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6104/01 Examiner’s use only

Edexcel GCE Team Leader’s use only

Biology
Biology (Human) Question Leave
Number Blank

Advanced 1
Unit 4A Core and Option 2
Microbiology and Biotechnology 3

Friday 13 June 2008 – Afternoon 4

5
Time: 1 hour 30 minutes
Paper 11
Total

Materials required for examination Items included with question papers

Ruler Nil 6
7
8
Instructions to Candidates
In the boxes above, write your centre number, candidate number, your surname, initial(s) and 9
signature. Paper 12
The paper reference is shown above. Check that you have the correct question paper. Total
Answer ALL NINE questions in the spaces provided in this booklet.
Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units. Calculators may be used.
Include diagrams in your answers where these are helpful.

Information for Candidates

The marks for the individual questions and parts of questions are shown in round brackets: e.g. (2).
The total mark for this question paper is 70.

Advice to Candidates
You will be assessed on your ability to organise and present information, ideas, descriptions and
arguments clearly and logically, taking into account your use of grammar, punctuation and spelling.

Total
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Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.

1. The table below refers to some features of mammalian hormones. Complete the table by
writing the most appropriate word, or words, in the empty boxes.

Hormone Site of secretion One function

Raises blood glucose

Pancreas
concentration

Contraction of uterine
Posterior pituitary gland
muscle

Release of secondary
Luteinising hormone
oocyte

Adrenaline Adrenal gland

Q1

(Total 4 marks)

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2. (a) The diagram below shows some of the stages of anaerobic respiration in a muscle
cell.


 Glucose



 Stage 1


 Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate



Glycolysis  Stage 2


 Glycerate 3-phosphate



 Stage 3



 Substance A


Stage 4

Lactic Acid

(i) Name substance A.

................................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) State which of the stages shown in the diagram:

Uses ATP ................................................................................................................

Produces ATP .........................................................................................................

(2)

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(b) The Krebs cycle occurs during aerobic respiration and is an example of a metabolic
pathway.

(i) Explain why the Krebs cycle is described as a metabolic pathway.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) State precisely where in the cell the Krebs cycle occurs.

................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) The diagram below shows some of the stages that occur in the Krebs cycle.

Acetyl Coenzyme A (2C)

A
Oxaloacetate (4C) Citrate (6C)
B
1 × reduced NAD 1 × reduced NAD
F
CO2
Malate (4C) α-keto glutarate

E C 1 × reduced NAD
CO2
Fumarate (4C) Succinate (4C)
D

1 × reduced FAD

Oxidoreductase enzymes are involved in some of the reactions in the Krebs cycle.
Using the letters A to F and the information given in the diagram, list all the stages
that involve an oxidoreductase enzyme.

.......................................................................................................................................
(1) Q2

(Total 6 marks)

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3. Detection of light occurs in both mammals and flowering plants.

(a) In humans, the central region of the retina has very few rod cells. However, in a dog
about 80–90% of the photoreceptors in the central region of the retina are rod cells.
Suggest one advantage to a dog of having more rod cells in this region of the retina.

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(3)

(b) Humans have three types of cone cell. However, dogs only have two types of cone cell.
Graph 1 below shows the percentage of light, of different wavelengths, absorbed by
the pigments in the two types of cone cell in a dog’s retina.
Graph 2 shows the percentage of light, of different wavelengths, absorbed by the
pigments in the three types of cone cell in a human’s retina.
Table 1 shows the colour of light of different wavelengths.
Graph 1
100

75
Percentage
of light 50
absorbed (%)
25
Table 1
0 Wavelength/nm Colour
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 400 Violet
Wavelength of light/nm 475 Blue
510 Green
Graph 2
100 570 Yellow
590 Orange
75 650 Red
Percentage
of light 50
absorbed (%)
25

0
400 450 500 550 600 650 700
Wavelength of light /nm

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Three balls, that differed only in their colour, were placed in front of a dog and a
human. One ball was red, one yellow and one orange. Using this data, explain why
only the human would be able to detect a difference between the colour of the three
balls.

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(2)

(c) Describe the detection of light in flowering plants.

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(3) Q3

(Total 8 marks)

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4. (a) The diagram below represents a nephron (kidney tubule).

E
F
B

G
C

(i) Name the parts labelled A and B.

A ............................................................................................................................

B ............................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) All the glucose in region A is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream as the fluid
in the nephron passes from region A to region B. Explain how this glucose
reabsorption occurs.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

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(2)

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(b) The graph below shows the concentration of solutes in the fluid in the nephron in each
of the labelled regions shown in the diagram. The graph shows the concentration of
solutes when there is a high level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) in the blood and
when there is a low level of ADH in the blood.

