Unit IG2 (Element-8)

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UnitIG2 –Risk Assessment

Element8:
Other General Workplace Issues
NCMT
National Center For Management & Training
Learning Outcomes
1. Outline commonhealth, welfare and work environment requirements in
the workplace.
2. Explain the hazards and control measures for safe working at height.
NCMT 3. Outline the characteristics of a confined space, what should be

considered in a risk assessment of, the main hazards of and safe-systems-
of-work for a confined space.
4. Outline what a lone worker is, the steps to take to avoid lone work, 1
particular hazards of and what should be included in a risk assessment
for lone working.

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Learning Outcomes
5. Outline the common causes of and control measures for slips and trips
in the workplace.
6. Outline the hazards and control measures for the safe movement of
NCMT people and vehicles in the workplace.
7. Outline the advantages and disadvantages of road traffic safety

management systems, factors to consider when assessing the risk from
work-related driving and the hazards associated with electric and hybrid
vehicles.
UnitIG2:Element8.1
NCMT
Health, Welfare and Work Environment
Requirements

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Welfare Provision
1. Drinking water.
2. Sanitary conveniences.
3. Washing facilities.
4. Changing rooms.
NCMT
5. Accommodation for clothing.
6. Rest and eating facilities.
Welfare Requirements
Drinking water • Labelled
Sanitary conveniences
• Sufficient numbers
NCMT • Separate for men and women
• Clean, lit & ventilated
• Provision for the disabled (special)
Washing facilities
• Showers if required 3
• Hot and cold water, soap, towels

• Means of drying

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Welfare Requirements
Changing rooms • For special work wear
• Lit, cleaned and ventilated
• Separate facilities for men and women
Accommodation for • Lockers

NCMT clothing • Personal clothing (clean and secure)
• Separate storage for dirty work wear
Resting and eating

facilities • Sufficient seats and tables
• Away from work location
• Hygienic environment
• Means of preparing hot food and drink
Work Environment Requirements

Seating • Appropriate seating
• Stable, backrest and footrest where
appropriate
Ventilation • Sufficient supply of fresh or purified air

NCMT
Temperature • Reasonable temperature indoors
Lighting • Adequate lighting

4
Space • Adequate to perform task safely
Noise • Controls to reduce noise may be needed

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Work Place Lighting Requirements
• Minimum light levels should be achieved.

• Natural light is best.
• Local lighting may be necessary (spot light).
NCMT • Local lighting on critical areas.
• No reflections or glare.
• No creation of shadows.
• No flickering.
• Emergency lighting should be provided if mains power fails.
Group Exercise
What are the health issues associated with working in:
• Hot environments?
• Cold environments?
NCMT
How can these health risks be controlled?

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Effects of Exposure
Hot environments: Cold environments:
• Dehydration (fluid). • Hypothermia.
• Muscle cramps (salt). • Frostbite (skin injury).
NCMT • Heat stress (body unable • Slip injuries (on icy floors).
to cool itself). • Freeze burn injuries.
• Heat exhaustion (loss of
body water & salt).
• Heatstroke (body cant
regulate temperature).
• Burns/skin damage.
Preventive Measures
Hot environments: Cold environments:
• Ventilation. • PPE – insulating.
• Provide cool refuges. • Provide warm refuges.
• Frequent breaks.
• Drinking water.
NCMT • Job rotation.
• Frequent breaks.
• Access to warm food and
• Job rotation. drinks.
• Appropriate clothing. • Shield cold surfaces.
6

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UnitIG2:Element8.2
NCMT
Working at Height
Introduction to Working at Height

Work at any height where there is a risk of a fall liable to
cause personal injury unless precautions are taken.
Workers at risk: Main risks: Accidents:
• Steel workers. • Worker falling. • Death.
• Scaffolders. • Object falling. • Neck or spinal
NCMT injury.
• Engineers.
• Welders. • Broken bones.
• Maintenance staff.
• Painters.
7
• Window-cleaners.

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Factors influence work at height risk

Risk Factors:
• Vertical distance
• Roofs (Fragile / Slope)
NCMT • Deterioration of materials
• Unprotected edges
• Unstable access equipment
• Weather (Heavy rain, High wind)
• Falling materials
Dynamics of Fall
In 1 second
your body
NCMT will fall 10m
Good body reaction time = 0.2 seconds

Travel distance in 0.2 seconds = 2m 8
By the time you react your body will be 2m below

where you were standing

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Dynamics of Fall
NCMT
Group Exercise
What are the hazards of working at height for a

window cleaner?
Discuss the most effective way(s) to reduce the
NCMT
risk.

