate ∫0 (16 − 𝑥 2 )1/2 𝑑𝑥 (𝐴𝑝 − 19)

4 𝜋/2
Sol: ∫0 (16 − 𝑥 2 )5/2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 (16 − 16sin2 𝜃)5/2 ⋅ 4cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃

Put 𝑥 = 4sin 𝜃 𝜋/2 5

= ∫0 162 (1 − sin2 𝜃)5/2 ⋅ 4cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = 4cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃

L ⋅ 𝐿 = 0,0 ⋅ 𝐿 = 1
𝜋/2
= 46 ∫0 (cos2 𝜃) ⋅ cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃

6−1 6−3 6−5 𝜋

= 46 [ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ]
6 6−2 6−4 2
5 3 1 𝜋
= 46 [ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ]
6 4 2 2
5𝜋
= 256 [ ] = 640𝜋
2

26. Find the arew enclased by the curves 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 and 𝑦 2 = 4(4 − 𝑥) (TS-19)
Sol: Given curves 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 and 𝑦 2 = 4(4 − 𝑥) (2)

8𝑥 = 16 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2
put 𝑦 = 0 in eq (2), 𝑥 − 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 4
2 4
- Required Area = 2 [∫ 2√𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2√4 − 𝑥𝑑𝑥]
0 2
2
2 2 2 4
= 2 [2 ⋅ (𝑥 3/2 )0 ] − 2 ⋅ [(4 − 𝑥)3/2 ]2
3 3
8 3/2 8 3/2
= [2 − 0] + [2 ]
3 3
8 3/2 16 32
= 2 ⋅ (2 ) = 2√2 = √2 sq. units
3 3 3

27. Find the area bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 between any two consecutive points of
intersection.
𝜋 5𝜋
Sol: Given curves 𝑦 = sin 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 from curves sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = 4
, 4
(AP-
18)
𝜋 5𝜋
∀ 𝑥 ∈ [ 4 , 4 ] , sin 𝑥 ⩾ cos 𝑥

5𝜋
∴ Required Area = ∫𝜋/4
4
(sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

5𝜋
= (−cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥) 4 𝜋
5𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= − [cos + sin ] + [cos + sin ]
4 4 4 4
1 1 1 1 2 2
= − [− − ]+[ + ] = +
√2 √2 √2 √2 √2 √2
= √2 + √2 = 2√2 squnits

153
 TSWREIS
DEFINITE INTEGRATION – VSAQ (2 Marks)

𝜋/2 sin5 𝑥
1. Find the value of ∫0 sin5 𝑥+cos5 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 (Mar-08, 14, May-09)

𝜋/2 sin5 𝑥
Sol: Let 𝐼 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥
sin5 𝑥+cos5 𝑥

𝑎 𝑎
We know that ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Now
𝜋
𝜋/2 sin5 ( 2 − 𝑥)
𝐼=∫ 𝜋 𝜋 𝑑𝑥
0 sin5 ( 2 − 𝑥) + cos5 ( 2 − 𝑥)
𝜋/2
cos5 𝑥
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥 − (2
0 cos5 𝑥 + sin5 𝑥

Adding eq (1) & (2)

𝜋/2
sin5 𝑥 cos5 𝑥
𝐼 + 𝐼 = 2𝐼 = ∫ ( 5 + ) 𝑑𝑥
0 sin 𝑥 + cos5 𝑥 cos5 𝑥 + sin5 𝑥
𝜋/2 𝜋/2
sin5 𝑥 + cos5 𝑥
=∫ ( 5 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1𝑑𝑥
0 sin 𝑥 + cos5 𝑥 0
𝜋/2 𝜋
= (𝑥)0 = 𝜋/2 − 0 =
2
𝜋 𝜋
2𝐼 = ⇒ 𝐼 =
2 4
2
2. Find the value of ∫0 |1 − 𝑥|𝑑𝑥 (mar-09, 15, May-11)

2 1 2
Sol: ∫0 |1 − 𝑥|𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 |1 − 𝑥|𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 |1 − 𝑥|𝑑𝑥

1 2
= ∫0 (1 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 − (1 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

1 2
= ∫0 (1 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 (𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥

1 2
𝑥2 𝑥2
= (𝑥 − ) +( − 𝑥)
2 0 2 1

1 4 1
= (1 − 2) − (0) + (2 − 2) − (2 − 1)

1 1
= + =1
2 2

4
3. Find the value of ∫0 |2 − 𝑥|𝑑𝑥

4 2 4
Sol: ∫0 |2 − 𝑥|𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 |2 − 𝑥|𝑑𝑥 + ∫2 |2 − 𝑥|𝑑𝑥

2 4
= ∫0 (2 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫2 − (2 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

154
 TSWREIS
2 4
= ∫0 (2 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫2 (𝑥 − 2)𝑑𝑥

2 4
𝑥2 𝑥2
= (2𝑥 − ) +( − 2𝑥)
2 0 2 2

4 16 4
= (4 − 2) − 0 + ( 2 − 8) − (2 − 4)

= 4−2+0−2+4= 4
3 2𝑥
4. Evaluate ∫2 1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 (Ma y-06, Mar-12)
3 2𝑥
Sol: ∫2 1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥

2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
= [log |1 + 𝑥 2 |]32 {∵ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log |𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝑐}
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)

= log |1 + 32 | − log|1 + 22 |
10
1 = log 10 − log 5 = log ( ) = log 2
5
1 𝑥2
5. Evaluate ∫0 𝑑𝑥(Mar − 11, May -07,10)
1+𝑥 2
1 𝑥2
Sol: ∫0 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 2

1 1
1 + 𝑥2 1
=∫ 2
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1 − ) 𝑑𝑥
0 1+𝑥 0 1 + 𝑥2
= (𝑥)10 − (Tan−1 𝑥)10
= 1 − 0 − [Tan−1 (1) − 0]
𝜋
=1−
4
4 𝑥2
6. Evaluate ∫0 1+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 (Ma y-15 T.S)
4 𝑥2
Sol: ∫0 1+𝑥
𝑑𝑥

4 4
𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑥2 + 𝑥 𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥
0 1+𝑥 0 1+𝑥 1+𝑥
4 4
𝑥(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 1+𝑥 0 1+𝑥
4 4
1
= ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (1 − ) 𝑑𝑥
0 0 1+𝑥
4
𝑥2
= ( ) − (𝑥)40 + (log |1 + 𝑥|)40 = 4 + log 5
2 0

4
7. Find ∫0 √4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 (Ma r-07)
𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
Sol: WKT, ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 √𝑎 2 − 𝑥 2 + 2
sin−1 (𝑎) + 𝑐

2 2
∫0 √4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 √22 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

155
 TSWREIS
2
𝑥 22 𝑥 2
= [ √22 − 𝑥 2 + sin−1 ( )] = = 0 + 2sin−1 ( ) − [0 + 0]
2 2 2 0 2

𝜋
= 2sin−1 (1) = 2 ( ) = 𝜋
2

𝜋
8. Evaluate ∫0 √2(1 + cos 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 (Mar − 05)
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Sol: ∫0 √2(1 + cos 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = ∫0 √2√1 + cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = ∫0 √2 ⋅ √2 ⋅ cos 𝜃/2𝑑𝜃

𝜋 𝜃 1 𝜃 𝜋
= 2 ∫0 cos 2 𝑑𝜃 = 2 ⋅ 1 (sin )
( ) 2 0
2

𝜋
= 4 (sin 2 − sin 0) = 4(1 − 0) = 4

𝜋/2 sin2 𝑥−cos2 𝑥

9. Evaluate ∫0 sin3 𝑥+cos3 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 (Text book Model paper)
𝜋/2 sin2 𝑥−cos2 𝑥
Sol: Let 𝐼 = ∫0 sin3 𝑥+cos3 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑎 𝑎
NWT, ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Now,
𝜋 𝜋
sin2 ( 2 − 𝑥) − cos2 ( 2 − 𝑥)
𝜋/2
𝐼=∫ 𝜋 𝜋 𝑑𝑥
0 sin3 ( 2 − 𝑥) + cos3 ( 2 − 𝑥)
𝜋/2
cos2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 cos3 𝑥 + sin3 𝑥
𝜋/2
sin2 𝑥 − cos2 𝑥
= −∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 sin3 𝑥 + cos3 𝑥
𝐼 = −𝐼 ⇒ 𝐼 = 0
𝐼 + 𝐼 = 0 ⇒ =∴= 0

10. Find the area bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 3, 𝑥 − 𝑎 × 1, 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 2 (𝑀 − 05,08,12, 𝐽(𝑛 −

10)
Sol: Given 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 3, 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 2

𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3,𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 2
2 2
𝑥4
Required area = ∫ (𝑥 3 + 3)𝑑𝑥 = [ + 3𝑥]
−1 4 −1
16 1 40 11 51
= [ + 6] − [ − 3] = + = squnits
4 4 4 4 4

11. Find the area bounded by the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , the 𝑥-axis and the lines 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 2(𝑀 − 09)
Sol: Given 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 2

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 2
2 2
𝑥3 6 1 92
Required area = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ( ) = + = = 3 squints
−1 3 −1 3 3 3

156
 TSWREIS
12. Find the area of the region enclosed by the given curves 𝑥 = 4 − 𝑦 2 , 𝑥 = 0 (Mar − 10,11)
Sol: Given 𝑥 = 4 − 𝑦 2 and 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 2 = 4 ⇒ 𝑦 = ±2
2
∴ Required area = ∫ (4 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦
−2
2
= 2 ∫ (4 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦{∵ 𝑓(𝑦) = 4 − 𝑦 2
0
2
𝑦3
= 2 (4𝑦 − ) 𝑓(−𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑦)}
3 0
8
= 2 [(8 − ) − 0]
3
16 32
= 2( ) = squnito
3 3

13. Find the area under the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 in [0,2𝜋] ( may -09)
Sol: Given 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 in [0,2𝜋] 2𝜋

2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
Required area = ∫0 sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝜋 − sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥

= (−cos 𝑥)𝜋0 + (cos 𝑥)2𝜋

𝜋
= (1 + 1) + (1 + 1) = 4 sq Units

14. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 2 − 1 = 2𝑥 and 𝑥 = 0

Sol: Given 𝑦 2 − 1 = 2𝑥 and 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = ±1

