STUDY OF EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS OF

TRANSFORMER

PHYSICS PROJECT REPORT

Submitted By

Prajith kumar.k

In partial fulfillment for the award of the certificate of

CBSE SENIOR SECONDARY EXAMINATION – GRADE XII

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
ESAKI VIDYAASHRAM, CBSE

TENKASI.
 CERTIFICATE

Certified that this Report Titled “STUDY OF ANALYSIS OF EFFICIENCY OF

TRANSFORMER” is the Bonafide work of Prajith kumar k. who carried out the work under my

Supervision. Certified further that to the best of my knowledge the work reported here in does not form

part of any other project report or dissertation based on which a certificate or award was conferred on an

earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.

Mr. PRESHNAVE MUTHUKUTTY

CBSE NEET JEE – Physics

Department of Physics

Esaki Vidhyaashram, CBSE

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

SIGN OF PRINCIPAL

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 ABSTRACT

Transformer is a static device that helps in transferring of voltage from circuit

to another circuit with the help of faradays law of electromagnetic induction

and mutual inductance. The transformer is a device that operates in alternating

current. As the output of this transferring process, EMF is produced in the coils

of transformer i.e., the primary and secondary coils. The above information is

the core concept of this project and this project contains many other information

on transformer.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am greatly indebted to Mr. PRESHNAVE MUTHUKUTTY, NEET Faculty,

Department of Physics, Esaki Vidyaashram, CBSE for his valuable guidance offered to

me throughout the course of this project work.

I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr. MONICA D’SOUZA, Principal,

Esaki Vidyaashram, CBSE, I avail this opportunity to express my deepest depth of

gratitude for her valuable guidance, continuous encouragement and moral support

throughout this project work.

I thank all Teaching and Non-Teaching staff for their kind help and support

throughout this work. I finally express my gratefulness to God Almighty, my family

members and friends for their constant support.

PRAJITH KUMAR K.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

ABSTRACT
LIST OF FIGURES

1. INTRODUCTION- PROJECT 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 KEY COMPONENTS 1
1.3 APPLICATIONS 2
1.4 SUMMARY 3

2. TRANSFORMER

2.1 INTRODUCTION 4
2.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE 5
2.3 SUMMARY 6

3. EMF EQUATION 7
3.1 INRODUCTION
3.2 DERIVATION

4. CONCLUSION 9

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

TABLE NO TITLE PAGE NO

3.1 INTRODUCTION 1

3.2 TRANSFORMER 4

4.1 EMF EQUATION 7

4.2 CONCLUSION 9

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE NO

1.2 PARTS OF TRANSFORMER 1

2.1 INDUSTRIAL TRANSFORMER 4

2.2 CORE OF TRANSFORMER 5

3.1 WAVE FORM 7

3.2 TRANSFORMER EQUATION 8

4.1 TRANSFER OF VOLTAGE 9

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 CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION - PROJECT

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The project on study of efficiency analysis of transformer revolves around the concept of voltage supply
between numerous numbers of circuits. This project involves the study of transformer in depth, such as
the key components that construct a transformer, its applications, types, working principles and many
other uses of transformer that helps us in our daily life. The transformers are AC (alternate current)
devices
1.2 Key components:

Fig 2.1 Transformer

Core transformer : It is the main part of the magnetic circuit. Usually it consists of a High silicon
content, thickness, respectively 0.35mm \ 0.3mm \ 0.27mm, the surface coated with insulating paint hot
or cold rolled silicon steel .

Winding : - Transformers have two windings, being the primary winding and the
secondary winding. The primary winding is the coil that draws power from the source.

Transformer Oil : This insulates as well as cools the core and coil assembly. The core and Windings
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of the transformer must be completely immersed in the oil that normal contains hydrocarbon mineral
oils.

Buchholz Relay: Placed over the connecting pipe that runs from the main tank to conservator tank
Buchholz Relay senses the faults occurring within the transformer. It operates by the gases emitted due to
decomposition of transformer oil during internal faults. Thus, this device is used to protect the transformer
from its faults.

Insulating materials: Insulating materials like papers and card boards are used to isolate primary and
secondary windings from each other as well as the transformer core. These windings are made of copper
due to high conductivity and ductility. High conductivity minimizes the amount of copper needed and
minimizes losses. Moreover, high ductility results in easy bending of conductors into tight winding around
the core that also minimizes the amount of copper and volume of winding.

1.3 APPLICATION

 In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air conditioner and etc.
 A step down transformer s used for welding purposes.
 A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.
 A step up transformer is used for the production of X-rays and NEON advertisements.
 Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized power supplies.
 Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over long distances.
 Small transformers are used in radio sets telephones, loud speakers and electrical bells.