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Vertical Distance
• Falls from any height can cause injury.
• Vertical distance is only one factor.
• Falls of less than two metres can cause
NCMT death or major injury!
Roofs
Roof work includes construction and maintenance.
Particular danger arise with two types of roof:
Fragile roofs:
NCMT
• Roof structure not designed to carry loads.
• Cement, asbestos, glass, reinforced plastics, etc.
Sloping roofs:
• Pitch greater than 10o. 10
• Injury made worse by acceleration.

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Risk Factors for Work at Height

• Deterioration of materials.
• Unprotected edges.
• Unstable access equipment.
• Weather.
NCMT • Falling materials:
‒ Crumbling brickwork, loose tiles.
‒ Bad storage of materials on scaffolding.
‒ Bad housekeeping – debris.
‒ Gaps in platform surfaces.
‒ Open, unprotected edges.
‒ Throwing things on and off the roof.
Controlling the Risks of Work at Height

Hierarchy of Controls
Avoid work
at height
NCMT
Prevent falls
Minimise the
distance and
consequences 11
of falls
Prioritise collective protection over personal protection when

applying the last two controls.
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Avoiding Work at Height

• Modify the work process:
‒ E.g. work from ground level.
NCMT • Modifying a design:

‒ E.g. change design of structure so that steel is assembled at
ground level and craned into place.
• May not be possible to achieve.
Avoiding Work at Height

Factors to consider when selecting control measures:
• Nature and duration of task. • PPE requirements, e.g. helmets.
• Competence of workers. • Weather conditions.
NCMT • Training needs. • Health of workers.

• Planning and supervision • Need for a rescue plan.
needed. • Compliance with regulations.
• Means of access and egress.
• Suitability of equipment and its 12
maintenance and pre-use
checks.

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Preventing Falls and Falling Materials

Proper planning and supervision of work is important to prevent falls
from height and falling materials.
Those responsible for such work should be experienced and should

use their knowledge to ensure:
NCMT
• The selection and use of correct access equipment.
• Correct provision and handling of tools and materials.
• Adequate information, instruction and training.
• Regular inspection of the workplace, work equipment and work
methods.
• Avoiding work in bad weather.
Preventing Falls and Falling Materials

Falls hierarchy:
• Safe working platform.
• Properly installed suspended

NCMT access equipment.
• Equipment to arrest falls.
Falling materials: 13
• Fit toe boards and brick guards.

• If risk remains, debris netting and covered walkways.

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Guardrails and Toe Boards

Guardrails:
• Fully enclose the unprotected edge.
• Robust.
• Securely fixed.
• High enough.
NCMT
• No large gaps.
Toe boards:
• Toe board fitted at edge.
• Brick guards.
Work Platforms
• Large enough to allow safe use.
• Capable to bear required loads.
• Fully boarded. National Center For Management & Training
Suspended Access Equipment

Suspended cradle:
• Fully guarded, toe boards.
NCMT Personal suspended access equipment:

• E.g. boatswain's chair:
‒ Light, short-term work.
‒ Similar control to abseiling. 14

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Emergency Rescue
• Reasonably foreseeable events.
• Simple: putting up a ladder.
• Mechanical access: Mobile Elevating Work Platform
NCMT (MEWP).
• Trained operatives.
Fall Arrest
• Collective protection systems – nets,
airbags, soft bags:
‒ Best systems.
‒ Protect all workers.
NCMT Personal protective systems – fall arrest

harness:
‒ Full-body harness.
‒ One or two lanyards.
‒ Anchor point.
15
‒ Training.
‒ Inspection of equipment.

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Provision of Equipment, Training and Instruction
• Workers should be trained to work at height safely.
• Content of training depends on the nature of the work.
NCMT
• Workers should have an awareness of the hazards.
• Additional training may be required by law for use of

some equipment.
Ladders
Intended for short-duration work.
Risks:
• Falls from height:
NCMT ‒ Falling off the ladder.
‒ The ladder toppling sideways.
‒ The ladder base slipping out from the wall.
• Objects falling from height.
• Contact with live overheads. 16

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Group Discussion
Suggest the control measures for the safe use of

ladders.
NCMT
Ladders
• Sited away from live overheads.
• Solid, flat base.
• Weight supported on stiles, never on
NCMT rungs.
• Correct angle (1:4 rule – 75o).
• Top of the ladder against solid
support.
17
• Ladder secured at the top; or:
‒ guy ropes attached or;
‒ ladder should be ‘footed’.