𝑦2 − 1
𝑥=
2
𝑦2
1 𝑦 2−1 1 (1−𝑦 2 )
Required area = ∫−1
2 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫
−1 −
(
2
) = 2∫0
2
𝑑𝑦

1
−1 1 𝑦3
= ∫0 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫−1 (1 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = (𝑦 − ) =
3 0

1 2
⇒ 1 − 3 = 3 sq. uints

π/2
15. i) Evaluate ∫−𝜋 sin |𝑥|𝑑𝑥
Sol: Given that
𝜋/2 𝜋/2
𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
∫ sin |𝑥| = 2 ∫ sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 { }
−
𝜋
0 𝑓 is even function
2
𝜋
= 2(− cos 𝑥)02 = 2(0 + 1) = 2

ii) Evaluate ∫−𝜋/2 sin2 𝑥 ⋅ cos4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 (Mar − 18 APP)

𝜋/2 𝜋/2
Sol: Given ∫−𝜋 sin2 𝑥 ⋅ cos4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2∫0 sin2 𝑥 ⋅ cos4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 Hex, 𝑚 = 2, 𝑛 = 4 even
2

157
 TSWREIS
𝑛−1 𝑛−3 1 𝜋
= 2[ ⋅ ⋅ ⋯⋅ ⋅ ]
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛−2 2 2
4−1 4−3 1 𝜋 3 1 𝜋
= 2[ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ] = 2( ⋅ ⋅ )
2+4 2+4−2 2 2 6 4 4
𝜋
=
16
2𝜋
iii) Evaluate ∫ sin2 𝑥 ⋅ cos4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 (Mar − 14,15 TS)
2𝜋 𝜋
Sol: Given ∫0 sin2 𝑥 ⋅ cos4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2∫0 sin2 𝑥 ⋅ cos4 𝑥𝑑𝑥{∵ fe ven }

𝜋/2
= 2(2) ∫ sin2 𝑥 ⋅ cos4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 (∵ 𝑓 is even )
0
𝜋/2
= 4∫ sin2 𝑥 ⋅ cos4 𝑥𝑑𝑥, 𝑚 = 2, 𝑛 = 4
0

4−1 4−3 1 𝜋
= 4[ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ]
2+4 2+4−2 2 2
3 1 𝜋 𝜋
= 4[ ⋅ ⋅ ] =
6 4 4 8
𝜋/2
iv) Evaluate ∫𝜋/2 sin4 𝑥 ⋅ cos5 𝑥𝑑𝑥 (Mar − 10)

𝜋/2
Sol: Given ∫0 sin4 𝑥 ⋅ cos5 𝑥𝑑𝑥, 𝑚 = 4, 𝑛 = 5 (odd)

𝑛−1 𝑛−3 1
= ⋅ ⋯ , if 𝑚 even, 𝑛 is odd
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛−2 𝑚+1
5−1 5−3 1
= ⋅ ⋅
4+5 4+5−2 4+1
4 2 1
= ⋅ ⋅
9 7 5
8
=
315
π/2
v) Evaluate ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (May-16, AP)
π/2 𝑛−1 𝑛−3 1 𝑚−1 1𝜋
Sol: ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑚+𝑛 ⋅ 𝑚+𝑛−2 ⋯ 𝑚+2 . 𝑚
….2 2

𝑚 = 6 (even), 𝑛 = 4 (even)
4 −1 4−3 6−1 6−3 6−5 π
= ⋅ ⋅ . ⋅ ⋅
6+4 6+4−2 6 6−2 6−4 2
3 1 5 3 1 π
= ⋅ ⋅ . ⋅ ⋅
10 8 6 4 2 2
𝜋/2
vi) Evaluate ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛5 𝑥 ⋅ cos8 𝑥𝑑𝑥 (Mar − 18 AP)

π/2 π/2 𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥

Sol: ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛5 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 8 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝑥
. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 8 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
π/2
= ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, m = 5, n= 3 (odd)
𝑛−1 𝑛−3 2 1
= ⋅ ⋯ . if 1 ≠ 𝑛 is odd
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛−2 𝑚+3 𝑚+1

158
 TSWREIS
3 −1 1 2 1 1
= ⋅ = . =
5 + 3 5 + 1 8 6 24
π/2
vii) Evaluate ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
π/2 𝑛−1 𝑛−3 1 𝑚−1 2
Sol: Given ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = = ⋅ ⋯ . ….
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛−2 𝑚+2 𝑚 3

𝑚 = 5, 𝑛 = 4 (even)
4 −1 4−3 5−1 5−3
= 5+4
⋅ 5+4−2 ⋅ 5
. 5−2
3 1 4 2 8
= 9 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 5 . 3 = 315
𝑖
16. Evaluate lim ∑𝑛𝑖=1
𝑛→∞ 𝑛2 +𝑖 2

𝑖
𝑖 1 ( )
Sol: Given lim ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑛2+𝑖 2 = lim 𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑛
𝑖 2
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 1+( )
𝑛

1 𝑥 1 1 2𝑥
= ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2

1 1
= 2 [𝑙𝑜𝑔|1 + 𝑥 2 |]10 = 2
𝑙𝑜𝑔2

𝑎
17. Evaluate ∫0 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑎
𝑎 𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
Sol: ∫0 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = [ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )]
2 2 𝑎 0

𝑎2 𝑎
=0+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) − 0
2 𝑎

𝑎2 𝑎2 𝜋 𝜋𝑎 2
= 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (1) = 2
.2 = 4

1 𝑑𝑥
18. Evaluate ∫0 (Mar − 19)
√3−2𝑥
1 𝑑𝑥 1 1 −2𝑑𝑥 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
Sol: ∫0 = − 2 ∫0 {∵ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2√𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐}
√3−2𝑥 √3−2𝑥 √𝑓(𝑥)
1
− 2 [2√3 − 2𝑥]1
2
= − 2 [√3 − 2 − √3 − 0
= −[1 − √3] = √3 − 1

𝜋/2
19. Find ∫0 cos11 𝑥𝑑𝑥 (Mar-19, TS)

𝜋/2 𝑛−1 𝑛−3 2

Sol: WKT, ∫0 cos𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛
⋅ 𝑛−2 ⋯ 3 ⋅ 1, nisodd

𝜋/2
11 − 1 11 − 3 11 − 5 11 − 7 11 − 9
∴∫ cos11 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅1
0 11 11 − 2 11 − 4 11 − 5 11 − 8
10 8 6 4 2 256
= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅1 =
11 9 7 5 3 693

159
 TSWREIS
𝑎
20. Evaluate ∫0 (√𝑎 − √𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 (Mar − 19 − TS)
𝑎 𝑎
Sol: Given ∫0 (√𝑎 − √𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 (𝑎 + 𝑥 − 2√𝑎 √𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑥2 2 𝑎
= 𝑎(𝑥)𝑎0 + ( ) − 2√𝑎 ⋅ [(𝑥 3/2 )]0
2 3 0
𝑎2 4√𝑎
= 𝑎(𝑎 − 0) + −0− [𝑎3/2 − 0]
2 3
𝑎2 4√𝑎 𝑎2 4𝑎 2 𝑎2
= 𝑎(𝑎) + − (𝑎 √𝑎) = 𝑎2 + − =
2 3 2 3 6

𝜋/2
21. Find ∫0 sin7 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋/2 7−1 7−3 7−5 6 4 2 16
Sol: ∫0 sin7 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅ = 𝑛 = 7 (odd)
7 7−2 7−4 7 5 3 35

1+24+34+⋯+𝑛4
22. Evaluate lim
𝑛→∞ 𝑛5
1+24 +34 +⋯+𝑛4 1 1+24 +34 +⋯+𝑛4
Sol: lim 𝑛5
= lim 𝑛 ( 𝑛4
)
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞

𝑛 1
1 𝑖 4 1
𝑥5 1
= lim ∑ ( ) = ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 = ( ) =
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛 0 5 0 5
𝑖=1

160
 TSWREIS

8. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

CDF Points

 Definition:- An equation involving one dependent variable and its derivatives w.r.t
one or more independent variables is called a differential equation.
If a differential equation contains only one independent variable, then it is called on
ordinary differential equation.

If a differential equation contains more than one independent variable ten it is called
a partial differential equation.

 Order of D.E - The order of highest ordered derivative occurring in the differential
equation is said to be the order of the differential equation.
 Degree of D.E: - The degree of highest order derivative occurring in the differential
equation is said to be degree of the differential equation.
 Formation of the Differential equation:-
i) Differentiate the given equation w.r.t ' 𝑥 ' (independent variable) os many times as
the number of arbitrary constants (parameter)

ii) Then eliminate the arbitrary Constants, we will get the required differential equation

The number of arbitrary Constants in the given polynomial = The order of its 𝐷 ⋅ 𝐸.

 Solution of D.E: - A Solution of a differential equation is a relation between

dependent variable, independent variables and along with some arbitrary
constants satisfying the given D.E.
 Methods of solutions:-
(1) Variable Separable method: - The differential equation which can be expressed as
𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0, then it is called. variable separable type D.E.

The solution is ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐.

𝑑𝑦 𝑓(𝑥,𝑦)
(2) Homogeneous Equations:- A. differential equation which is in the form. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑥,𝑦)

(where 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) & g(𝑥, 𝑦) are same degree homogeneous function,) is called the
homogeneous equation

161
 TSWREIS
𝑑𝑦
(i) A homogeneous D.E can be expressed in the form of = 𝜙(𝑏/𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
we can solve this by taking the substitution 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 their 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and then the D.E

transformed in to variable separable type

𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
(ii) A. homogeneous D.E of the form 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜙 (𝑦) is Solved by taking 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 their 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣 +
𝑑𝑣
𝑦 . and we can transformed as variable separable type.
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑦 𝑎 𝑥+𝑏 𝑦+𝑐
 Non-Homogeneous Equations.- A differential equation is of the form 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎1 𝑥+𝑏1𝑦+𝑐1 is
2 2 2

called a Non-homogeneous equation.

These are the three types

i) if 𝑏1 = −𝑎1

𝑎 𝑏
(ii) if 𝑏1 ≠ −𝑎1 , 𝑎1 = 𝑏1
2 2

𝑎 𝑏
(ii) If 𝑏1 ≠ −𝑎1 and 𝑎1 ≠ 𝑏1
2 2

These equations can be solved. by casing the specified methods which we shown in
solved problems

(4) Linear Differential equations:- A. differential equations which are in the form.

𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑝𝑦 = 𝑄 where 𝑃, 𝑄 are the
𝑑𝑥
functions in ' 𝑥 '

is called the linear differential equation

(i) we use the 𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥

(ii) Then the Solution of linear equation is 𝑦 ⋅ (𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹) = ∫ [𝑄(𝑥) × 𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹]𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶.

𝑑𝑥
Note:- AD.E y in the form. + 𝑃(𝑦)𝑥 = 𝑄(𝑦) is i) 𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 .
𝑑𝑦

(ii) Solution is 𝑥(𝐼, 𝐹) = ∫ [𝑄(𝑦)𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹]𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐

162
 TSWREIS
Differential Equations-VSAQ (2 Marks)
6/5
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3
1. Find the order and degree of [ + (𝑑𝑥 ) ] = 6𝑦 (AP -15,16, 15 − 15,17),
𝑑𝑥 2
May -11)
Sol: Given D.E Can be written as
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3
+ (𝑑𝑥 ) = (6𝑦)5/6 , order = 2, degree = 1
𝑑𝑥 2

5/3
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
2. Find the order and degree of the differential equation = [1 + (𝑑𝑥 ) ] (TS-18, 22,
𝑑𝑥 2
Mar-10)
3
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
Sol: Given D.E can be written as (𝑑𝑥 2 ) = [1 + (𝑑𝑥 ) ]

∴ order = 2, degree = 3
1/3
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3. Find the order and degree of the Differential equation 𝑥 1/2 (𝑑𝑥 2 ) + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0
1 1/3
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Sol: Given D.E can be written as 𝑥 2 (𝑑𝑥 2 ) = − (𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦) (AP-18, TS-
15)

Cubing on Both sides

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3
𝑥 3/2 (𝑑𝑥 2 ) = − (𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦)

∴ Order = 2, degree = 1

1/3 1/4
𝑑𝑦 1/2 𝑑2 𝑦
4. Find the order and degree of the differential equation [(𝑑𝑥 ) + (𝑑𝑥 2 ) ] =0
1/3
𝑑𝑦 1/2 𝑑2 𝑦
Sol: Given D.E can be written as (𝑑𝑥 ) + (𝑑𝑥 2 ) =0

1/3
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1/2 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3/2
(𝑑𝑥 2 ) = − (𝑑𝑥 ) ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 2 = − (𝑑𝑥 )

Cubing on 𝐵. 𝑆 and again squaring on B.S

2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3
(𝑑𝑥 2 ) = (𝑑𝑥 )

∴ Order = 2, degree = 2
2
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
5. Find the order and degree of the Differential equation (𝑑𝑥 3 ) − 3 (𝑑𝑥 ) − 𝑒 𝑥 = 4 (Mar
-14)
2
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
Sol: For Given 𝐷 ⋅ 𝐸, (𝑑𝑥 3 ) − 3 (𝑑𝑥 ) − 𝑒 𝑥 = 4

∴ order = 3, degree = 2
163
 TSWREIS
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
6. Find the order and degree of 𝑑𝑥 2 + 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = log (𝑑𝑥 )
𝑑𝑦
Sol: log (𝑑𝑥 ) cannot be expressed as a polynomial

∴ Order = 2 and Degree is Undefined.

7. Form the differential equation of the family of Circles with their centres at the origin
and also find its order (Mar-
11)
Sol. The equation of family of circles with their Centres at the origin is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 , 𝑟 is

constant

Differentiate it wort to 𝑥 we get

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0⇒𝑥+𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

∴ order = 1, degree = 1

8. Form the differential equation corresponding to 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 − 2𝑐 2 where 𝑐 is a

parameter. (Mar-09)
Sol: Given equation 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 − 2𝑐 2 , − − −(1) 𝑐 is a parameter

Diff it with respect to 𝑥 we get

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑐 ---- (2)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
Sub eq (2) in eq (1), 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 2 (𝑑𝑥 )

9. Form the differential equation corresponding to 𝑦 = 𝐴cos 3𝑥 + 𝐵sin 3𝑥, where A, B are
parameters. (AP-15, TS-16)
Sol: Given equation 𝑦 = 𝐴cos 3𝑥 + 𝐵sin 3𝑥 where 𝐴, 𝐵 are parameters

Diff it w.r.t to 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −3𝐴sin 3𝑥 + 3𝐵cos 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Again differentiating it w.r.t. 𝑥

𝑑2𝑦
= −9𝐴cos 3𝑥 − 9𝐵sin 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
= −9[𝐴cos 3𝑥 + 𝐵sin 3𝑥] = −9𝑦

𝑑2𝑦
∴ + 9𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
10. Find the general solution of 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0 (May-16)

164
 TSWREIS
𝑑𝑦
Sol: Given 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0 can be written as

𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =𝑐
2 2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝐶
𝑑𝑦
11. Find the general solution of = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 (AP-22, Har-18)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Sol Given 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑦

1
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑦

∫ 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

⇒ −𝑒 −𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐

∴ 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑑𝑦 2𝑦
12. Find the general solution of 𝑑𝑥 = (Mar-19-T.S)
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
Sol: Given 𝑑𝑥 = ⇒ = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑦

𝑑𝑦 1
∫ = 2 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐
𝑦

= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 2

13. Solve 𝑦(1 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥(1 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 (𝐴𝑃 −

20)
Sol: Given D.E 𝑦(1 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥(1 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
1+𝑥 1+𝑦
can be written as ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 𝑦

1 1
∫ ( + 1) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ ( + 1) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 𝑦
log 𝑥 + 𝑥 + log 𝑦 + 𝑦 = 𝑐
∴ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + log 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐

14. Solve √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 + √1 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0
Sol: Given D.E √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 + √1 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0 can be written as

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
∫ 2
+∫ =0
1−𝑦 √1 − 𝑥 2
sin−1 𝑦 + sin−1 𝑥 = 𝑐

𝑑𝑦 1+𝑦 2
15. Solve 𝑑𝑥 = 1+𝑥 2
165
 TSWREIS
𝑑𝑦 1+𝑦 2
Sol: Given D.E 𝑑𝑥 = 1+𝑥 2 can be written as

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
∫ 2
=∫
1+𝑦 1 + 𝑥2
Tan−1 𝑦 = Tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑦
16. Solve 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑦−𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑒𝑦
Sol: Given D.E 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑦−𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 can be written as

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑦
= ∫ 𝑥 ⇒ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑒
−𝑒 −𝑦 = −𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐
∴ 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑦 = 𝑐

17. Find the I.f of the D.E (1 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 = (Tan−1 𝑦 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑦

Sol: Given D.E (1 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 = (Tan−1 𝑦 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥 tan−1 𝑦 − 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑦 1 + 𝑦2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 tan−1 𝑦 1
∴ + 2
= 2
, Here 𝑃(𝑦) =
𝑑𝑦 1 + 𝑦 1+𝑦 1 + 𝑦2
1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑦
𝐼⋅𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 =𝑒 1+𝑦 2 = 𝑒 Tan
𝑑𝑦
18. Find the I.F of the D.E 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 sec 2 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Sol: Given D.E 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 ⋅ sec 2 2𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 1
∴ − = 2𝑥sec 2 2𝑥, 𝑝(𝑥) = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1 −1 1
𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ −𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −log𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 log𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑥 −1 =
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
19. Solve 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Sol: Sol. Given 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 ⇒ ∫ =∫
𝑦 𝑥

⇒ log 𝑦 = log 𝑥 + log 𝑐

log 𝑦 = log 𝑐𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
20. Solve 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
Sol: Given 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 ⇒ ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝑦2 𝑥2
= + 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 = 2𝑐
2 2

𝑑𝑦
21. Find the I.F of the D.E (cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦sin 𝑥 = tan 𝑥

166
 TSWREIS
𝑑𝑦
Sol: Given D.E cos𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦sin 𝑥 = tan 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
∴ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 . 𝑦 = , 𝑃(𝑥 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥| = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥

Differential Equations - LAQ (7 Marks)

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2 +𝑦+1
1. + 𝑥 2+𝑥+1 = 0 (May-08, M-03)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2+𝑦+1
Sol: Given D.E 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2+𝑥+1 = 0 can be written as

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
+ =0
𝑦2 + 𝑦 + 1 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1
∵ 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1
1 1 1
= 𝑥2 + 2 ⋅ 𝑥 ⋅ + − + 1
2 4 4
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
∫ 2 +∫ 2 = 0
1 2 √3 1 2
√3
(𝑦 + 2) + ( 2 ) (𝑥 + 2) + ( 2 )

1 2 3
= (𝑥 + ) +
2 4
2
1 2 √3
= (𝑥 + ) + ( )
2 2
1 1
1 𝑦+2 1 𝑥+2
−1 −1
Tan ( )+ Tan ( )+𝑐
√3 √3 √3 √3
(2) 2 (2) 2
1
∵∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
1 𝑥
= Tan−1 ( ) + 𝑐
𝑎 𝑎

2𝑦 + 1 2𝑥 + 1 √3
Tan−1 ( ) + Tan−1 ( ) = 𝑐 where 𝑐=𝑐
√3 √3 2

167
 TSWREIS
𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑥
2. Solve (1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑦 = 𝑒 Tan May -07, M-10
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑥
Sol: Given D.E (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑒 Tan

−1
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑒 Tan 𝑥
∴ + = is a linear D.E in 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2 1 + 𝑥2
−1 𝑥
1 𝑒 Tan
Here, 𝑃(𝑥) = 1+𝑥 2 , 𝑄(𝑥) = 1+𝑥 2

1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 −1 𝑥
∴ 𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 1+𝑥 2 = 𝑒 Tan

General solution is 𝑦(𝐼. 𝐹) = ∫ 𝑄(𝑥)(𝐼. 𝐹)𝑑𝑥

−1
Tan−1 𝑥
𝑒 Tan 𝑥 Tan−1 𝑥
𝑦⋅𝑒 =∫ ⋅𝑒 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑥2
−1 2
(𝑒 Tan 𝑥 ) 1
=∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 put tan−1 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
1+𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
= ∫ (𝑒 𝑡 )2 𝑑𝑡

𝑒 2𝑡
= ∫ 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = +𝑐
2
−1 𝑥 1 2Tan−1 𝑥
𝑦 ⋅ 𝑒 Tan = 𝑒 +𝑐
2
𝑑𝑦
3. Solve (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1) = 1 Mar −13, 𝐽 − 05
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Sol: Given D.E (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = 1