1.4 SUMMARY

 In this chapter we discussed the basic introduction and key components that constitute the
transformers. There are many other components that make up the transformer but the above
mentioned are the important ones that helps in safe functioning of a electrical transformer.
 As mentioned above, transformer helps in our daily life in various methods and makes our life
easier and convenient.

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 CHAPTER – 2

TRANSFORMER

2.1 TRANSFORMER INTRODUCTION:

Transformer, device that transfers electric energy from one alternating-current circuit to one or more
other circuits, either increasing (stepping up) or reducing (stepping down) the voltage. Transformers are
employed for widely varying purposes; e.g., to reduce the voltage of conventional power circuits to operate
low-voltage devices, such as doorbells and toy electric trains, and to raise the voltage from electric
generators so that electric power can be transmitted over long distances.

Transformers change voltage through electromagnetic induction; i.e., as the magnetic lines of force
(flux lines) build up and collapse with the changes in current passing through the primary coil, current is
induced in another coil, called the secondary. The secondary voltage is calculated by multiplying the
primary voltage by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary coil to the number of turns in the
primary coil, a quantity called the turn’s ratio.

Fig 2.2 Industrial Transformer

2.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF TRANSFORMER:

The transformer works on the principle of Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction and mutual
induction. There are usually two coils – primary coil and secondary coil – on the transformer core. The
core laminations are joined in the form of strips. The two coils have high mutual inductance. When an
alternating current passes through the primary coil, it creates a varying magnetic flux. As per Faraday’s

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law of electromagnetic induction, this change in magnetic flux induces an EMF (electromotive force) in
the secondary coil, which is linked to the core having a primary coil. This is mutual induction.

Fig 2.2 core of transformer

The transformer is a static device that helps in transfer of voltage from one circuit to other in means of
mutual inductance. Keeping the frequency same the transformer either increases or decreases the voltage
supply. The core of the transformer is laminated to prevent of energy losses in the process of transfer
voltage.

2.3 SUMMARY

1. Transfer of electrical energy from one circuit to another

2. Transfer of electrical power through electromagnetic induction
3. Electric power transfer without any change in frequency
4. Two circuits are linked with mutual induction

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 CHAPTER – 3
EMF EQUATION

3.1 INTRODUCTION:
In this chapter, we will discuss transformer’s output, that is the induced EMF that is produced in
the process of transfer of energy. We will also derive the formula for the induced EMF in the
transformer.

3.2 EMF Equation of the Transformer

Let,
N1 = Number of turns in primary winding
N2 = Number of turns in secondary winding
Φm = Maximum flux in the core (in Wb) = (Bm x A)
f = frequency of the AC supply (in Hz)

Fig 3.1 WAVE FORM

As, shown in the fig., the flux rises sinozoidally to its maximum value Φm from 0. It reaches to the
maximum value in one quarter of the cycle i.e in T/4 sec (where, T is time period of the sin wave of the
supply = 1/f).

Therefore,
average rate of change of flux = Φm /(T/4) = Φm /(1/4f)
Therefore,
average rate of change of flux = 4f Φm ....... (Wb/s).
Now,
Induced emf per turn = rate of change of flux per turn
Therefore, average emf per turn = 4f Φm ..........(Volts).
Now, we know, Form factor = RMS value / average value

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Therefore, RMS value of emf per turn = Form factor X average emf per turn.

As, the flux Φ varies sinusoidally, form factor of a sine wave is 1.11

Therefore, RMS value of emf per turn = 1.11 x 4f Φm = 4.44f Φm.

RMS value of induced emf in whole primary winding (E1) = RMS value of emf per turn X Number of
turns in primary winding

E1 = 4.44f N1 Φm ............................. eq 1

Similarly, RMS induced emf in secondary winding (E2) can be given as

E2 = 4.44f N2 Φm. ............................ eq 2

from the above equations 1 and 2,

This is called the emf equation of transformer, which shows, emf / number of turns is same for
both primary and secondary winding.

FIG3.2 transformer equation

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 CHAPTER – 4
CONCLUSION

In this project, we learnt and discussed the functioning and properties of an electrical transformer
in depth with many wide aspects.
4.1 INFERENCES:
Transformer is a static devices and keeps the frequency same during the transfer of voltage.

Fig. 4.1 transfer of voltage

 Transformers use induction to transform voltages from one value to another.

 For a transformer, the voltages across the primary and secondary coils are related such that the ratio
of voltage in primary and secondary coil is equal to the ratio of number of turns in primary and
secondary coils respectively, where Vp and Vs are the voltages across primary and secondary coils
having Np and Ns turns.
 A step-up transformer increases voltage and decreases current, whereas a step-down transformer
decreases voltage and increases current.

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