ENGINEERING PHYSICS I

Dr. Nabila Nowaira

Dr. Mahmoud Ossaimee

Text Book: Physics for Scientists &

Engineers (Giancoli)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Revision
Motion

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 2-5 Motion at Constant
Acceleration
The average velocity of an object during a time
interval t is

The acceleration, assumed constant, is

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 2-5 Motion at Constant
Acceleration
The equations of motion at constant-
acceleration are:

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 Chapter 4
Newton’s Laws of Motion

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 Learning Objectives
By the end of this Chapter You will be able to:
❑ Relate the components of a force to the
magnitude and direction of the force.
❑ Relate the net (total) force exerted on each
object to the sum of individual forces.
❑ Solve Newton's second law equations for
quantities of interest.
❑ Distinguish between an object's mass and
weight and the equivalence of inertial and
gravitational mass.

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 ❑ Associate a frictional force to the roughness
of the surface.
❑ Associate ropes and strings with tension
forces that exert a pull.
❑ Interpret "motion" specifically in terms of
constant speed, constant velocity, or
constant acceleration, and relate a net force
to acceleration instead of velocity.

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 4-1 Force

A force is a push or pull. An object at rest

needs a force to get it moving; a moving object
needs a force to change its velocity.
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 4-1 Force

Force is a vector, having both magnitude and

direction. The magnitude of a force can be
measured using a spring scale.

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 4-2 Newton’s First Law of Motion

This is Newton’s first law, which is often called the

law of inertia:
Every object continues in its state of rest, or of uniform
velocity in a straight line, as long as no net force acts on it.

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 4-3 Mass
Mass is the measure of inertia of an object,
sometimes understood as the quantity of matter
in the object. In the SI system, mass is measured
in kilograms.
Mass is not weight.
Mass is a property of an object. Weight is the
force exerted on that object by gravity.
If you go to the Moon, whose gravitational
acceleration is about 1/6 g, you will weigh much
less. Your mass, however, will be the same.

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 4-4 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Newton’s second law is the relation between
acceleration and force. Acceleration is
proportional to force and inversely proportional
to mass.

It takes a force to change either the direction or

the speed of an object. More force means more
acceleration; the same force exerted on a more
massive object will yield less acceleration.

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Force is a vector, so is true along
each coordinate axis.

 Fx = m ax

F =ma   Fy = m a y

 Fz = m az
The unit of force in the SI system is the Newton (N).

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 4-4 Newton’s Second Law of Motion

Example 4-2: Force to accelerate a fast car.

Estimate the net force needed to accelerate
(a) a 1000-kg car at ½ g; (b) a 200-g apple at
the same rate.
Solution:
(a) a = 12 g = 12 (9.8 m/s2 )  5 m/s2
F = m a  (1000 kg)(5 m/s 2 ) = 5000 N

(b) m = 200 g = 0.2 kg

For the same rate of acceleration:

F = m a  (0.2 kg)(5 m/s 2 ) = 1 N

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 4-4 Newton’s Second Law of Motion

Example 4-2: Force to accelerate a fast car.

Estimate the net force needed to accelerate
(a) a 1000-kg car at ½ g; (b) a 200-g apple at
the same rate.
Solution:
(a) a = 12 g = 12 (9.8 m/s2 )  5 m/s2
F = m a  (100 kg)(5 m/s 2 ) = 5000 N

(b) m = 200 g = 0.2 kg

For the same rate of acceleration:

F = m a  (0.2 kg)(5 m/s 2 ) = 1 N

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 Example 4-3: Force to stop a car.
What average net force is required to bring a
1500-kg car to rest from a speed of 100 km/h
within a distance of 55 m?

Solution: vo = 100 km/h = 27.8 m/s

v −v 2 2
0 - 27.8
a= = o
= −7 m/s 2
2( x − xo ) 2(55)
∑F = ma = 1500 × - 7 = -1.1 × 104 N
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 4-5 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
Any time a force is exerted on an object, that
force is caused by another object.
Newton’s third law:
Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object,
the second exerts an equal force in the opposite
direction on the first.

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 4-5 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
Rocket propulsion:

The reaction force is what Fthr

propels the rocket.

Ejection of hot
gases from the
fire at the tail
of the rocket at
high speeds.

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 Conceptual Example 4-4: What exerts the force
to move a car?
Response: A common answer is that the engine
makes the car move forward. But it is not so
simple. The engine makes the wheels go around.
But if the tires are on slick ice or deep mud, they
just spin. Friction is needed. On firm ground, the
tires push backward against the ground because
of friction. By Newton’s third law, the ground
pushes on the tires in the opposite direction,
accelerating the car forward.
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4-6 Weight—the Force of Gravity (Fg or W)

Weight is the force exerted on an object by

gravity. Close to the surface of the Earth, where
the gravitational force is nearly constant, the
weight of an object of mass m is:

where

Some times we use the symbol W instead of FG:

W = mg
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 4-6 The Normal Force (FN)
An object at rest must have no net force on it. If
it is sitting on a table, the force of gravity is still
there; what other force is there?
The force exerted perpendicular to a surface is
called the normal force.
It is exactly as large as
needed to balance the
force from the object.