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∴ = 𝑥+𝑦+1⇒ − 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 1 is a linear 𝐷 ⋅ 𝐸 in 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

Here, 𝑃(𝑦) = −1, 𝑄(𝑦) = 𝑦 + 1

𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 ∫ −1𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑦

General solution is 𝑥(𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹) = ∫ 𝑄(𝑦)(𝐼. 𝐹)𝑑𝑦

𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 −𝑦 = ∫ (𝑦 + 1) ⋅ 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦

= (𝑦 + 1)(−𝑒 −𝑦 ) − ∫ 𝑒 −𝑦 (−1)𝑑𝑦
𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 −𝑦 = −(𝑦 + 1)𝑒 −𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑦 + 𝑐
𝑥 = − (𝑦 + 1) − 1 + 𝑐 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑦
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2 = 𝑐 ⋅ 𝑒𝑦

168
 TSWREIS
𝑑𝑦
4. Solve (𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑦) = 1 (Mar-11)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Sol Given D.E 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑦) = 1

𝑑𝑥
∴ = 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
− 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 is a Bernoulli's 𝐷 ⋅ 𝐸
𝑑𝑦
1 𝑑𝑥 𝑦
− = 𝑦 3 − − − −(1)
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑥
1 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
put − = 𝑡 ⇒ 2 =
𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑡
eq (1) becomes, 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑡𝑦 = 𝑦 3 is a linear 𝐷 ⋅ 𝐸 in 𝑡

Here, 𝑃(𝑦) = 𝑦, 𝑄(𝑦) = 𝑦 3

𝑦2
Here, 𝑃(𝑦) = 𝑦, 𝑄(𝑦) = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒2
𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐹) = ∫ 𝑄

General solution is 𝑡(𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹) = ∫ 𝑄(𝑦)(𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹)𝑑𝑦

Several solution is
𝑦2 𝑦2 𝑦2
𝑡 ⋅ 𝑒 2 = ∫ 𝑦 3 ⋅ 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑦 put = 𝑧, 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑧
2
𝑡𝑒 𝑧 = ∫ 2𝑧 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 2 ∫ 𝑧𝑒 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑡𝑒 𝑧 = 2𝑒 𝑧 (𝑧 − 1) + 𝑐
𝑦2
𝑡 = 2(𝑧 − 1) + 𝑐 ⋅ 𝑒 −𝑧 −
2
1 𝑦2 −
𝑦2
− = 2 ( − 1) + 𝑐 ⋅ 𝑒 2
𝑥 2
1 𝑦2
− = 𝑦2 − 2 + 𝑐 ⋅ 𝑒− 2 = 1
𝑥
𝑦2
−
𝑥 (2 − 𝑦 + 𝑐 ⋅ 2
𝑒 2) = 1 where 𝑐𝑧 − 𝑐

5. Solve (𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 (Ap -

18)
Sol. Given D.E (𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 can be written as

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 2
= 3 is a Homgeneous D.E
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
Put 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

169
 TSWREIS
𝑑𝑣 𝑥 2 (𝑣𝑥) − 2𝑥(𝑣𝑥)2 𝑣 − 2𝑣 2
∴𝑣+𝑥 = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 (𝑣𝑥) 1 − 3𝑣
2
𝑑𝑣 𝑣 − 2𝑣 𝑣 − 2𝑣 2 − 𝑣 + 3𝑣 2 𝑣2
𝑥 = −𝑣 = =
𝑑𝑥 1 − 3𝑣 1 − 3𝑣 1 − 3𝑣
1 − 3𝑣 𝑑𝑥 1 − 3𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = ⇒∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫
𝑣2 𝑥 𝑣2 𝑥
1 1 1
∫ 2 𝑑𝑣 − 3 ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑣 𝑣 𝑥
1
− − 3log |𝑣| = log 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑣
𝑥 𝑦
− − 3log | | = log 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦 𝑥

𝑥 𝑦
+ 3log |𝑥 | + log 𝑥 = 𝑐 where −𝑐 = 𝑐
𝑦

6. Solve the differential equation (2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0

Sol: Given D.E (2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0

∴
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
=
−2𝑥−𝑦−1
4𝑥+2𝑦−1
,here a = - 2, b= - 1, 𝑎1 = 4, 𝑏1 = 2,𝑎𝑎 1
𝑏
= 𝑏′ =
−1
2

It is a non-homogenous D.E and it can be solved by case(ii)

𝑑𝑦 −(2𝑥+𝑦)−1
= ------ (1)
𝑑𝑥 2(2𝑥+𝑦)−1

Put 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑡

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
2 + 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ = 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ------- (2)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑡 −𝑡−1
From eq1, eq2, −2 =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑡−1

𝑑𝑡 −𝑡−1 4𝑡−2−𝑡−1 3𝑡−3 𝑑𝑡 3(𝑡−1)

=2+ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑡−1 2𝑡−1 2𝑡−1 𝑑𝑥 2𝑡−1

2𝑡−1 2𝑡−1
Therefore, 𝑑𝑡 = 3𝑑𝑥 ⇒ ∫ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 3𝑑𝑥
𝑡−1 𝑡−1

2𝑡−2+1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑡 = 3∫ 1𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 2∫ 1 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 3∫ 1𝑑𝑥
𝑡−1 𝑡−1

2𝑡 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑡 − 1| = 3𝑥 + 𝑐
∴ 2(2𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔|2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1| + 3𝑥 + 𝑐

170
 TSWREIS
𝑦 𝜋
7. Given solution of 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 which passes through the point (1, ).
𝑥 4
𝑦
Sol: Given D.E 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦
2 𝑦
(𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑥
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦−𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 ( ) 𝑦 𝑦
Therefore, = 𝑥
= 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
Which is a homogenous D.E put 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
∴𝑣+𝑥 = 𝑣 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑣
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
= ⇒∫ =∫
−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑣 𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑣 𝑥
1
∫ − cosec −2 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ cot 𝑣 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥| + 𝑐 ------- (1)
𝑥
𝜋
Given that eq1 passing through the point (1, 4 )

𝑦
cot ( ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥| + 𝑐 --------- (2)
𝑥
𝜋
cot ( ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|1| + 𝑐 ⇒ 1 = 0 + 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑐 = 1
𝑥
𝑦
Sub 𝑐 = 1 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞(2) cot ( ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥| + 1
𝑥

8. Solve the differential equation (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Sol: given D.E (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0 can be written as
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 3 −3𝑥𝑦 2
= is a homogenous D.E
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3 −3𝑥𝑦 2

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
Put 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 then =𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑣 𝑥 3 −3𝑥(𝑣 2 𝑥 2 1−3𝑣 2
Therefore, 𝑣+𝑥 = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 3 𝑥 3 −3𝑥 2 (𝑣𝑥) 𝑣 3 −3𝑣

𝑑𝑣 1−3𝑣 2 1−3𝑣 2 −𝑣 4 +3𝑣 2 1−𝑣 4

𝑥 = −𝑣 ⇒ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 3 −3𝑣 𝑣 3 −3𝑣 𝑣 3 −3𝑣
𝑣 3 −3𝑣 𝑑𝑥 3𝑣+𝑣 3 1
1−𝑣 4
𝑑𝑣 =
𝑥
⇒
𝑣 4 −1
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
-----(1)
3𝑣+𝑣 3 3𝑣−𝑣 3 𝐴 𝑏 𝐶𝑉+𝐷
Consider = = + + ---- (2)
𝑣 4 −1 (𝑣+1)(𝑣−1)𝑣 2 −1 𝑣+1 𝑣−1 𝑣 2 +1

Therefore, 3𝑣 − 𝑣 3 = 𝐴(𝑣 − 1)(𝑣 2 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑣 + 1)(𝑣 2 + 1) + (𝐶𝑉 + 𝐷)(𝑣 2 + 1)

Put = 𝑣 = 1, -3+1=A(-1-1)(1+1)+0+0
1
-2 = -2(2A) ⇒ A =
2

171
 TSWREIS
1
Put v=1, 3 -1= 0 + 4B ⇒ 4B=2 ⇒ B = 2

Comparing 𝑣 3 − 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 ⇒ 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = −1
1 1
⇒ + + 𝐶 = −1 ⇒ 1 + 𝑐 = −1 ⇒ 𝑐 = −1 − 1 = −2
2 2
1 1
Constant terms, −𝐴 + 𝐵 − 𝐷 = 0 ⇒ − + − 𝐷 = 0 = 𝐷 = 0
2 2
1 1
Sub 𝐴 = , 𝐵 = , 𝐶 = −2, 𝐷 = 0 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞2
2 2

1 1
3𝑣+𝑣 3 2 2 −2𝑣+0
= + +
𝑣 4 −1 𝑣+1 𝑣−1 𝑣 2 +1
1 1 1 1 2𝑣 𝑑𝑥
Eq1 ⇒ ∫ 𝑑𝑣 + ∫ 𝑑𝑣 − ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫
2 𝑣+1 2 𝑣−1 𝑣 2 +1 𝑥
1 1 1
𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑣 + 1|+ 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑣 − 1| − 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑣 2 + 1| = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐
2 2 2
1
[𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑣 + 1)(𝑣 − 1)] − log(𝑣 2 + 1) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐𝑥
2

𝑙𝑜𝑔√𝑣 2 − 1 − log 𝑣 2 + 1 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐𝑥

√𝑣 2 −1
𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐𝑥
𝑣 2−1

√𝑣 2−1
∴ = 𝑐𝑥
𝑣 2 −1

𝑦2 𝑦2
𝑣 2 − 1 = 𝑐 2 𝑥 2 (𝑣 2 + 1) ⇒ − 1 = 𝑐 2 𝑥 2 (𝑥2 + 1)
𝑥2

𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑐 2 𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑑𝑦
9. Solve + 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑦 = 𝑥 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Sol: Give D.E + 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑦 = 𝑥 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑦 is a Bernoulli’s D.E
𝑑𝑥

Dividing it by 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑦 we get

1 𝑑𝑦 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
( ) +𝑥( ) = 𝑥3
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦. 𝑥 = 𝑥 3
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
Put 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑡
Therefore, + 2𝑥. 𝑡 = 𝑥 3 is a linear D.E in 𝑡
𝑑𝑥

Here, 𝑃(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥, 𝑄 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3

