2ND Term S1 Commerce
2ND Term S1 Commerce
2ND Term S1 Commerce
SCHEME OF WORK
WEEK TOPIC
1 Foreign Trade – Introduction
2. Balance of Trade, Term of Trade, Balance of Payments etc
3. Foreign Trade – Structure and Procedures
4 Foreign Trade – Stages and Documentation
5 Customs and Exercise Authority
6 Terms of Quoting Prices /Methods of Payment in Foreign Trade
7 Ports Authority
8-9 Transportation
10 Water Transportation
NOTES
Foreign trade or international trade or external trade is the exchange of goods and services
between two or more countries e.g. Nigeria, Japan and USA
EVALUATION
1. What five benefits does Nigeria derive from engaging in foreign trade
2. State seven differences and three similarities between foreign trade and internal trade
EVALUATION
1. State and explain five problems likely to be face by a businessman who wants to sell
his goods overseas
2. Distinguish between the following tems:
A. Bilateral Trade and Multilateral Trade
B. Visible Trade and Invisible Trade
READING ASSIGNMENT
Essential Commerce for SSS by O.A. Longe Page 44 – 53
Comprehensive Commerce for SSS by J.U. Anyaele Page 117 – 137
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Re-exporting imported goods to another country is known as ____ trade
A. Barter B. visible C. invisible D. entrepot
2. International trade transactions are conducted on the principle of A. utmost good
faith B. equity C. collateral labour agreement D. comparative cost advantage
3. Bilateral trade is the trade _____ A. Among various countries B. Between two
countries C. Among commonwealth countries D. Among ECOWAS member states
4. When producers in one country sell off their excess produce at a very low price the
practice is described as A. Hedging B. entrepot trading C. Dumping D.counter trading
5. One of the barriers to foreign trade is the presence of
A. Difference in goods and services B. Dfferent means of transportation
C. Many security personnel D. Tariffs on goods and services
THEORY
1. What is foreign trade?
2. State four disadvantages of foreign trade.
FREE TRADE: Free trade means non – restriction of foreign trade. It is a situation where
buying and selling takes place between different countries without restrictions or impositions
of artificial barriers e.g. tariffs.
TARIFFS
Tariffs are taxes imposed on imported goods either as a percentage of their value (Ad
Valorem Duty) or on the amount or quantity (i.e. units) of goods imported (Specific Duty).
The idea of tariffs is to reduce the amount of trade. Tariff is also referred to as import duty.
EVALUATION
1. Define the following A. Tariffs B. Dumping
2. State five advantages of free trade
EVALUATION
1. Explain the meaning of the term “favourable balance of payments”
2. Explain five methods that can be used to correct an adverse balance of payments
READING ASSIGNMENT
Essential Commerce for SSS by O.A. Longe Page 44 – 53
Comprehensive Commerce for SSS by J.U. Anyaele Page 117 – 137
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. The rate at which a country’s goods is exchanged for that of another country is called A.
balance of trade B. balance of payments C. foreign exchange D. terms of trade.
2. The difference between a country’s visible and invisible exports and its visible and
invisible imports in a given period is A. balance of payments B. balance of trade C. term
of trade D. foreign exchange rate
3. Which of the following is not an aim of imposing customs tariffs A. to raise revenue B. to
promote home C. as an anti-dumping measure D. to discourage foreign investors
4. Which of the following is not a method of trade restriction A. exchange control B. import
license C. entreport D. quota
THEORY
1. State four measures used to restrict imports.
2. State three reasons for the imposition of tariff.
2. A dirty bill of lading (or foul bill of lading): Where a bill of lading bears qualifying
clauses such as “two sack broken” or “one case damaged”, the bill of lading is referred to
as a foul bill or dirty bill.
A dirty bill of lading is therefore a bill of lading which bears an endorsement by the
master of a ship to the effect that the goods are defective.
EVALUATION
1. List five information contained in a bill of lading.
2. State two uses of indent in international trade.
3. Consular Invoice: This is an invoice that has been signed by the consul of the country to
which the goods is to be consigned. The invoice is signed to prevent understating the price so
as to pay less customs duty.
A consular invoice is therefore a special invoice which customs authorities request from the
importer to enable them to know the appropriate duties chargeable. The invoice will ensure
correct payment of duties by showing the correct price of the goods. It is a special form of
invoice legalized by a consul in an importing country.
EVALUATION
1. List three documents used in foreign trade
2. Explain the use of the consular invoice in international trade.
READING ASSIGNMENT
Essential Commerce for SSS by O.A. Longe Page 53 – 64
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Direct exchange of goods for goods between two countries is known as A. counter trade
B. entrepot trade C. barter trade D. multilateral trade
2. In international trade, which of the following performs the same functions as the
consignment note A. export license B. insurance certificate C. bill of lading D. certificate
of origin
3. The use of sealed large metal boxes for transporting goods is known as A. packaging B.
standardization C. containerization D. bulk carrying
4. A document completed by a ship’s captain which gives full details of goods carried on his
ship for a particular voyage is known as A. bill of lading B. consignment C. ship manifest
D. waybill
5. Which of the following is used only in international trade A. Bill of Exchange B.
Purchase Order C. Bill of lading D. Pro – formal Invoice
6. Bill of entry: This is a document that contains detailed particulars (information) of all
imported goods coming into the country. It provides the customs with particulars of goods
imported.
