O N F A R M E VA L UAT I O N O F

S PRI NKLER I RRI GAT I ON

SYSTEM ON YIELD AND
WAT E R P RO D U C T I V I T Y O F
WHEAT
INTRODUCTION • The water is precious and limited resource that is essential for
agricultural production, which must be conserved and used
judiciously
• The main objective of irrigation is to apply the optimum amount
of water to the crop root zone that the crop needs for
development and also that cannot be provided by rains

• An ideal irrigation system should minimize the losses, and apply

the water uniformly

• In the sprinkler method of irrigation, water is sprayed into the air

and allowed to fall on the ground surface somewhat resembling
rainfall

10/24/2023 Sample Footer Text 2

INTRODUCTION
• The sprinkler irrigation is suitable for all types of soils
and Recommended for the irrigation of open field
crops like potato, leafy vegetables, cotton, oil seeds,
pulses, cereals, jowar, tobacco, groundnut
• The sprinkler irrigation helps to conserve precious
water up to 50 percent and can irrigate 2 to 3 times
the area compared to surface irrigation

• Sprinkler irrigation is an improvement over

conventional surface irrigation

10/24/2023 Sample Footer Text 3

OBJECTIVES • To evaluate hydraulic performance of sprinkler
irrigation system under wheat
• To demonstrate sprinkler irrigation system for wheat
production
• To evaluate the effects of sprinkler irrigation system
on yields and water productivity of wheat

10/24/2023 Sample Footer Text 4

 M ATE RI A LS A N D
METHODS

10/24/2023 Sample Footer Text 5

M AT E RIA L • The materials used for this study include; measuring
tape, pegs, rope, hoe, digger, double ring
infiltrometer, core sampler, blade, pump, pipes,
sprinkler nozzles, fittings , risers, gum and
hydrometer apparatus

10/24/2023 Sample Footer Text 6

 METHODOLOGY

10/24/2023 Sample Footer Text 7

E X P E R I M E N TA L • The study was conducted at omonada wereda
SITE districts of Jimma zone of Oromia Regional State of
Ethiopia

10/24/2023 Sample Footer Text 8

TRE ATME N TS AN D E XPE RI ME NTAL
DESIGN

• The experiment was laid out in RCBD with three replications

• The treatments for the experiment consist of four levels of

irrigation depths with sprinkler irrigation method
• The field experiment was consisted of 3 laterals of sprinkler
irrigation covering the study area

10/24/2023 Sample Footer Text 9

WO RK I NG • Small spraying size nozzles will be placed on pipes of
certain height known as riser pipes
PRINCIPLE
• The nozzles mounted on the riser pipes will be fixed
at uniform intervals along the length of the pipe laid
on the ground surface called as lateral pipes

• The sprinkler heads will be mounted on the risers

which are above the crop height and rotate through
360o, to irrigate the experimental area

10/24/2023 Sample Footer Text 10

 PA R A M E T E R T O B E
E S TI M ATE D

10/24/2023 Sample Footer Text 11

MEASUREMENT
• The experiment was proposed to conduct at five
OF D I S CH A RGE different operating pressures of 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 and
4.0 kg/cm
• The required operating pressure at the nozzle would
be adjusted by the valve and bypass arrangement

• To measure the discharge from the nozzle at sprinkler

position, diameter rubber tube had to be fixed at one
end of nozzle and its other end had to be put in the
plastic bucket of 20 liter capacity

10/24/2023 Sample Footer Text 12

MEASUREMENT
• The wetted radius of throw for each mini-sprinkler
OF RADIUS OF would be measured at different pressures ranging
THROW from 2.0 to 4.0 kg/cm2 with an increment of 0.5
kg/cm2 by gradually increasing the pressure
• It will be measured directly by the measuring tape
from the center of the sprinkler head to the end of
water throw

10/24/2023 Sample Footer Text 13

NOZZLE SIZE • The soil infiltration rate limits the application rate and
AND will affect the selection of the proper sprinkler, nozzle
C A PAC I T Y sizes, flow rates, pressure, and sprinkler spacing
• The application rate is determined by the nozzle size
and pressure at given spacing

• The discharge requirements of the sprinkler

determine the sprinkler size to use

10/24/2023 Sample Footer Text 14

P R E C I P I TAT ION • Capacity of the sprinkler system: The capacity of the
RATE sprinkler system will be calculated using relationship
adapted by Michael
• Rate of application: The rate of application for a single
sprinkler will be calculated using the equation