2
I.F. =𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
General solution is 𝑡(𝐼. 𝐹 ) = ∫ 𝑄(𝑥 ) ⋅ (𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2
𝑡(𝑒 𝑥 ) = ∫ 𝑥3. 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥2 . 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥𝑑𝑥)
172
 TSWREIS
1
Put 𝑥 2 = 𝑧 , 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧, 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧
2
1 1
𝑡. 𝑒 𝑧 = 2 ∫ 𝑧𝑒 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 ⇒ 𝑡. 𝑒 𝑧 = 2 𝑒 𝑧 (𝑧 − 1) + 𝑐
1
𝑡 = 2 (𝑧 − 1) + 𝑐. 𝑒 −𝑧
1 2
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 = 2 (𝑥 2 − 1) + 𝑐. 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3𝑦−7𝑥+7
10. Solve =
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥−7𝑦−3
𝑑𝑦 3𝑦−7𝑥+7 −7𝑥+3𝑦+7
Sol: Given equation, = 3𝑥−7𝑦−3 = ------- (1)
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥−7𝑦−3

Eq1 is a non-Homogeneous D.E

ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑎1 = −7, 𝑏1 = 3, 𝑐1 = 7, 𝑎2 = 3, 𝑏2 = −7, 𝑐2 = −3

𝑎1 𝑏1 −7 −3
𝑏1 ≠ 𝑎2 ⇒ 3 ≠ −3 ⇒ ≠ = ≠
𝑎2 𝑏2 3 7

Therefore, eq1 can be solved by using case(iii)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑌
Let 𝑥 = 𝑋 + ℎ , 𝑦 = 𝑌 + 𝑘 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑋
𝑑𝑌 −7(𝑋+ℎ)+3(𝑌+𝑘)+7
From eq1, =
𝑑𝑋 3(𝑋+ℎ)−7(𝑌+𝑘)−3

𝑑𝑌 −7𝑋−7ℎ+3𝑦+3𝑘+7 −7𝑋+3𝑦+(−7ℎ+3𝑘+7)
= = ----- (2)
𝑑𝑋 3𝑋+3ℎ−7𝑌−7𝑘−3 3𝑋−7𝑌+(3ℎ−7𝑘−3)

𝑙𝑒𝑡 − 7ℎ + 3𝑘 + 7 = 0 ------ (3), 3ℎ − 7𝑘 − 3 = 0 ------ (4)

Solving eq (3) & (4)

ℎ 𝑘 𝑖
h k 1 = =
−9+49 21−21 49−9

ℎ 𝑘 𝑖
3 7 -7 3 40
= 0 = 40

-7 -3 3 -7 h = 1, k = 0

∴ 𝑥 = 𝑋 + 1 ⇒ 𝑋 = 𝑥 − 1, 𝑦 = 𝑌 ----- (5)

From eq (2), (3), (4)

𝑑𝑌 −7𝑋 + 3𝑦
= 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑠 𝐷. 𝐸 𝑖𝑛 𝑌
𝑑𝑋 3𝑋 − 7𝑌
𝑑𝑌 𝑑𝑉
Put 𝑌 = 𝑉𝑋 then 𝑑𝑋 = 𝑉 + 𝑋 𝑑𝑋
𝑑𝑉 −7𝑋+3𝑉𝑋 −7+3𝑉
∴ 𝑉+𝑋 = =
𝑑𝑋 3𝑋−7𝑉𝑋 3−7𝑉

𝑑𝑉 −7+3𝑉 −7+3𝑉−3𝑉+7𝑉 2
∴ 𝑋 𝑑𝑋 = 3−7𝑉
−𝑉= 3−7𝑉

𝑑𝑉 7(𝑉 2 − 1)
𝑋 =
𝑑𝑋 3 − 7𝑉

173
 TSWREIS
3 − 7𝑉 𝑑𝑋
𝑑𝑉 =
7(𝑉 2 − 1) 𝑋
1 3 − 7𝑉 1
∫ 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ 𝑑𝑋
7 (𝑉 + 1)(𝑉 − 1) 𝑋
3 1 7 1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑉 − ∫ 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ 𝑑𝑋
7 (𝑉 + 1)(𝑉 − 1) 7 (𝑉 + 1)(𝑉 − 1) 𝑋
3 1 1 1 2𝑉 1
∫( − ) 𝑑𝑉 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ 𝑑𝑋
14 (𝑉 − 1) (𝑉 + 1) 2 𝑉 −1 𝑋
3 1
[log(𝑉 − 1) − log(𝑉 + 1)] − log(𝑉 2 − 1) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑋 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐶
14 2
3 log (𝑉 − 1) − 3 log(𝑉 + 1) − 7 log(𝑉 + 1) (𝑉 − 1) = 14𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑋 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐶
3 log(𝑉 − 1) − 3 log(𝑉 + 1) − 7 log(𝑉 + 1) − 7𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑉 − 1) = 14𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑋 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐶
−10 log(𝑉 + 1) − 4 log(𝑉 − 1) − 14𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑋 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐶
1
5 log(𝑉 + 1) + 2 log(𝑉 − 1) + 7𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑋 = − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐶
2
1 1
log(𝑉 + 1)5 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑉 − 1)2 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑋 7 = − 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐶 (∵ − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐶 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐)
2

log(𝑉 + 1)5 . (𝑉 − 1)2 . 𝑋 7 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐶

(𝑉 + 1)5 . (𝑉 − 1)2 . 𝑋 7 = 𝐶
5 2
𝑌 𝑌
( + 1) . ( − 1) . 𝑋 7 = 𝐶
𝑋 𝑋
𝑌+𝑋 5 𝑌−𝑋 2 7
( ) .( 5 ) .𝑋 = 𝐶
𝑋5 𝑋
(𝑌 + 𝑋)5 . (𝑌 − 𝑋)2 = 𝐶

(𝑦 + 𝑥 − 1)5 . (𝑦 − (𝑥 − 1))2 = 𝐶 (∵ (𝑌 = 𝑦 , 𝑋 = 𝑋 − 1))

∴ (𝑦 + 𝑥 − 1)5 . (𝑦 − 𝑥 − 1)2 = 𝐶
1 −2𝑉 1
∫ 2
𝑑𝑉 − ∫ 2
𝑑𝑉 = 2∫ 𝑑𝑋
1−𝑉 1−𝑉 𝑋
1 1+𝑣
𝑙𝑜𝑔 | |− 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |1 − 𝑣 2 | = 2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑋 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐶
2 1−𝑣
1
1+𝑣 2
log | | = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑋 2 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐶 + log (1 − 𝑉 2 )
1−𝑣
1
1+𝑉 2
log | | = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐶. 𝑋 2 . (1 − 𝑉 2 )
1−𝑉
1+𝑉 1
( )2 = 𝐶 2 . 𝑋 4 . (1 − 𝑉 2 )2
1−𝑉
1+𝑉
= 𝐶 2 . 𝑋 4 . (1 − 𝑉 2 )2
1−𝑉

174
 TSWREIS
𝑦
1+𝑥 𝑌2
= 𝐶 2 . 𝑋 4 . (1 − 2 )2
𝑌 𝑋
1−𝑋

𝑋+𝑌 (𝑋 2 − 𝑌 2 )2
= 𝐶 2. 𝑋4.
𝑋−𝑌 𝑋4
𝑋+𝑌
= 𝐶 2 . (𝑋 2 − 𝑌 2 )2
𝑋−𝑌
𝑋 + 𝑌 = 𝐶 2 (𝑋 + 𝑌)2 (𝑋 − 𝑌)2 (𝑋 − 𝑌)

1 = 𝐶 2 (𝑋 + 𝑌) (𝑋 − 𝑌)3
1
(𝑋 + 𝑌)(𝑋 − 𝑌)3 = 𝐶 ; =𝐶
𝐶2
5 1 6 3
(𝑥 + + 𝑦 − ) (𝑥 − 𝑦 + ) = 𝐶
3 3 3
4 6 3
(𝑥 + 𝑦 + ) (𝑥 − 𝑦 + ) = 𝐶
3 3
4
∴ (𝑥 + 𝑦 + ) (𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2)3 = 𝐶
3

11. Solve (2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑥 = (2𝑦 + 𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑦

Sol: Given equation is (3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑥 = (2𝑦 + 𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥+𝑦+3
Given equation, = –eq1
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦+𝑥+1

Eq1 is a non-Homogeneous D.E

ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑎1 = −2, 𝑏1 = 1, 𝑐1 = 3, 𝑎2 = 1, 𝑏2 = 2, 𝑐2 = 1
𝑎1 𝑏1
𝑏1 ≠ 𝑎2 & ⇒ ≠
𝑎2 𝑏2
Therefore, eq1 can be solved by using case(iii)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑌
Let 𝑥 = 𝑋 + ℎ , 𝑦 = 𝑌 + 𝑘 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑋
𝑑𝑌 2(𝑋+ℎ)+(𝑌+𝑘)+3
From eq1, =
𝑑𝑋 𝑋+ℎ+2(𝑌+𝑘)+1
𝑑𝑌 2𝑋+2ℎ+𝑌+𝑘+3 2𝑋+𝑌+(2ℎ+𝑘+3)
= = --eq2
𝑑𝑋 𝑋+ℎ+2𝑌+2𝑘+1 𝑋+2𝑌+(ℎ+2𝑘+1)

𝑙𝑒𝑡 2ℎ + 𝑘 + 3 = 0 ------- (3)

ℎ + 2𝑘 + 1 = 0 -------- (4)
ℎ 𝑘 1
h k 1 = =
1−6 3−2 4−1

ℎ 𝑘 1
1 3 2 1 −5
=1=3
−5 1
2 1 1 2 h= 3
,k=3
175
 TSWREIS
5 5 1 1
∴ 𝑥 = 𝑋 − 3 ⇒ 𝑋 = 𝑥 + 3 , 𝑦 = 𝑌 + 3 ⇒ 𝑌 = 𝑦 − 3 ----- (5)

from (2), (3), (4)

𝑑𝑌 2𝑋 + 𝑌
= 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑠 𝐷. 𝐸 𝑖𝑛 𝑌
𝑑𝑋 𝑋 + 2𝑌
𝑑𝑌 𝑑𝑉
Put 𝑌 = 𝑉𝑋 then 𝑑𝑋
= 𝑉 + 𝑋 𝑑𝑋
𝑑𝑉 2𝑋+𝑉𝑋 2+𝑉
∴ 𝑉 + 𝑋 𝑑𝑋 = 𝑋+2𝑉𝑋 = 1+2𝑉