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Ladders
• Top of the ladder should extend 1m (five rungs) above
stepping off point if used as a means of access.
• Only one person on ladder at any one time.
NCMT • Nothing should be carried in the hands while climbing.
• Maintain three points of contact.
• Wooden ladders should not be painted.
Stepladders
Intended for short-duration, light work.
Precautions:
• Daily inspections before use.
• Fully open.
NCMT
• Locking devices in place.
• Firm, level ground.
• Don’t work off top two steps. 18
• Avoid overreaching.
• Avoid side-on working.

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Trestles and Staging Boards

Ensure trestles are:
• Large enough to allow passage of equipment/materials.
• Free from trip hazards and gaps.
NCMT
• Fitted with toe boards and handrails.
• Kept clean and tidy.
• Not overloaded.
• Erected on firm, level ground.
Independent Tied Scaffolds

Standards Uprights or vertical tubes
Ledgers Horizontal tubes
Transoms Short, horizontal tubes spanning across ledgers
NCMT Bracing Diagonal tubes
Base plates Underneath the standards
Sole boards Timber under base plates
Work platform Fully boarded 19
Guardrails Enclose work platform
Toe boards Provide lip to platform

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NCMT

Basic Components
NCMT
20

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Bracing
NCMT

Working Platform
NCMT
21

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NCMT
Group Discussion
A scaffold has collapsed in a busy town centre.
Give reasons why this might have happened.

NCMT
22

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• Overloaded work platform. • High winds.
• Soft ground. • Incorrect couplers.
• Scaffold not tied in.
• Scaffold struck by mobile
• Insufficient bracing. plant.
• Standards not upright.
NCMT • Scaffold erected by
• Standards bent or damaged. incompetent workers.
• Scaffold not inspected prior to
use.
Mobile Tower Scaffolds

Risks:
• Falls from the work platform.
• Objects falling.
NCMT
• Collapse of the structure.
• Overturn (toppling).
• Unintended movement of the wheels.
• Contact with live overheads. 23

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Mobile Tower Scaffolds

Precautions:
• Guardrails. • No climbing outside of tower.
• Not overloaded. • Training.
• Wheels locked. • Tower not exceed relevant base-to-
NCMT height ratio.
• Firm, level ground.
• Tower inspected prior to use and
• People, materials off mobile tower
routinely during use.
when moved.
• Avoid overheads.
• Outriggers used.
Mobile Elevating Work Platforms (MEWP)

Risks:
• Falls.
• Objects falling.
NCMT • Collapse.
• Overturn (toppling).
• Contact with live overheads.
• Entrapment of the cradle/platform against adjacent structures.
24
• Shearing against adjacent structures.
• Unauthorised use.

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Mobile Elevating Work Platforms

Safety precautions:
• Firm, stable ground.
• Clearance of obstructions and overheads.
• Barriers to exclude vehicles and people, etc.
NCMT • Guardrails not removed or modified.
• Harness and lanyard used (subject to risk assessment).
• Not driven with the cradle raised unless designed to do so.
• Not be overloaded.
• Correct use of outriggers.
• Inspected and maintained as items of lifting equipment.
• Trained, authorised staff only.
Leading Edge Protection

Unprotected edges that are created and move as work progresses.
For example, when fixing roof sheets to a steel-framed building.
Safety netting is the preferred protection system. Or other soft

NCMT landing systems.
Safety netting provides collective protection.
Safety nets must be:

• installed as close as possible beneath the roof surface; 25
• securely attached and will withstand a person falling onto them;

and
• installed and maintained by competent personnel.
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Inspection of Access Equipment

Should be inspected:
• When first erected.
• After substantial alteration.
NCMT • After incident affecting stability.
Such as?
• Periodically - typically every seven days.
Inspection of Access Equipment

Points to consider:
• Condition of tubes (especially standards).
• Tying and bracing.
NCMT • Condition of the work platform.
• Edge protection.
• Ground conditions.
• Safe access. 26
• Safe working load.

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Prevention of Falling Materials Through Safe Stacking

and Storage
If housekeeping is not properly managed, it can:
• Hinder safe movement around the workplace.
NCMT • Block light.

• Block access to essential services.

and Storage
Sufficient space needed for storage of materials:
• Storage areas clearly defined.
NCMT • Separate areas for different items.