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 Forces of tension (FT)
When a flexible cord pulls on an
object, the cord is said to be
under tension, the force it exerts FT FT
on the object is FT

Forces of friction (Ffr)

motion
When an object moves on a
rough surface, there will be a F
friction force Ffr between the F
fr
surface and the object. The
direction of the friction force is
always is always against motion
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 Example 4-6: Weight, normal force, and a box.
A friend has given you a special gift, a box of mass 10.0
kg with a mystery surprise inside. The box is resting on
the smooth (frictionless) horizontal surface of a table.
(a) Determine the weight of the box and the normal force
exerted on it by the table.

Solution:
(a) W = m g = (10.0 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 98.0 N
We apply Newton’s second law as follows:

Fy = ma y , a y = 0  Fy = 0  FN − mg = 0

Thus: FN = mg = 98 N

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(b) Now your friend pushes down on the box with a
force of 40.0 N. Again determine the normal force
exerted on the box by the table.

Solution:

∑Fy = 0

FN – mg – 40 = 0

FN = 98 + 40 = 138 N

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(c) If your friend pulls upward on the box with a force
of 40.0 N, what now is the normal force exerted on
the box by the table?

Solution:

∑ Fy = 0
FN – mg + 40 = 0
FN = 98 – 40 = 58 N

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 Example 4-7: Accelerating the box.
What happens when a person pulls
upward on the box in the previous
example with a force greater than the
box’s weight, say 100.0 N?

Solution:
∑Fy = may
Fp – mg = may
Fp − mg 100 - 98
a= = = 0.2 m/s 2
m 10

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Example 4-8: Apparent weight loss.
A 65-kg woman descends in an elevator that briefly accelerates at 0.20g
downward. She stands on a scale that reads in kg.
(a) During this acceleration, what is her weight and what does the scale read?

Solution: The woman mass is 65 kg

( a ) The woman's actual weight is: mg = (65 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) 640 N
From Newton’s second law:
Fy = m a y

mg − FN = m  (0.2 g )

mg − 0.2 mg = FN

FN = 0.8 mg

FN = 0.8 (65 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) 510 N
This normal force is the force the scale exerts on the woman and is equal and
opposite to the force she exerts to the scale F`N=510 N. This force will give a
reading 0.8 m = 52 kg.
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During this accelerating, the woman will read 52 kg on the scale.
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Example 4-8: Apparent weight loss.
(b) What does the scale read when the elevator descends at a constant
speed of 2.0 m/s?

Solution:
(b) The woman mass is 65 kg
The woman's actual weight is:
mg = (65 kg)(9.8 m/s2 ) 640 N

(ay=0)
When the velocity is constant we have: a y = 0

Z vy=2 m/s
From Newton’s second law:
Fy = m a y = 0

mg − FN = 0

FN = mg

FN = (65 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 640 N

The scale will read her true weight and hence her true mass of 65 kg

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 4-7 Free-Body Diagrams

1. Draw a sketch.
2. For one object, draw a free-body diagram,
showing all the forces acting on the object. Make
the magnitudes and directions as accurate as you
can. Label each force. If there are multiple
objects, draw a separate diagram for each one.
3. Resolve vectors into components.
4. Apply Newton’s second law to each component.
5. Solve.

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 Example 4-9: Adding force vector.
Calculate the sum of the two forces
exerted on the boat by worker A and B in
the figure.

Solution:.
FAx = FA cos (45) = 28.3 N,
FAy = FA sin (45) = 28.3 N

FBx = FB cos (37) = 24 N,

FBy = - FB sin (37) = - 18.1 N

Fx = FAx + FBx = 28.3 + 24 = 52.3 N

y
Fy = FAy + FBy = 28.3 – 18.1 = 10.2 N
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 F = Fx2 + Fy2 = (52.3) 2 + (10.2) 2 = 53.3 N
10.2 Fy
tan  = = = 0.195   = 11o
Fx 52.3

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 Conceptual Example 4-10: The hockey puck.
A hockey puck is sliding at constant velocity across a flat
horizontal ice surface that is assumed to be frictionless. Which
of these sketches is the correct free-body diagram for this
puck? What would your answer be if the puck slowed down?