= High level of ADH

= Low level of ADH

1200 ±

1000 ±

Concentration 800 ±
of solutes
in nephron/
arbitrary units 600 ±

400 ±

200 ±

A B C D E F G
Region of nephron

(i) Calculate the percentage decrease in the concentration of solutes between regions
A and G when there is a low level of ADH in the blood. Show your working.

...................................... %
(3)

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(ii) The concentration of solutes in the fluid changes as it passes from region A to
region G. Compare the changes that occur when the level of ADH in the blood
is high with changes that occur when the level of ADH is low.

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(3)

(iii) Use the information in the graph to explain how a rise in the level of ADH results
in the production of a more concentrated urine.

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(3) Q4

(Total 12 marks)

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5. Give an account of the structure and functions of sensory, relay and effector (motor)
neurones.

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(Total 10 marks)

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Option A: Microbiology and Biotechnology

6. The table below refers to some structures of microorganisms. Complete the table by
writing the name of the type of microorganism possessing each structure in the empty
boxes.

Structure Type of microorganism

Nucleus

Capsid

Flagellum

Peptidoglycan (murein) cell wall

Q6

(Total 4 marks)

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7. (a) In the culturing of microorganisms, explain what is meant by each of the following
terms.

Selective media .............................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

Indicator media .............................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

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(3)

(b) By taking into account the type of respiration and the carbon and nitrogen sources of
specific microorganisms, it is possible to design growth media that will favour the
growth of one particular microorganism.

A group of students investigating bacteria in soil was looking at the occurrence of four
types of bacteria. The type of bacteria, the carbon and nitrogen sources and the type
of respiration are shown in the table below.

Type of bacteria Carbon source Nitrogen source Type of respiration

Azotobacter Organic Nitrogen gas Aerobic
Clostridium Organic Nitrogen gas Anaerobic
Nitrosomonas Carbon dioxide Ammonium ions Aerobic
Nitrobacter Carbon dioxide Nitrite ions Aerobic

The students were able to use the information in the table to obtain pure cultures of
each type of bacteria. The diagram opposite shows the apparatus used to grow the
bacteria in a liquid medium. The constituents of the medium and the gases piped into
the medium can be changed to favour the growth of one type of bacterium and prevent
the growth of the other three.

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Gas in Gas out
(mixture of
oxygen and
nitrogen gas)

Growth medium
containing glucose,
potassium phosphate,
magnesium sulphate
and sodium chloride

Using this apparatus, only one of the four types of bacteria will grow.
State which type of bacteria will grow and explain why the others will not grow.

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(3) Q7

(Total 6 marks)

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8. (a) Describe how the antibiotic, penicillin, could be produced using a fermenter
(bioreactor).

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(4)

(b) The graph below shows the effect of a range of concentrations of two antibiotics,
antibiotic X and antibiotic Y, on the viability of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in a liquid
culture. The viability was calculated by finding the percentage of cells in the culture
that are living.

100 ±
key
80 ± Antibiotic Y Antibiotic X
Antibiotic Y
)%( ytilibaiV

60 ±
40 ±
20 ± Antibiotic X
0±
±

0 10 20 30 40
Concentration of antibiotic / arbitrary units

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(i) Describe how the percentage of viable (living) cells in the liquid culture could
have been determined in this investigation.

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................................................................................................................................
(4)

(ii) Compare the effects of the different concentrations of antibiotics X and Y on the
viability of E. coli.

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(3) Q8

(Total 11 marks)

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9. (a) During the production of yoghurt, the numbers of cells of the bacterium Lactobacillus
bulgaricus change. The graph below shows the changes in the log10 numbers of this
bacterium and the changes in the pH during incubation.

9.00 7.0
6.5
srebmun llec lairetcab 01goL

8.50
Lactobacillus bulgaricus
6.0
8.00
5.5
7.50 pH
5.0
7.00
pH 4.5
6.50 4.0
6.00 3.5
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270
Time / minutes

(i) Describe the relationship between the number of cells of Lactobacillus bulgaricus
and the changes in the pH in the yoghurt.

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(3)

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(ii) Calculate the number of generations of Lactobacillus bulgaricus produced during
the first 120 minutes, using the formula below.

log10 N1 − log10 N 0
n=
log10 2

Where n is the number of generations

N0 = number of generations at 0 hours
N1 = number of generations at 120 minutes
log10 2 = 0.301

Show your working.

Number of generations = .........................................

(3)

(b) Describe the role of bacteria in the production of yoghurt.

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(3) Q9

(Total 9 marks)
TOTAL FOR PAPER: 70 MARKS

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