• Segregation of certain materials and substances, e.g. gas
bottles.
• Clean and tidy areas / routinely inspected. 27
• Appropriate warning signs.

• No work activities in storage areas.
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and Storage
When stacking:
• Each stack for one material only.
NCMT • Stacks should be vertical.

• Use pallets to keep materials off the ground.
• Allow space between stacks for safe movement.
• Protect stacks from being struck by vehicles.
End of Module 8.2 Exercise

1. What are the main hazards when carrying out roof
work?
NCMT 2. What are the steps in the hierarchy of control when

working at height?
3. What are the main safety precautions when using
ladders? 28
4. What factors might cause the collapse of an

independent tied scaffold?
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UnitIG2:Element8.3
NCMT
SafeWorking inConfinedSpaces
Introduction to Confined Spaces

“any place, including any
chamber, tank, silo, pit, trench,
pipe, sewer, well or other similar
space in which, by virtue of its
NCMT enclosed nature, there arises a
reasonably foreseeable specified
risk”
29

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Introduction to Confined Spaces

Specified risks are:
1. Fire or explosion.
2. Loss of consciousness from gas,
fumes, vapour, lack of oxygen.
NCMT 3. Drowning.
4. Asphyxiation
5. Entrapment in free-flowing solid.
6. Loss of consciousness from increased
body temperature.
Factors to be Assessed
• General condition of the confined space
‒ Previous contents .
‒ Residues.
‒ Contamination.
‒ Oxygen deficiency and oxygen enrichment.
‒ Physical dimensions.
NCMT
• Hazards arising from the work
‒ Cleaning chemicals.
‒ Sources of ignition.
‒ Increasing temperature.
• Hazards from outside the space 30

‒ Ingress of substances.
‒ Emergency rescue.

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Safe System of Work for Entry

• Do not work inside a confined space if possible.
• Carry out a risk assessment.
• Develop safe system of work.
NCMT
• Develop emergency arrangements.
• Use permit to work.
• Use only trained, competent personnel.
Safe System of Work for Entry

• Supervision. • Isolation, lock-off of
• Competency. electrical/mechanical
hazards.
• Communication.
• Access/egress.
• Atmospheric
NCMT testing/monitoring. • Fire prevention.
• Ventilation. • Lighting.
• Removal of residues. • Suitability of individuals.
• PPE. • Emergency/rescue
procedures. 31

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UnitIG2:Element8.4
NCMT LoneWorking
Lone Worker
 Workers who are separated from their work colleagues.
 May be more at risk of violence (exposed to members
of public – traffic police)
 Prison staff, mental hospital nurse, confined space
 Lack assistance if things go wrong (not with colleagues).
NCMT
Communication with colleagues more difficult, i.e.:
• Out of eyesight.
• Out of earshot.
32

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Safe System of Work for Lone Working

• No lone working for high-risk activities, e.g. confined
spaces.
• Remote supervision (camera).
NCMT
• Logging workers locations.
• Mobile phones or radios.
• Lone worker alarm systems.
• Emergency procedures.
• Training for workers.
UnitIG2:Element8.5
NCMT Slips and Trips
33

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Group Exercise
What is the difference between:
• a slip hazard, and
NCMT • a trip hazard?
Give examples of each.
Common Slipping and Tripping Hazards

Slip hazards:
• Smooth floor surfaces:
NCMT ‒ Inherently slippery (polished marble).

‒ Wet (rain, spill, cleaning operation).
• Contamination (leaves, oil).
• Ice. 34

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Common Slipping and Tripping

Hazards
Trip hazards:
• Uneven or loose floor mat.
NCMT
• Trailing cables.
• Objects on the floor.
Control Measures for Slips and Trips

Management principles:
• Eliminate the hazard (spill control).
• Create a safe place (housekeeping).
• Create a safe person (instruction).
NCMT
35

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Spillage Control and Drainage

• Maintenance and inspection.
• Containment of foreseeable spills and leaks

‒ E.g. bunds for containers, drip tray
NCMT
• Behavioural controls (banning drinks).
• Drainage for:
‒ Outdoor walkways - rainfall.
‒ Indoor wet floors, e.g. showers room.
Use of Signs and Personal Protective Equipment
• Use of signs:
‒ Prohibition.
NCMT ‒ Warning.
‒ Mandatory.
• PPE in the form of safety footwear with appropriate
tread pattern (non-slip tread) and grip characteristics. 36

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Information, Instruction, Training and Supervision
• Hazards.
• What is required of them.
• How they can apply it.
NCMT
• Supervision is essential – ensures correct behaviour.
Housekeeping and Maintenance of a Safe Workplace
• Floors and walkways cleaned routinely.