𝑑𝑉 2+𝑉 2+𝑉−𝑉+2𝑉 2 2−2𝑉 2

∴ 𝑋 𝑑𝑋 = 1+2𝑉 − 𝑉 = 1+2𝑉
= 1+2𝑉

𝑑𝑉 2(1 − 𝑉 2 )
𝑋 =
𝑑𝑋 1 + 2𝑉
1 + 2𝑉 2
𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑋
1 − 𝑉2 𝑋
1 + 2𝑉 2
∫ 2
𝑑𝑉 = ∫ 𝑑𝑋
1−𝑉 𝑋

12. Solve (2𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = (2𝑦 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

Sol: Given equation is (2𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = (2𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥−𝑦
Given equation, = is a non-Homogeneous D.E
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦−𝑥
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑌
Put 𝑌 = 𝑉𝑋 then 𝑉 + 𝑋 𝑑𝑋 = 𝑑𝑋
𝑑𝑉 2𝑉𝑋−𝑋 2𝑉−1
∴ 𝑉 + 𝑋 𝑑𝑋 = 2𝑋−𝑉𝑋 = 2−𝑉

𝑑𝑉 2𝑉−1 2𝑉−1−2𝑉+𝑉 2
∴ 𝑋 = −𝑉 =
𝑑𝑋 2−𝑉 2−𝑉

2−𝑉 1
∫ 2
𝑑𝑉 = ∫ 𝑑𝑋
𝑉 −1 𝑋
1 1 2𝑉 1
2∫ 𝑑𝑉 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ 𝑑𝑋
𝑉2 −1 2 𝑉 −1 𝑋
1 𝑉−1 1
2 ⋅ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 | | + 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑉 2 − 1| = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑋 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐶
𝑧 𝑉+1 𝑧
𝑉−1
2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) − log(𝑉 + 1)(𝑉 − 1) = 2 log 𝐶𝑋
𝑉+1
𝑉−1 2
𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) − log(𝑉 + 1)(𝑉 − 1) = log(𝐶𝑋)2
𝑉+1
(𝑣 − 1)2 1
𝑙𝑜𝑔 2
⋅ = log(𝐶𝑋)2
(𝑣 + 1) (𝑉 + 1)(𝑉 − 1)
(𝑉 − 1)(𝑉 − 1)
= (𝐶𝑋 )2
(𝑉 + 1)3 (𝑉 − 1)
(𝑉 − 1) = 𝐶 2 𝑥 2 (𝑉 + 1)3
𝑦 𝑦 3
( − 1) = 𝐶 2 𝑥 2 ( + 1)
𝑥 𝑥
176
 TSWREIS
𝑦−𝑥 (𝑦 + 𝑥)3
= 𝐶 2𝑥2
𝑥 𝑥3
𝑦 − 𝑥 = 𝐶 2 (𝑦 + 𝑥 )3

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS-SAQ-4M
𝑑𝑦
1. Solve = 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Sol: Given = 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑦
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑥 2
= + =
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑦 𝑒 𝑦 𝑒𝑦
∫ 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑦
𝑥3 𝑥
𝑒 =𝑒 + +𝑐
3

𝑑𝑦
2. Solve 𝑑𝑥 + 1 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
Sol: Put 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑡, 1 + = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Given + 1 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑡
= 𝑒𝑡
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
1+ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑡
−𝑒 −𝑡 = 𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑥 + 𝑒 −(𝑥+𝑦) + 𝑐 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑥(2 log 𝑥+1)
3. Solve =
𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑦+𝑦 cos 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥(2 log 𝑥+1)
Sol: Given =
𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑦+𝑦 cos 𝑦

∫ (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (2𝑥. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 2∫ 𝑥. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥2 1 𝑥2
−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑦∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 = 2 [𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥. − ∫ ⋅ 𝑑𝑥] + ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥 2

−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑦∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 = 𝑥 2 log 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 𝑥2 log 𝑥 + 𝑐

177
 TSWREIS
4. Solve (𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦𝑥 2 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
Sol: Given (𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦𝑥 2 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠
𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥2 +1 𝑦 +1
1 2𝑥 1 2𝑦
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2 𝑥 +1 2 𝑦 +1
𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 2 + 1| + 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑦 2 + 1| = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐶

𝑙𝑜𝑔|(𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑦 2 + 1)| = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐶

(𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑦 2 + 1) = 𝐶

𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦+𝑦
5. Solve 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦+𝑥 (T S-22, May -16 TS)
𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦+𝑦 𝑦(𝑥+1)
Sol: Given that 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦+𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑦+1) can be

𝑦+1 𝑥+1
written as 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥

1 1
∫ (1 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (1 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

𝑦 + log |𝑦| = 𝑥 + log |𝑥| + 𝑐

6. Solve (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦. (𝐴𝑝 − 16,17,20, Hor -10)

Sol: Given that, 𝑑𝑥(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2+𝑦 2
∴ = --------- (1) is a Homogenear DE
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥𝑦

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
put 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 --------(2)

𝑑𝑣 𝑥 2+𝑣 2𝑥 2
from eq (1), (2), 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥(𝑣𝑥)

𝑑𝑣 1+𝑣 2
𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑣

𝑑𝑣 1+𝑣 2 1+𝑣 2 −2𝑣 2 1−𝑣 2

𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑣 = =
2𝑣 2𝑣 2𝑣

𝑑𝑥 −2𝑣
∫ = −∫ 𝑑𝑣
𝑥 1−𝑣 2

log |𝑥| + log 𝑐 = −log|1 − 𝑣 2 |

log 𝑐𝑥 + log|1 − 𝑣 2 | = 0

log 𝑐𝑥(1 − 𝑣 2 ) = 0

𝑦2
𝑐𝑥 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) = 𝑒 0 = 1

178
 TSWREIS
𝑥 2−𝑦 2
𝑐𝑥 ( )=1
𝑥2

𝑐 (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) = 𝑥 2

7. Solve √1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + √1 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 (Mar − 09)

Sol: Given that, √1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + √1 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 1 𝑦 1
2
√1 + 𝑥 2 + 2 sinh−1 𝑥 + 2 √1 + 𝑦 2 + 2 sinh−1 𝑦 = 𝑐

𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
∫ √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 + sinh−1 (𝑎) + 𝑐
2

∴ 𝑥√1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦√1 + 𝑦 2 + sinh−1 𝑥 + sinh−1 𝑦 = 2𝑐

𝑦
8. Solve 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = [𝑦 + 𝑥cos 2 ( ) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (Mar – 07,11, 13)
𝑥
𝑦
Sol: Given that 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = [𝑦 + 𝑥cos 2 (𝑥 )] 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
∴ = + cos 2 ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
put 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑣
from eq (1) (2), 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + cos 2 𝑣

𝑑𝑣
𝑥 = cos 2 𝑣
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑣 1
∫ cos2 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

1
∫ sec 2 𝑣𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Tan 𝑣 = log 𝑥 + log 𝑐

𝑦
Tan 𝑥 = log𝑒 𝑐𝑥

𝑑𝑦
9. Solve sin−1 (𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 (TS-20, May-07)
𝑑𝑦
Sol: Given D.E sin−1 (𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 𝑦

𝑑𝑦
∴ 𝑑𝑥 = sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) ------- (1)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
Put 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑡 ⇒ 1 + 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 -------(2)

𝑑𝑡
from eq (1) (2), 1 + sin 𝑡 = 𝑑𝑥

179
 TSWREIS
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∴ 1+sin 𝑡 = 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ ∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1+sin 𝑡

1 1−sin 𝑡
∫ × 1−sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1+sin 𝑡

1−sin 𝑡
∫ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos2 𝑡

∫ (sec 2 𝑡 − sec 𝑡 ⋅ tan 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥

Tan 𝑡 − sec 𝑡 = 𝑥 + 𝑐

Tan(𝑥 + 𝑦) − sec(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2+𝑦 2
10. Solve 𝑑𝑥 = (AP-22)
2𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2+𝑦 2
Sol: Given D.E = -------(1) This is a Homogeneous 𝐷 ⋅ 𝐸
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
Put 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 -------- (2)

𝑑𝑣 𝑥 2+𝑣 2 𝑥 2
from 𝑒𝑞 (1) & (2), 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 2

𝑑𝑣 1+𝑣 2
𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2

𝑑𝑣 1+𝑣 2 (𝑣−1)2
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑣 =
2 2

2𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
(𝑣−1)2 𝑥

2
− 𝑣−1 = log 𝑥 + log 𝑐

2 2
= log 𝑐𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = log 𝑐𝑥
1−𝑣 1−
𝑥

2𝑥
= log 𝑐𝑥 ⇒ 2𝑥 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)log 𝑐𝑥
𝑥−𝑦

𝑑𝑦
11. Solve (1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 2𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥 2 = 0 (AP-16, 20, M-06)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Sol: Given 𝐷 ⋅ 𝐸 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥 2 = 0 can be

𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 4𝑥 2
written as + (1+𝑥 2 ) 𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2

2𝑥 4𝑥 2
Here, 𝑃(𝑥 ) = 1+𝑥 2 , 𝑄(𝑥) = 1+𝑥 2

2𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 2)
𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 1+𝑥 2 = 𝑒 log𝑒(1+𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥2

180
 TSWREIS
General solution is 𝑦(𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹) = ∫ 𝑄(𝑥) ⋅ 𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹𝑑𝑥

4⋅𝑥 2
𝑦 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) = ∫ (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 2

𝑦(1 + 𝑥 2 ) = 4 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑥3
𝑦 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) = 4 +𝐶
3

𝑑𝑦
12. Solve 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦tan 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 sec 𝑥 M-09
𝑑𝑦
Sol: Given D.E 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦tan 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 sec 𝑥

Here, 𝑃(𝑥) = −tan 𝑥, 𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 sec 𝑥

I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 −log(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥)

= 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

Gene rat solution is 𝑦(𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹) = ∫ 𝑄(𝑥) ⋅ (𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹)𝑑𝑥

𝑦 ⋅ cos 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 ⋅ sec 𝑥 ⋅ cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝑦cos 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦cos 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑑𝑦
13. Solve 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦sec 𝑥 = tan 𝑥 (June-10)
𝑑𝑦
Sol: Given 𝐷 ⋅ 𝐸 + 𝑦sec 𝑥 = tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Here, 𝑃(𝑥) = sec 𝑥, 𝑄(𝑥) = tan 𝑥

𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥

= 𝑒 log𝑒 |sec 𝑥+tan 𝑥|

I.F. = sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥

General solution is 𝑦(𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹) = ∫ 𝑄(𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹)𝑑𝑥

𝑦(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥) = ∫ tan 𝑥(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

= ∫ (sec 𝑥tan 𝑥 + tan2 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

= ∫ (sec 𝑥tan 𝑥 + sec 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥

= ∫ sec 𝑥tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 1𝑑𝑥

𝑦(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥) = sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐

181
 TSWREIS
𝑑𝑦
14. Solve 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦tan 𝑥 = cos 3 𝑥 (Ma y-11, Ap -17, 19, Ts-18)
𝑑𝑦
Sol: Given D.E + 𝑦tan 𝑥 = cos 3 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Here, 𝑃(𝑥) = tan 𝑥, 𝑄(𝑥) = cos 3 𝑥

𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 log𝑒 |sec 𝑥| = sec 𝑥

General solution is 𝑦(𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹) = ∫ 𝑄(𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹)𝑑𝑥

𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥. 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2

1 1
= 2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
= 2𝑥 + 2 +𝑐
2

𝑥 1
𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐
2 4

15. = (tan−1 𝑦 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 May -09

Sol: Given D.E (1 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 = (tan−1 𝑦 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥 tan−1 𝑦−𝑥 tan −1 𝑦 𝑥

∴ = = −
𝑑𝑦 1+𝑦 2 1+𝑦 2 1+𝑦 2

𝑑𝑥 𝑥 tan−1 𝑦
+ 1+𝑦 2 = tan−1 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1+𝑦 2

1 tan−1 𝑦
Here, 𝑃(𝑦) = 1+𝑦 2 , 𝑄(𝑦) = 1+𝑦 2

1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑦
𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 1+𝑦 2 = 𝑒 Tan

General solution is 𝑥(𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹) = ∫ 𝑄(𝑦)(𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹)𝑑𝑦

−1 𝑦 tan−1 𝑦 −1 𝑦
𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 Tan =∫ ⋅ 𝑒 Tan 𝑑𝑦
1+𝑦 2

1
𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑡 = ∫ 𝑡 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 put tan−1 𝑦 = 𝑡, 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑡
1+𝑦 2

𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑡 (𝑡 − 1) + 𝑐
−1 𝑦 −1 𝑦
𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 Tan = 𝑒 Tan (Tan−1 𝑦 − 1) + 𝑐

182
 TSWREIS
16. Solve (𝑒 𝑥 + 1)𝑦𝑑𝑦 + (𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = 0 June-10
Sol: Given that (𝑒 𝑥 + 1)𝑦𝑑𝑦 + (𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = 0 con be written as
𝑦 1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑦+1 𝑒 𝑥 +1

𝑦+1−1 𝑒 𝑥 +1−𝑒 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑦+1 𝑒 𝑥+1

1 𝑒𝑥
∫ (1 − 𝑦+1) 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ (1 − 𝑒 𝑥 +1) 𝑑𝑥 = 0

𝑦 − log |𝑦 + 1| + 𝑥 − log|𝑒 𝑥 + 1| = log 𝑐

𝑥 + 𝑦 = log 𝑐 + log|𝑒 𝑥 + 1| + log |𝑦 + 1|

𝑥 + 𝑦 = log 𝑐(𝑒 𝑥 + 1)(𝑦 + 1)

𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 = 𝑐(𝑒 𝑥 + 1)(𝑦 + 1)

𝑑𝑦
17. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 (TS-19, M-14)

𝑑𝑦
Sol Given cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦sin 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 can be written as

𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦tan 𝑥 = sec 3 𝑥 is a linear 𝐷 ⋅ 𝐸 in 𝑦
𝑑𝑥

Here, 𝑃(𝑥) = Tan 𝑥, 𝑄(𝑥) = sec 3 𝑥

I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒|sec 𝑥| = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥

General solution is 𝑦(𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹) = ∫ 𝑄(𝑥)(𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹)𝑑𝑥

𝑦 ⋅ sec 𝑥 = ∫ sec 3 𝑥 ⋅ sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥

= ∫ sec 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sec 2 𝑥 ⋅ sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥

= ∫ (1 + tan2 𝑥 )sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥

= ∫ (sec 2 𝑥 + tan2 𝑥sec 2 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

tan3 𝑥
𝑦sec 𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + +𝑐
3
𝑑𝑦
18. Solve 𝑥log 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2log 𝑥(May − 14)
𝑑𝑦
Sol: Given D.E 𝑥log 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2log 𝑥 can be written as

𝑑𝑦 1 2
+ 𝑦 = is a linear 𝐷 ⋅ 𝐸 sin 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑥log 𝑥 𝑥

183
 TSWREIS
1 2
Here 𝑃(𝑥 ) = xlog 𝑥 , 𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑥

1
1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 =𝑒 =𝑒 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥

General Solution is 𝑦 ⋅ (𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹) = ∫ 𝑄(𝑥)(𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹)𝑑𝑥

2
𝑦 ⋅ log 𝑥 = ∫ ⋅ log 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑥

(log 𝑥)2
𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 2 ⋅ +𝑐
2

𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = (log 𝑥)2 + 𝑐

𝑑𝑦
19. Solve 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥Tan(𝑦 − 𝑥) = 1 (T S-15)

𝑑𝑦
Sol: Given D.E − 𝑥Tan(𝑦 − 𝑥) ------(1)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
put 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 − 1 = 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 𝑑𝑥- ------- (2)

𝑑𝑡
from eq(1), (2) 1 + − 𝑥 tan 𝑡 = 1
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑥 tan 𝑡 ⇒ tan 𝑡 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

∫ cot 𝑡𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝑥2
log |sin 𝑡| = +𝑐
2

𝑥2
log |sin(𝑦 − 𝑥)| = +𝑐
2

𝑑𝑦
20. Solve 𝑑𝑥 = tan2 (𝑥 + 𝑦) (TS-22)

𝑑𝑦
Sol: Given D.E = tan2 (𝑥 + 𝑦) --------(1)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
Put 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑡 ⇒ 1 + 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 -------- (2)

𝑑𝑡
from eq (1), (2), 1 + tan2 𝑡 = 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
sec 2 𝑡 = 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = sec2 𝑡

1+cos 2𝑡
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 2 𝑡𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 2
𝑑𝑡

1 1
𝑥 = 2 ∫ 1𝑑𝑡 + 2 ∫ cos 2𝑡𝑑𝑡

1 1 sin 2𝑡
𝑥 = 2𝑡 + 2 +𝑐
2
184
 TSWREIS
1 1
𝑥= (𝑥 + 𝑦) + 4 sin 2(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑐
2

4𝑥 = 2(𝑥 + 𝑦) + sin(2𝑥 + 2𝑦) + 𝑐

𝑑𝑦 2𝑦
21. Solve 𝑑𝑥 + = 2𝑥 2 ( Ap -20,14)
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑦
Sol. Given D.E 𝑑𝑥 + = 2𝑥 2 is a linear D.E in y
𝑥

2
Here, 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 , 𝑄(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2

2 2
𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 𝑒 log𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 2 = 𝑥 2

General solution is 𝑦(𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹) = ∫ 𝑄(𝑥)(𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹)𝑑𝑥

2𝑥 5
𝑦𝑥 2 = ∫ 2𝑥 2 ⋅ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
5

2𝑥 5
𝑦𝑥 2 = +𝑐
5

5𝑦𝑥 2 = 2𝑥 5 + 𝑐; 5𝑐 = 𝑐

𝑑𝑦
22. Solve 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦tan 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 (TS-16, M-08,12)
𝑑𝑦
Sol: Given 𝐷. 𝐸 + 𝑦tan 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 is a linear D.E in 𝑦
𝑑𝑥

Here 𝑃(𝑥) = tan 𝑥, 𝑄(𝑥) = sin 𝑥

I.F. = 𝑒∫ 𝑝(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥| = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥

General solution is 𝑦(𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹) = ∫ 𝑄(𝑥)(𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹)𝑑𝑥

𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 | + 𝑐
𝑑𝑦
23. Solve 2(𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 1
𝑑𝑦
Sol Given D.E 2(𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 1

𝑑𝑦 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 1
∴ = is a Non - Hemogenenes D.E
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 2

Here, 𝑎1 = 4, 𝑏1 = −2, 𝑐1 = 1, 𝑎2 = 2, 𝑏2 = −6, 𝑐2 = 2

185
 TSWREIS
𝑏1 = −𝑎2 , So eq (1) can be solved by Using case (i)

(2𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 2)𝑑𝑦 = (4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥

2𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 6𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑑𝑦 − 4𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥 = 0

2(𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥) − 6𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑑𝑦 − 4𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥 = 0

2𝑑(𝑥𝑦) − 6𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑑𝑦 − 4𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥 = 0

Taking integration of each term we get

2 ∫ 𝑑(𝑥𝑦) − 6 ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑦 − 4 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 0

𝑦2 𝑥2
2𝑥𝑦 − 6 + 2𝑦 − 4 −𝑥 =𝐶
2 2

2𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 − 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 = 𝐶
𝑑𝑦 3𝑥−𝑦+7
24. Solve 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥−7𝑦−3
𝑑𝑦 3𝑥−𝑦+7
Sol: Given equation, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥−7𝑦−3 ------ (1) is a Non-Homogeneous D.E

here, 𝑎1 = 3, 𝑏1 = −1, 𝑐1 = 7, 𝑎2 = 1, 𝑏2 = −7, 𝑐2 = −3, 𝑏1 = −𝑎2

So, eq (1) can be solved by using case (i)

(𝑥 − 7𝑦 − 3)𝑑𝑦 = (3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 7)𝑑𝑥

𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 7𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 3𝑑𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 7𝑑𝑥 = 0

(𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥) − 7𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 3𝑑𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 7𝑑𝑥 = 0

𝑑 (𝑥𝑦) − 7𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 3𝑑𝑦 − 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 7𝑑𝑥 = 0

Taking integration of each term we get

∫ 𝑑(𝑥𝑦) − 7 ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 3 ∫ 𝑑𝑦 − 3 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 7 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 0

𝑦2 𝑥2
𝑥𝑦 − 7 − 3𝑦 − 3 − 7𝑥 = 𝑐
2 2

2𝑥𝑦 − 7𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 = 𝑘, 2𝑐 = 𝑘
𝑑𝑦 4𝑥 1
25. Solve the D.E + (1+𝑥 2 ) 𝑦 = (1+𝑥 2)2
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 4𝑥 1
Sol: Given 𝐷 ⋅ 𝐸 +( ) 𝑦 = (1+𝑥 2)2 is a linear D.E in 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2

4𝑥 1
Here, 𝑃(𝑥) = 1+𝑥 2 , 𝑄(𝑥) = (1+𝑥 2 )2

186
 TSWREIS
4𝑥 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ 1+𝑥2 =𝑒 1+𝑥2

2) 2 )2
𝑒 2log(1+𝑥 = 𝑒 log(1+𝑥 = (1 + 𝑥 2 )2

General Solution is 𝑦(𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹) = ∫ 𝑄(𝑥)(𝐼 ⋅ 𝐹)𝑑𝑥

1 2
𝑦. (1 + 𝑥 2 )2 = ∫ 2 . (1 + 𝑥2 ) 𝑑𝑥
(1+𝑥2 )

𝑦(1 + 𝑥 2 )2 = ∫ 1𝑑𝑥

𝑦 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2 = 𝑥 + 𝑐

187
 TSWREIS

MATHEMATICS, PAPER – IIB

MODEL QUESTION PAPER – I

(For the Academic Year 2023-24 Only)

Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 75M

Note: This Question Paper consists of three Sections A, B and C.

SECTION – A

Very Short Answer Type Questions. 10 × 2

= 20M

(i) Answer all the Questions

(ii) Each Question Carries 2 Marks.

1. If 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3 = 0 represents circle. Find the value of 𝑎 and 𝑏. Also find the radius
and centre.
2. Find the centre and radius of the Circle represented by √1 + 𝑚2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − 2𝑐𝑥 − 2𝑚𝑐𝑦 = 0.
3. Find the angle between the circles given by the equations 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 12𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 41 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 +
4𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 59 = 0.
5
4. Find the coordinates of the points on the parabola 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥. Whose focal distance is 2.

5. Define a rectangular hyperbola and find its eccentricity.

6. Evaluate ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥8
7. Evaluate ∫ 1+𝑥 18 𝑑𝑥
𝑛
8. ∫0 √2 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃 , find the value.

9. Find the area bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 3, X-axix, 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 2.

5
𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3
10. Find the order and degree of the differential equation 2 =
[1 + ].
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

SECTION – B

Short Answer Type Questions. 5 × 4 = 20M

(i) Answer any Five Questions.

(ii) Each Question Carries FOUR Marks.

11. Find the length of the chord intercepted by the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 22 = 0 on the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 3.
12. Find the equation of the circle passing through the origin and having its centre on the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4
and intersecting the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 4 = 0.
13. Find the length of major axis, minor axis, length of latus rectum, eccentricity, coordinates of centre,
foci and the equations of the directrices of the ellipse 9𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 = 144.

188
 TSWREIS
𝑥2 𝑦2
14. If the normal at one end of a latus rectum of the ellipse 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1 passes through one end of the

minor axis then show that 𝑒 4 + 𝑒 2 = 1. (𝑒 is the eccentricity of the ellipse).

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑏
15. Show that the angle between the two asymptotes of the hyperbola 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = 1 is 2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑎) or

2𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (𝑒).
𝜋
𝑑𝑥
16. Find ∫02
4+5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

17. Solve (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦.

SECTION – C

Long Answer Type Questions. 5 × 7 = 35M

(i) Answer any FIVE Questions.

(ii) Each Question Carries SEVEN Marks.

18. Find the equation of the circle passing though the points (3, 4), (3, 2) and (1, 4).
19. Find the equation of pair of tangents drawn from 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) to the circle 𝑆 ≡ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 =
0 is 𝑆𝑆11 = 𝑆12 .
20. Derive the equation of parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 in standard form.
21. Evaluate ∫(6𝑥 + 5)√6 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
22. Obtain the reduction formula for ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑛 ≥ 2) and hence find ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 .
𝜋/4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 1
23. Show that ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = 20 𝑙𝑜𝑔3.
9+16𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥

24. Solve (2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑥 = (2𝑦 + 𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑦.

189
 TSWREIS

MATHEMATICS, PAPER – IIB

MODEL QUESTION PAPER – II

(For the Academic Year 2023-24 Only)

Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 75M

Note: This Question Paper consists of three Sections A, B and C.

SECTION – A

Very Short Answer Type Questions. 10 × 2 = 20M

(i) Answer all the Questions

(ii) Each Question Carries 2 Marks.

1. Find the value of k if the points (4, 2) and (k, -3) are conjugate with respect to the circle
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 6 = 0.
2. Find the equation of the circle passing through (2, -1) having the centre at (2, 3).
3. Find the equation of the radical axis of circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 5 = 0, 3(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − 7𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 11 =
0.
4. Find the coordinates of points on parabola 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥 whose focal distance is 10.
1 1
5. If 𝑒, 𝑒1 are the eccentricities of a hyperbola and its conjugate hyperbola, prove that − 𝑒 2 = 1.
𝑒2 1

𝑑𝑥
6. Evaluate ∫ (𝑥+2)√𝑥+2.
1
7. Evaluate 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥(log(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥.

𝜋/2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝑥
8. Find the value of ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝑥
𝑑𝑥.
𝜋/2
9. Evaluate ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

10. Form the differential equation corresponding to 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 where A and B are
parameters.

SECTION – B

Short Answer Type Questions. 5 × 4 = 20M

(i) Answer any Five Questions.

(ii) Each Question Carries FOUR Marks.

11. If a point P is moving such that the length of tangents drawn from P to the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 −
6𝑦 − 12 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 + 18𝑦 + 26 = 0 are in ration 2 : 3 then find equation of the locus of P.
12. Find the equation of circle cutting orthogonally to the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 11 = 0, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 −
10𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 21 = 0 and 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 7 as diameter.

190
 TSWREIS
13. Find the eccentricity, coordinates of foci, length of the latus rectum and the equations of
directrices of the ellipse 9𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 − 36𝑥 + 32𝑦 − 92 = 0.
14. Show that the points of intersection of the perpendicular tangents to an ellipse lies on a circles.
15. Find the centre, eccentricity, foci, equations of directrices, length of latus rectum of hyperbola
9𝑥 2 − 16𝑦 2 + 72𝑥 − 32𝑦 − 16 = 0.
√𝑛+1+ √𝑛+2+⋯…..+√𝑛+𝑛
16. Evaluate lim .
𝑛→∞ 𝑛√𝑛

SECTION – C

Long Answer Type Questions. 5 × 7 = 35M

(i) Answer any FIVE Questions.

(ii) Each Question Carries SEVEN Marks.

𝑑𝑦
17. Solve 𝑑𝑥 + 1 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 .

18. Show that the following fair points (1, 1), (-6, 0), (-2, 2) and (-2, -8) are concyclic and find the
equation of the circle on which they lie.
19. Find the direct common tangents of the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 22𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 100 = 0, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 22𝑥 + 4𝑦 +
100 = 0.
20. Find the focus, vertex, equation of directrix, axis and the length of latus rectum to the parabola
𝑦 2 − 𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 55 = 0.
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+4
21. Evaluate ∫ 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+5 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
22. Evaluate ∫ .
4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
1 log(1+𝑥) 𝜋
23. Show that ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = 8 𝑙𝑜𝑔2.
1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑥
24. Solve (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 .

191
 TSWREIS

MATHEMATICS, PAPER – IIB

MODEL QUESTION PAPER – III

(For the Academic Year 2023-24 Only)

Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 75M

Note: This Question Paper consists of three Sections A, B and C.

SECTION – A

Very Short Answer Type Questions. 10 × 2 = 20M

(i) Answer all the Questions

(ii) Each Question Carries 2 Marks.

1. If the length of the tangent from (5, 4) to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑘𝑦 = 0 is 1, then find k.
2. Find the polar of (1, -2) w.r.t. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 25 = 0.
3. Find the value of k if the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 8 = 0, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 16𝑦 + 𝑘 = 0 are orthogonal.
4. If (1/2, 2) i.e., one extremity of focal chord of parabola 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥, find the co-ordinates of other
extremities.
5. Find the eccentricities and length of a latus rectum of hyperbola 16𝑦 2 − 9𝑥 2 = 144.
𝑒 𝑥 (1+𝑥)
6. Evaluate ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2(𝑥𝑒 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
log(1+𝑥)
7. Evaluate ∫ (1+𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
4
8. ∫0 |2 − 𝑥| 𝑑𝑥.

9. Find the area under the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 in [0, 2𝜋].
6
𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3 5
10. Find the order and degree of [𝑑𝑥 2 + (𝑑𝑥 ) ] = 6𝑦.

SECTION – B

Short Answer Type Questions. 5 × 4 = 20M

(i) Answer any Five Questions.

(ii) Each Question Carries FOUR Marks.

11. Find the external centre of similitude for circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 9 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4.

12. Show that circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 8 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 6 = 0 touch each other and find
the point of contact.
𝑥2 𝑦2
13. Find the condition for line 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝑝 to the tangent to the ellipse 𝑎2
+ 𝑏2 = 1.

14. Find the value of k if the line 4𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑘 = 0 is the tangent to the ellipse 𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 = 3.

192
 TSWREIS
15. Find the equations of tangents to the hyperbola 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 = 12 which are i) parallel and ii)
perpendicular to the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 7.
𝜋/2 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
16. Find the integral ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥.
𝑑𝑦
17. Solve 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝑥 + 𝑦.
𝑑𝑥

SECTION – C

Long Answer Type Questions. 5 × 7 = 35M

(i) Answer any FIVE Questions.
(ii) Each Question Carries SEVEN Marks.
18. Find the value of ‘c’if the points (2, 0), (0, 1), (4, 5) and (0, c) are concyclic.
19. Find the transverse common tangents of circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 28 = 0,
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 4 = 0.
20. Prove that the area of the triangle formed by the tangents at (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) and (𝑥3 , 𝑦3) to the
1
parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 (𝑎 > 0) is |(𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )(𝑦2 − 𝑦3)(𝑦3 − 𝑦1 )| sq.units
16
𝑥+1
21. Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 2+3𝑥+12 𝑑𝑥.

22. Obtain reduction formula ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑛 ≥ 2) and hence find ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
𝜋 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
23. Evaluate ∫0 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥.
𝑑𝑦
24. Solve 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥.

***************

193