EVALUATION
1. State three importance of the Certificate of Origin in International Trade.
2. Write short notes on the following: A. Bill of Sight B. Bill of Entry
8. Letter of Hypothecation: This is a letter an exporter send together with the shipping
document empowering a bank to sell the goods in the foreign country for the best price
available if the importer fails to accept (or pay) the bill or pay for the goods.
9. Documentary Credit: This is a bill of exchange to which various shipping documents like
bill of lading, export invoice and insurance policy are attached.
NB: The underlisted documents which are also in used in foreign trade have been mentioned
in connection with other topics already taught.
EVALUATION
1. Write short notes on the following showing their main uses in foreign trade A.
Shipping Note B. Shipping Manifest C. Bill of Sight D. Dock Warrant (e) Bill of
entry
2. Explain the three types of Charter Party.
READING ASSIGNMENT
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. A contract of carriage is same as A. charter party B. consignment note C. delivery note D.
ships manifest
2. In international trade, _______ is used to show the exact country where the goods are
imported A. bill of lading B. consular invoice C. shipping note D. certificate of origin
3. A “dirty bill” is used to indicate whether the goods arriving a port are ______ A. being
awaited B. on transit C. damaged D. delivered
4. A contract for the hire of ship is known as A. charter party B. ship brokers C. shipper’s
council D. shipping conference
5. A receipt given by a warehouse keeper for goods lodged in the warehouse is called A.
consular invoice B. dividend warrant C. dock warrant D. pro forma invoice
THEORY
1. List four documents used in Foreign Trade
2. What is an Airway Bill
EVALUATION
1. What functions are performed by the Nigerian Customs Authority?
2. Explain the difference between customs duties and excise duties.
Excise duties are taxes on goods produced and consumed within a country. Where goods on
which excise duty has been paid are now to be exported, a refund called excised drawback
may be claimed by the exporter of such goods.
EVALUATION
1. Explain the differences between Specific duty and Ad Valorem duty.
2. Distinguish between customs drawback and excise drawback.
READING ASSIGNMENT
Comprehensive Commerce for SSS by J.U. Anyaele Page 44 – 64
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. If a country wishes to discourage imports, it A. removes quotas B. encourage free trade C.
imposes tariffs D. subsidizes exports
2. A tax paid on goods manufactured and consumed in your country is called A. goods tax
B. customs duty C. excise duty D. consumer tax
3. The relationship between a country’s visible imports and exports in a trading year is
known as A. balance of payment B. balance of trade C. terms of trade D. international
trade
4. Bonded warehouse is controlled and supervised by A. customs B. navy C. immigration D.
quarantine
5. Which of the following is an invisible trade item A. crude oil B. cocoa C. groundnut D.
shipping
THEORY
1. Give three functions of the Customs and Excise Authority
2. State two ways of Calculating Customs Duties
EVALUATION QUESTIONS
1. Explain five terms of quoting price in foreign trade.
2. Write short notes on the following terms of price quotation.
A. Franco B. Loco C. Free on Board
READING ASSIGNMENT
Essential Commerce for SSS by O.A. Longe Page 53 – 64
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. A bank’s undertaking to pay an exporter on behalf of an importer is a A. documentary
credit B. letter of credit C. letter of hypothecation D. bill of lading
2. Which of the following documents gives banks the right to sell goods and recoup all
administrative expenses. If the importer fails to pay for the goods ordered A. letter of
hypothecation B. confirmed letter of credit C. revocable letter of credit D. cover note
3. Which of the following is most acceptable to an exporter for payment A. personal
certified cheques B. standing order C. confirmed letter of credit D. bill of exchange
4. A document which can be used for both internal and external trade is A. bill of exchange
B. IOU C. Promissory Note D. GIRO
5. Which of the following is regarded as a document of title in foreign trade A. Consular
Invoice B. Bill of Lading C. Bill of sight D. Certificate of Origin
THEORY
1. List four means of payment in foreign trade.
2. Write short notes on the use of Telegraphic transfer as a means of payment in foreign
trade.
THEORY
1) Transportation by pipeline is the method of transporting liquids and gases through pipes
laid underground or on surface of the land
2) A common carrier is a person or form who undertakes as a regular business to transport
goods from one place to another for anyone willing to pay the freight charges in west
Africa/ Nigeria
3) Function of the Federal Airport Authority of Nigeria
EVALUATION
1. Explain the function of the N.P.A
2. What problems are encountered by the N.P.A. in course of performing these function
FUNCTIONS OF THE FEDERAL AIRPORT AUTHORITY OF NIGERIA (FAAN)
1. Provision of facilities like landing, fuelling facilities in all airports in Nigeria
2. Collection of airport changes and taxes
3. Maintenance of all facilities in all airports in the country
4. Operation of the control tower
5. Environmental sanitation of the airports
6. Provision of security services at the airports
7. Provision of warehouses, office accommodation parking spaces etc
8. Promotion of tourism
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. The institution responsible for the maintenance of facilities in the wharf is A. customs
department B. Ministry of Trade C. Ministry of Transport D. Nigerian Ports Authority