• Spill procedure (cleaned-up quickly).
• Routine housekeeping.
NCMT
• Floors, walkways, access and egress inspected and
repaired.
• Emergency exits kept clear.
37
• Lighting checked and maintained.

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UnitIG2:Element8.6
SafeMovementof
NCMT People& Vehicles intheWorkplace
Typical Risks Relating to Vehicle Movements
• Loss of control:
Due to driver error, environmental or
mechanical failure.
NCMT
• Overturning:
Laterally (face down) or longitudinally
(side-ways).
38
• Collisions:
With other vehicles, pedestrians or
fixed objects (rack).
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Group Exercise
What could cause a forklift truck to

overturn?
NCMT
Loss of Control and Overturning

Factors that can cause a forklift truck to
overturn:
• Cornering while being driven • Uneven tyre pressures.
too fast. • Driving across a slope.
NCMT
• Uneven loading of the forks. • Excessive braking.
• Driving over potholes. • Collisions.
• Driving with the load
elevated.
39

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Risk Factors
Factors that can increase the risk of collisions:
• Driving too fast.
• Inadequate lighting.
• Reversing without the help of a banksman.
NCMT
• Blind spots, such as corners and entrances.
• Bad weather conditions (e.g. rain).
• Obstructed visibility (e.g. forklift truck).
• Poor design of pedestrian walkways and crossing points.
• Lack of vehicle maintenance.
• Silent operation of machinery.
Non-Movement-Related Hazards
Typical non-movement-related hazards arise from:
• Loading: manual and mechanical.
• Overloading: exceeding the safe working load of the vehicle.

NCMT
• Unloading: tipping operations, etc.
• Securing: climbing on to a vehicle to secure the load.
• Coupling: attaching vehicle to trailers (crushing). 40

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Workplace Transport Control Measures

• Eliminate the hazard (banksman, blind-spot mirror).
• Create a safe place (housekeeping, light).
• Create a safe person (competent operator).
NCMT
• Risk assessment:
‒ Identify the hazards.
‒ Identify the groups at risk (pedestrian, other drivers).
‒ Evaluate the risk.
‒ Record and implement.
‒ Review.
Risk Assessment
Measures necessary to control risks created by
vehicle operations can be grouped under:
• Workplace environment.
NCMT
• Vehicle.
• Driver.
41

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The Workplace Environment

• Vehicle-free zones (create • Speed limits.
pedestrian only area). • Signage.
• Pedestrian-free zones. • Well lit, maintained
• Traffic route layout (good roads/pathways.
design of road & routes). • Avoid gradients (inclined
NCMT • Segregation(separate road).
walkways). • Barriers at changes in levels.
• Marked walkways and
crossings.
Group Exercise
What controls could reduce the risks in areas where vehicles

are reversing?
NCMT
42

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Control measures to reduce risk of accident from
reversing vehicles:
• Avoid reversing by using one-
way systems.
NCMT • Segregate pedestrians and
vehicles.
• Reversing alarms and beacons.
• Mirrors to reduce blind spots.
• High-visibility clothing.
• Good lighting.
• Banksman.

Site rules for safe vehicle parking of a forklift truck:
• Apply the handbrake.
• Lower the forks and the mast forwards.
NCMT • Engine OFF.
• Remove the key.
• Do not obstruct a traffic route.
• Do not obstruct a pedestrian route. 43
• Do not obstruct emergency escape routes.

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Safe Vehicles
• Suitable for their intended use.
• Suitable for the environment and conditions of use.
• Maintained in safe working condition.
NCMT • Only driven by trained, qualified staff.
• Inspected routinely before use.
Safe Vehicles
Vehicle should be fitted with :-
• Seat belt(s).
• Roll bar or roll cage (ROPS).
NCMT • Guard to protect the driver in the event of falling objects.
• Horn.
• Mirrors and/or cameras to aid vision.
• Audible reversing alarm. 44
• Beacon or flashing light.