(a) (b) (c)

When the puck is moving with a constant speed, then the
correct free-body diagram is(b)
When the puck is slowing down, then the correct free-body
diagram is(c)
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 Example 4-11:
A 10.0-kg box is pulled along a smooth
surface of a table by a cord. The magnitude
of the force exerted by the cord is FP = 40.0
N and makes an angle 30.0° with the
horizontal. Calculate:
(a) the acceleration of the box, and
(b) the magnitude of the upward force FN
exerted by the table on the box.

Solution:.
Fpx = Fp cos (30) = 34.6 N,
Fpy = Fp sin (30) = 20.0 N

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 (a) Applying Newton’ laws in the x-direction

∑Fx = max
y a
Fpx = ma
FN
34.6 Fpx
a= = = 3.46 m/s 2 Fpy Fp Ry
m 10 30o
(b) Applying Newton’ laws in the y- Fpx x
direction
mg
∑Fy = may = 0
FN + Fpy – mg = 0
FN = 98 – 20 = 78 N
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 Example 4-12:
Two boxes, A and B, are
connected by a lightweight
cord and are resting on a
smooth table.
The boxes have masses of 12.0 kg and
10.0 kg. A horizontal force of 40.0 N is
applied to the 10.0-kg box. Find (a) the a
acceleration of each box, and (b) the
tension in the cord connecting the boxes.
Solution:.
(a) The two boxes will move with the
same acceleration a, for box A
∑Fx = Fp – FT = mA a (1)
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 for box B

∑Fx = FT = mB a (2)
a
Adding (1) and (2)
a (mA + mB) = Fp – FT + FT = Fp

40 Fp
a= = = 1.8 m/s 2

m A + mB 10 + 12

(b) FT = mB a = 12 × 1.8 = 21.8 N

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 Example 4-13: Elevator and
counterweight (Atwood’s machine).
If the mass of the counterweight be 1000
kg. Assume the mass when carrying four
passengers is 1150 kg. Calculate (a) the
acceleration of the elevator and (b) the
tension in the cable.
Solution:.
The elevator will move downwards with an acceleration
a and the counterweight will move upwards with the
same acceleration a

We take upwards as the +ve y-direction for both objects

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 (a) For the counterweight

∑Fy = FT - mC g = mC a (1)

For the elevator

∑Fy = mE g - FT = mE a (2)
a a
Adding (2) and (1)
g (mE - mC) = a (mE + mC)

mE − mC 1150 - 1000
a= g=  9.8 = 0.68 m/s 2

mE + mC 1150 + 1000
(b) FT = mE g - mE a = 1150 (9.8 -0.68) = 10,500 N

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 Example 4-15: Accelerometer.
A small mass m hangs from a thin
string and can swing like a
pendulum. You attach it above the
window of your car as shown.
What angle does the string make
(a) when the car accelerates at a
constant a = 1.20 m/s2, and (b)
when the car moves at constant
velocity, v = 90 km/h?
Solution:.
∑Fx = FT sin θ = m a (1)

∑Fy = FT cos θ - m g = 0 (2)

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 FT sin  m a 1.2
= = = 0.122
FT cos m g 9.8
tan  = 0.122   = 7 o

(b) When the velocity is constant a = 0

Hence tan θ = 0 and θ = 0

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 Example 4-16: Box slides down an
incline.
A box of mass m is placed on a
smooth incline that makes an angle
θ with the horizontal. (a) Determine
the normal force on the box. (b)
Determine the box’s acceleration.
(c) Evaluate for a mass m = 10 kg
and an incline of θ = 30°.

Solution:.

We expect the motion to be along the incline, so we

choose the x-axis along the slope positive down the
slope (the direction of motion)

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 (a) ∑Fy = FN - m g cos θ = 0

a
FN = m g cos θ
(b) ∑Fx = m g sin θ = m a

a = g sin θ

(c) FN m g cos θ = 85 N
a = g sin θ = 4.9 m/s2

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 Example: A force F = 80N is moving a block (m = 5
kg) on a rough surface as shown in Fig. 1. If the
coefficient of friction µk = 0.5. Take g =10 m/s2

Draw the free band diagram of the block.

FN

f mg cos 37
mg
Find the friction force

 Fy = 0 → FN = mg cos 37 = 50 (0.8) = 40 N
f = µk FN = 0.5 (40) = 20 N

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 Find the magnitude of the acceleration

Fx = ma → F- mg sin37 – f = ma

80 – 50 (0.6) – 20 = 5 a

a = 6 m/s2 f

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 Summary of Chapter 4
• Newton’s first law: If the net force on an object
is zero, it will remain either at rest or moving in a
straight line at constant speed.
• Newton’s second law:
• Newton’s third law:
• Weight is the gravitational force on an object.
• Free-body diagrams are essential for problem-
solving. Do one object at a time, make sure you
have all the forces, pick a coordinate system and
find the force components, and apply Newton’s
second law along each axis.
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