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    Lecture 28

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    Ridham
    1. Accuracy refers to how close observations are to the true value, while precision refers to how close repeated observations are to the average. Dilution of precision (DOP) describes the effect of satellite geometry on measurement accuracy. 2. Factors affecting GPS observation accuracy include orbital biases and measurement errors, absolute versus relative positioning modes, satellite-receiver geometry as indicated by DOP values, and pre- and post-processing algorithms. 3. Lower DOP values provide higher accuracy, while higher recording frequencies capture more data but use more memory. Accuracy can range from meters to sub-centimeters depending on the survey method, receiver capabilities, and intended uses.

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    Lecture 28

    Uploaded by

    Ridham
    12 views3 pages
    1. Accuracy refers to how close observations are to the true value, while precision refers to how close repeated observations are to the average. Dilution of precision (DOP) describes the effect of satellite geometry on measurement accuracy. 2. Factors affecting GPS observation accuracy include orbital biases and measurement errors, absolute versus relative positioning modes, satellite-receiver geometry as indicated by DOP values, and pre- and post-processing algorithms. 3. Lower DOP values provide higher accuracy, while higher recording frequencies capture more data but use more memory. Accuracy can range from meters to sub-centimeters depending on the survey method, receiver capabilities, and intended uses.

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    1. Accuracy refers to how close observations are to the true value, while precision refers to how close repeated observations are to the average. Dilution of precision (DOP) describes the effect of satellite geometry on measurement accuracy. 2. Factors affecting GPS observation accuracy include orbital biases and measurement errors, absolute versus relative positioning modes, satellite-receiver geometry as indicated by DOP values, and pre- and post-processing algorithms. 3. Lower DOP values provide higher accuracy, while higher recording frequencies capture more data but use more memory. Accuracy can range from meters to sub-centimeters depending on the survey method, receiver capabilities, and intended uses.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    12 views3 pages

    Lecture 28

    Uploaded by

    Ridham
    1. Accuracy refers to how close observations are to the true value, while precision refers to how close repeated observations are to the average. Dilution of precision (DOP) describes the effect of satellite geometry on measurement accuracy. 2. Factors affecting GPS observation accuracy include orbital biases and measurement errors, absolute versus relative positioning modes, satellite-receiver geometry as indicated by DOP values, and pre- and post-processing algorithms. 3. Lower DOP values provide higher accuracy, while higher recording frequencies capture more data but use more memory. Accuracy can range from meters to sub-centimeters depending on the survey method, receiver capabilities, and intended uses.

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    of 3

    Lecture-3

    6.5 Accurracy and Reccording Timee

    Accuracy y and precision: It is referrred to the clo


    oseness of obsservation to thhe real value.. Precision referred
    to the closseness of repeeated observaation to the mean value of a group of obbservation sam mple.

    Figure 6.5: Accuracy


    A vs. P
    Precision

    Orbital Biases:
    B Thesse are the sy ystematic erroors, which aare responsibble for the cchange in thee true
    measurem ments from thee observed vaalue by a consstant amount, in a predictaable and systeematic mannerr.
    DOP (Dillution of Preecision); In caase of navigattion applicatiion, DOP is ddefined as an effect of geometry
    related to satellite conffiguration. It is
    i also expressed as the rattio of positionnal to measureement accuraacy.

    GPS coorrdinates has been calculaated via Userr Equivalent Range Errorrs (UERE) w which is relatted to
    satellite and
    a receiver clocks,
    c orbits, satellite orb
    bits, position geometry annd atmospheriic conditions. This
    condition occurs when a clustered close togethher and thus suffer from DOP (Dilutiion of
    n satellites are
    Precision)). The DOP concludes the values rangess from 1 to 200 (Table 6.1)..

     GPS
    G receiverss comprise off two compon nents i.e. HD
    DOP (Horizonntal Dilutionn of Precisionn) and
    VDOP
    V (Verticcal Dilution of
    o Precision). A combinatiion of this viia three-dimeensional posittion is
    caalled PDOP (Position Dilu ution of Precission).

    Componeents of GDOP P:-
     Position Dilutiion of Precisioon or Sphericcal DOP havinng 3-Dimensiion (PDOP).
     Horizontal
    H Dilution of Precision with Laatitude and Loongitude (HD
    DOP).
     Vertical
    V Dilution of Precisio
    on with heighht (VDOP).
     Time
    T Dilution of Precision with time (TDDOP).
    Table 6.1: Impact of DOP values over GPS survey

    Value Range Capability Conclusions


    DOP = 1 Ideal Maximum confidence level
    1 < DOP < 2 Excellent Exact measurements must be met
    2 < DOP < 5 Good Lowest level of confidence with respect to
    business decisions
    5 < DOP < 10 Moderate Measurements computed would be
    accurate but can be improved
    10 < DOP < Fair Low confidence level but must be treated
    20 with caution
    DOP > 20 Poor Significant levels of inaccuracy and error

    Accuracy of GPS observations can be varying from some meter level to sub centimeter level, depending
    upon the method of GPS survey adopted and capability of GPS receiver used, and also for the type of
    uses whether it is used for military purpose or civilian use, accuracy differs.
    Lower the recording time, higher will be the data recorded which will boost the accuracy of observation
    so generally it is kept 1seconds. But lower recording time increases the memory uses also hence some
    time it causes trouble.

    The main factors affecting the accuracy of GPS observation can be listed as below;

     Error related to orbital biases and measurement


     Positioning Mode based on absolute and relative or differential positioning
     Satellite and Receiver Position Geometry
     Pre and Post data processing algorithms
    Error related to orbital biases and measurement: All GPS measurements including pseudo range, carrier
    phase & Doppler frequency are very sensitive to the biases and errors; their combined effect alters the
    positioning results. For high accuracy work biases must be accounted in processing step of GPS data
    processing. Sources of biases may be grouped depending upon their characteristics such as magnitude,
    periodicity, satellite and receiver dependencies. Manly biases can introduced by effects i.e. atmospheric
    effects and signal propagation, but they can also introduced in the data processing stage due to poor
    knowledge of fixed constants (like satellite orbit, station coordinates, velocity of light) to the user. By
    considering errors we can consider the biases, which are correlated in space and time. .
    Positioning Mode based on absolute and relative or differential positioning: Both the mode of positioning,
    absolute or point positioning and relative positioning, are fundamental to consideration of error /biases in
    datum related to GPS results. Point positioning is defined with respect to well defined coordinate system
    (WGS84 Cartesian reference system). This coordinate system is direct realized to the monitoring station
    coordinates and transferred to all users on the basis of coordinated of GPs satellite. User position and any
    error or biases computation is basically done by satellite coordinates which directly changes the accuracy
    as well as precision of results.

    Higher accuracies can be obtained by the relative positioning mode using the two receivers at different
    positions, tracing the same satellites, because of absolute positioning of two GPS receivers is affected by
    many errors at same extent which will be subtracted in differential or relative positioning mode.

    Satellite and Receiver Position Geometry: Accuracy of satellite measurements also act as a function of
    geometry of satellite receiver. Lesser the DOP, value higher will be the accuracy of GPS observations and
    errors associated with measurements are not so much amplified. Higher values of DOP make the position
    a point too much unreliable, called outage. DOP varies with time and geography of an area, although for
    same area it is same in ideal condition. DOP plays a vital role in point positioning, although its role is
    limited in the relative positioning.

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