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Hydrology, Irrigation and Flood Management L4/T1 (Civil Engineering Department)

The document discusses sprinkler irrigation methods, describing how water is delivered through a pressurized pipe network to sprinklers to spray water over the ground. It outlines the basic components of a sprinkler system and provides advantages like reduced labor requirements and ability to deliver precise water quantities efficiently. Limitations include crops being sensitive to foliar damage from saline waters and initially high installation costs.

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Mirza Md. Nazmus Sakib
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© © All Rights Reserved
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121 views

Hydrology, Irrigation and Flood Management L4/T1 (Civil Engineering Department)

The document discusses sprinkler irrigation methods, describing how water is delivered through a pressurized pipe network to sprinklers to spray water over the ground. It outlines the basic components of a sprinkler system and provides advantages like reduced labor requirements and ability to deliver precise water quantities efficiently. Limitations include crops being sensitive to foliar damage from saline waters and initially high installation costs.

Uploaded by

Mirza Md. Nazmus Sakib
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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WRE 451

Hydrology, Irrigation and Flood Management


L4/T1 (Civil Engineering Department)

Badal Mahalder, PhD


Assistant Professor, WRE, BUET

Lecture 10: Methods of Irrigation

Date: June 21, 2021


Sprinkler Irrigation Method
Sprinkler Irrigation Method
Water is delivered through a pressurized pipe network to
sprinklers, nozzles, or jets which spray the water into the air, to fall
to the soil as an artificial “rain”.
It is a pressurized system, where water is distributed through a
network of pipe lines to and in the field and applied through
selected sprinkler heads or water applicators.

The basic components of any sprinkler system are:


• a water source
• a pump (to pressurize the water)
• a pipe network (to distribute the water throughout the
field)
• sprinklers (to spray the water over the ground) and
• valves (to control the flow of water)
Sprinkler Irrigation Method
Sprinkler Irrigation Method
Advantages

• readily automatable,
• facilitates to chemigation and fertigation,
• reduced labor requirements needed for irrigation.
• can deliver precise quantities of water in a highly efficient
manner and
• adaptable to a wide range of soil and topographic
conditions.
Sprinkler Irrigation Method
Limitations

• many crops (citrus, for example) are sensitive to foliar


damage when sprinkled with saline waters.
• initially high installation cost and high maintenance cost
thereafter (when needed).

When choosing a sprinkler type for irrigation, there are several


considerations:

• Adaptability to crop, terrain, and field shape


• Labor availability and requirements
• Economics
• Automation facility
• Ability of the system to meet crop needs
Sprinkler Irrigation Method Design
Design aspects of sprinkler irrigation system are as follows:
• System layout
• Operating pressure, nozzle diameter, sprinklers discharge,
and wetted diameter
• Spacings between sprinklers and laterals
• Design of main line and sublines
• Sprinkler line azimuth
• Pivot or ranger length
• System capacity for water supply
• Pump design

The most common design criteria for sprinkler laterals is that


sprinkler discharge should not vary by more than 10% between the
points of highest and lowest pressure in the system.
Sprinkler Irrigation Method Design
Sprinkler Irrigation Method Design Steps
Sprinkler Irrigation Method Design Steps
Sprinkler Irrigation Method Design Steps
Sprinkler Irrigation Method Design Steps
Sprinkler Irrigation Method Design Steps

Rule of Thumb
Problem
A farm of 25 ha is planned to be brought under sprinkler irrigation. The textural
class of the soil is loam-to-silt loam, having moisture content at field capacity (FC)
and permanent wilting point (WP) of about 42% (by volume) and 26% (by
volume), respectively. An infiltration test data showed that constant (basic)
infiltration rate is 2 mm/h. A hardpan (relatively impervious layer) exists at a
depth of 2.0 m below the soil surface. Long-term average reference
evapotranspiration (ET0) rate in that area is 4.5 mm/d. Vegetable crops are
planned to grow in the farm, and the crop coefficient (Kc) at maximum vegetative
period is 1.1. The climate is moderately windy in a part of the season. Design the
sprinkler irrigation system (various components) for the farm. Assume standard
value of any missing data.

Assume Irrigation hour = 4.0 hrs


Check the I, if I < the infiltration rate, it should be taken as the given infiltration rate.
Dml = 12.0 m
Dmm = 10.0 m
Problem
Solution
Drip Irrigation
• Application of a constant steady flow of water to soil at low
pressure.
• Water is applied directly to the root zone of plants by means of
applicators (orifices, porous tubing, perforated pipe, etc.).
• Applicators being placed either on or below the surface of the
ground.
• Water loss is minimized as little splash.
• Most ideally suited to high-value crops.
• Properly managed systems enable the production of maximum
yields with a minimum quantity of water.
Drip Irrigation
Advantages

• Highly efficient system


• Saves water
• Limited water sources can be used
• Correct volume of water can be applied in the root zone
• The system can be automated and well adapted to chemigation
and fertigation
• Reduces nutrient leaching, labor requirement, and operating cost
• Other field operations such as harvesting and spraying can be
done while irrigating
• Each plant of the field receives nearly the same amount of water
• Lower pressures are required to operate systems resulting in a
reduction in energy for pumping
Drip Irrigation
Limitations

• High initial cost


• Technical skill is required to maintain and operate the system
• The closer the spacing, the higher the system cost per hectare
• Damage to drip tape may occur
• Cannot wet the soil volume quickly (to recover from moisture
deficit) as other systems
• Facilitates shallow root zone
• Needs clean water

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