2. A contract of carriage is same as A. ships manifest B. advice note C. charter party D.
delivery note
3. Which of the following means of transport is most flexible A. air B. rail C. sea D. road
4. Which of the following is used for moving only goods from one seaport to another A.
ferry B. ocean liners C. cargo liners D. coastal liners
5. Charges paid by a ship for staying at a port beyond tune is called A. freight B. dead
Freight C. Demurrage D. Dispatch Money
THEORY
1. List four facilities provided by an Airport
2. Mention two problems encountered by the Nigerian Railway Corporation in course of
performing its functions.
WEEK 8 DATE……………….
TOPIC: TRANSPORTAION
CONTENT
i. Definition
ii. Importance of transportation to commerce
iii. Commercial requirements of a good transport system
iv. Factors influencing the choice of type of transportation
v. Methods of transportation
NOTES
Transportation is the process of conveying goods and people from one place to another either
through water, road, rail or air.
EVALUATION QUESTIONS
1. How does transportation make modern commerce possible
2. List seven requirements of a good transportation system.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. The aid to trade responsible for the preservation of perishable items is A. warehousing
B. insurance C. transportation D. advertising
2. The oldest means of transporting goods is by A. porter B. lorry C. train D. canoe
3. In the selection of means of transport, speed is an important consideration for goods
that are A. bulky B. durable C. fragile D. perishable
4. Road transport is the commonest means of transport because it is the A. fasters B.
cheapest C. most flexible D. most comfortable.
5. Which of the following is NOT a means of transportation A. rail B. pipelines C.
radio
THEORY
1. In which THREE ways does transportation aid commerce
2. Give TWO commercial requirements of a good transport system.
READING ASSIGNMENT
Comprehensive Commerce SSS page 100-114
Essential Commerce for SSS page 214-228
Road Transportation: The various means of transportation by road are buses, lorries,
trailers, tankers, bicycles, tricycles, other motor vehicle, camels, donkeys etc. it is the most
extensively used of all the means of transportation.
2. Rail transportation: This consists of passengers trains and good train of various types.
Advantages of Rail Transportation
1. larger capacity for bulky goods/passenger
2. Standard rate of charges
3. less prone to accidents compared with road transport
4. It operates on schedule
5. Welfare services e.g. bath, toilets, canteen are provided
EVALUATION QUESTIONS
1. State five reasons why road transport would be preferred to rail transport
2. Explain five problems of using rail transport in Nigeria
Disadvantages of Containerization
It reduces employment opportunities available for dock workers as containers are usually
loaded into ship by cranes or special fork-lifts.
6. Water Transportation: this is the form of conveying goods and people from one place
to another through the rivers, lakes, seas or oceans by ships, boats, canoes, ferry etc.
Advantages of Water Transportation
1. suitable for heavy and bulky goods
2. It is very safe
3. It is relatively cheaper
4. It may be adapted to carry perishable goods e.g. refrigeration
5. it operates on schedule
6. It is comfortable and has luxurious facilities
EVALUATION QUESTIONS
1. State five advantages of transportations by pipe lines.
2. List five disadvantages of water transportation.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Which of the following is not a factor to be considered in selecting a means of
transport
2. Sea transport is unsuitable for the movement of A. antiquities B. coal C.
fertilizers D. vegetables
3. Gases are best transported by A. air B. canal C. pipelines (d0 rail
4. The mode of transport that conveys goods at low cost per unit is A. road B. rail
C. air D. pipelines
5. Which of the following is not an advantage of water transport over all
transportation A. speed B. flexibility C. cost D. capacity.
THEORY
1. What is transport by rail
READING ASSIGNMENT
Comprehensive Commerce SSS page 100-114
Essential Commerce for SSS page 214-228
SHIPPING CONFERENCES
A shipping conference is an association of all the shipping companies serving any particular
route formed with the objective of protecting members interest and to better serve the shipper
(i.e. one who sends goods by ship)
EVALUATION
1. State five differences between a tramp liner and an ocean liner
2. List four features of cargo liners.
EVALUATION
1. Define the term charter party
2. Mention and explain the three forms of charter party
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Ships that pick up cargo from any port and travels anytime are called A. Cargo ships B.
tramps C. tankers D. ferries
2. Crude Oil is best transported within the country through A. a container B. a trawler C. a
tanker D. pipeline
3. A contract for the hire of a ship is known as A. Hire purchase B. shipper’s council C.
charter party D. shipping conference
4. An importer would prefer see transport if his order is A. bulky and durable B. perishable
C. urgently needed D. to be delivered at his warehouse.
5. The main advantage of sea transport over air transport is A. capacity B. safety C. speed D.
patronage
THEORY
1. What is transportation by pipeline?
2. Who is a common carrier?
READING ASSIGNMENT
1. Essential Commerce for SSS by O.A. Longe Page 100-110
2. Comprehensive Commerce for SSS by J.U Anyaele Page 214 – 228