• Discharge of sprinkler nozzle: According to Michael,

the discharge will be determined by using orifice flow
formula as follows

10/24/2023 Sample Footer Text 15

 • According to Egharevba , selecting a
suitable pump, it is necessary to
determine the maximum total head
against which the pump is working
• It is made up of the summation of
P OW E R maximum head required at the main to
REQUIREMENTS operate the sprinkles on the laterals at
the required pressure, including, the
FOR PUMPING riser height, maximum friction loss in
WA T E R the main and in the suction line, ,
elevation difference between the
pump and the junction of the lateral
and main, and elevation difference
between the pressure and the source
of the irrigation water after drawdown

10/24/2023 Sample Footer Text 16

P OW E R R E Q U I R EM E NT S F O R
P U M P I N G WA T E R

• The power required to pump water into the system will be

obtained from the equation 7 below as reported by Jensen, and
Egharevba, ; WHP is the water horsepower, BHP is the Brake
horsepower, EP is the pump efficiency

10/24/2023 Sample Footer Text 17

DISTRIBUTION • To determine the water distribution pattern in mini-
PAT T E R N sprinkler irrigation method, the tests will be
conducted for single sprinkler head
• For single mini-sprinkler head pattern, the
precipitation depth in catch cans placed at grid of 3 x
3 m spacing and 2 x 2 m spacing for Super 10 nozzle
will be measured

• The observed depths of water in each test will be

used to draw contours for water depth distribution

10/24/2023 Sample Footer Text 18

PRESSURE – DISCHARGE – RADIUS
O F T H ROW R E L AT I O N S H I P

• The mathematical relationships between pressure – discharge

and pressure – radius of throw will be developed from
observation data on pressure, discharge and radius of throw
• The best-fit equation will be decided on the basis of regression
coefficient
• The value of r2 of polynomial equation will be higher than those
of linear, logarithmic, power and exponential

10/24/2023 Sample Footer Text 19

WAT E R U S E • Crop water use efficiency : The crop water use
efficiency is the yield harvested in kg per ha-mm of
EFFICIENCY total water used
• Irrigation water use efficiency : field water use
efficiency is the yield harvested per ha-mm of net
depth infiltrated

10/24/2023 Sample Footer Text 20

 • The cost and benefit of each treatment
will be analyzed partially, yield and
economic data will be calculated to
compare the advantage of different
furrow irrigation methods and application
levels of each treatment
COST BENEFIT
• Total water cost for season will be
RAT IO A ND calculated by multiplying the water unit
price by the total amount of irrigation
NET RETURN water required for wheat crop
A N A LY S I S • Net return and benefit-cost ratio due to
irrigation will be calculated according to
as follows: The benefit cost ratio in ETB
or ETB measures the increase in net
return which will be generated by total
cost expenditure

10/24/2023 Sample Footer Text 21

BCR • The net return for additional area for harvested marketable yield
will be calculated as the difference between the sum of the cost
of labor for combination of irrigation methods and application
levels, the cost of water that will be saved from application
levels, and the revenue lost due to yield decreases resulting
from this factor protocol is given as; NRA is Net returns of
additional area , LS is Labor saved from irrigation system , WS
is Volume of water saved , P is Unit price per kilogram of potato
yield and G is Unit cost of labor per irrigation per ha the extra
irrigable land area which could be served by the irrigation water
saved per hectare will be determined by dividing the total saved
water per hectares of land to be irrigated, the extra land will be
obtained by multiplying the change in net income by the area
saved

10/24/2023 Sample Footer Text 22

S TATIS TICAL • The collected data will be analyzed using R statistical
software Mean separation will be carried out using
A N A LY S I S
least significance difference test at 5% probability
level

10/24/2023 Sample Footer Text 23

R E S U LT A N D • Land preparation was done
DISCUSSION • Wheat sawing was done

• Installation of the technology was done

• Preliminary test of the technology on wheat farm was

done

10/24/2023 Sample Footer Text 24

 • Note: the result obtained in table1 is
evaluation of the sprinkler during the
preliminary test on field
FIG 3 PICTURE
TAK EN DUR ING • The rest of the data were not collected
PR E L I MI NA RY TE S T due to continuous rain fall throughout
OF THE SPRINKLER the irrigation season
ON WHEAT CROP • Therefore it require to extend the
activity for other working duration to
complete it

10/24/2023 Sample Footer Text 25

C ON C LUSIONS AN D
R E C O MME N DATIO NS

• On farm Evaluation of the sprinkler was done only at preliminary

stage and its effect on the yield and yield component of the
wheat was not done due to continuous rain fall throughout the
irrigation season
• Therefore depending on the result obtained and the mentioned
reasons it is recommended to reevaluation of the technology at
normal condition and at on irrigation season

10/24/2023 Sample Footer Text 26

 REFERENCE

10/24/2023 Sample Footer Text 27