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Safe Drivers
The driver should be:
• Competent to drive the vehicle (licence).
• Medically fit to drive.
NCMT • Provided with specific information,
instruction and training (defensive
driving).
• Supervised (IVMS).
UnitIG2:Element8.7
NCMT Work Related Driving
45

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Managing Work-Related Road Safety

• Many accidents occur on the public roads while driving
on business.
• No specific health and safety legislation.
• Manage like any other risk.
NCMT Road Traffic Safety Management System.
Based on the
• Plan
• Do
• Check
• Act
PDCA Cycle
• Plan
- Assess traffic risks.
- Establish company policy.
• Do
- Communication & consultation with workforce.
NCMT - Provide instruction & training.
• Check
- Monitor the performance (policy is working correctly)
- Accident reporting 46
• Act
- Learn from accident
- Review & update policy
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Group Exercise
What factors would you need to consider when carrying
out a risk assessment for a specific work-based driving
task?
NCMT
Risk Assessment Factors

1. Identify the hazards:
- Journey distance (longer journey = greater risk).
- Driving hours (long period without break).
- Stress (due to traffic).
- Weather conditions.
NCMT 2. Identify who may be harmed.
3. Evaluate the risks:
- Eliminate the need to travel.
- Travel by a safer means (train or aeroplane).
- If road travel take sensible precautions.
47
4. Record the findings & implement.
5. Review.

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Evaluating the Risks

If road travel is the preferred option then look at:
• The driver.
NCMT
• The vehicle.
• The journey.
And base controls around these factors.
The Driver
Competency:
• Drivers’ licences checked.
• Experience and ability.
NCMT Training:
• Advanced or defensive driving courses.
• Vehicle safety, pre-use inspection.
Fitness and health: 48
• Medical examination.
• Eyesight checks.
• Drugs policy.
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The Vehicle
Suitability:
• Minimum
requirements,
standards.
NCMT • Insurance and valid
regulatory certificate if
private vehicles used.
Condition:
• Maintained.
• Pre-use inspections.
The Vehicle
• Safety equipment:
‒ Seat belts, airbags, head restraints.
‒ Emergency triangles, first-aid kit, spare tyre.
‒ Fire extinguisher.
NCMT
• Ergonomic:
‒ Adjustability of seat position and posture.
• Mobile phone use (Policy)
49

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The Journey
Routes Scheduling
• Avoid hazards, • Avoid peak times.
e.g. town centres.
• Avoid fatigue times,
• Select low-risk roads, e.g. 2–6am, 2–4pm.
NCMT e.g. motorways.
• Avoid roadworks.
The Journey
Time:
• Realistic.
• Rest breaks [2 hours-15min].
Distance:
NCMT
• Must be reasonable.
• Not excessive.
Weather conditions:
50
• No driving in bad weather.

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Summary
In this element, we have:
• Outlined the minimum welfare provisions.
• Outlined the effects of working in extreme

NCMT temperatures/cold and relevant control measures.
• Described the main risks associated with work at

height.
• Discussed the hazards and precautions relevant to

scaffolds, mobile tower scaffolds, MEWPs and
ladders.
Summary
• Outlined the meaning of the phrase ‘lone working’.
• Outlined the hazards that can cause slips and trips for
NCMT pedestrians and the relevant control measures.
• Identified the hazards presented by vehicle operations.
• Explained how the risk assessment of work-related driving 51
should focus on three main areas of concern; the driver,

the vehicle and the journey.

Unit IG2 (Element-8)

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Unit IG2 (Element-8)

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20 /0 7 /2 0 2 3

UnitIG2 –Risk Assessment

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NCMT 3. Outline the characteristics of a confined space, what should be

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7. Outline the advantages and disadvantages of road traffic safety

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• Hot and cold water, soap, towels

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Accommodation for • Lockers

Resting and eating

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Work Environment Requirements

Ventilation • Sufficient supply of fresh or purified air

Lighting • Adequate lighting

Noise • Controls to reduce noise may be needed

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Work Place Lighting Requirements

• Minimum light levels should be achieved.

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How can these health risks be controlled?

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Introduction to Working at Height

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Factors influence work at height risk

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Good body reaction time = 0.2 seconds

By the time you react your body will be 2m below

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What are the hazards of working at height for a

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Risk Factors for Work at Height

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Controlling the Risks of Work at Height

Prioritise collective protection over personal protection when

Avoiding Work at Height

NCMT • Modifying a design:

• May not be possible to achieve.

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Avoiding Work at Height

NCMT • Training needs. • Health of workers.

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Preventing Falls and Falling Materials

Those responsible for such work should be experienced and should

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Preventing Falls and Falling Materials

• Properly installed suspended

• Fit toe boards and brick guards.

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Guardrails and Toe Boards

Suspended Access Equipment

NCMT Personal suspended access equipment: