An

Industrial training report on

“Electrical Power Systems”

Submitted in fulfillment for the award of the B.Tech. Third Year
In
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
By
Mr. Nishikant Vijay Salve (2230331293528)
Under The Guidance of,
Prof. A.B. Jadhav
Assistant Professor, Department Electrical Engineering,

In partial fulfillment of Bachelor of Technology Course in Electrical Engineering

of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University Lonere, Raigad.
For the Academic Year 2023-24

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,

DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR

TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITYLONERE, RAIGAD, MAHARASHTRA-402103

i
 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
LONERE,RAIGAD, MAHARASHTRA-402103
(DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Industrial Training report on “Electrical Power System’’ is being
submitted by Mr. Nishikant Vijay Salve (2230331293528) In partial requirement of the award of
Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering is a record Of own work carried by them under my
supervision as prescribed in the syllabus of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University,
Lonere during the academic year 2023-24.

Prof. A.B. Jadhav Prof. M. F. A. R. Satarkar

Guide HOD
(Department of Electrical Engineering) (Department of Electrical Engineering)
Examiners:
1)
2)
Date:
Place: Vidyavihar, Lonere

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We express our sincere thanks to the Prof. A.B. Jadhav, Department of Electrical
Engineering, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere for guiding us right
from the inception till the successful completion. We sincerely acknowledge him for extending
his valuable guidance, support for literature, critical reviews of seminar report and above all the
moral support he had provided to us with all stages of the seminar.
We also express our honor and gratitude to Professor and Head, Department of Electrical
Engineering Prof. M. F. A. R. Satarkar for consistent encouragement for completing our
project work successfully. We are thankful to all Teaching and Non-Teaching staff member of
the institute and our classmate who had directly or indirectly made me enthusiastic for the project
work.

As we conclude, we would like to state that just as a positive attitude pays off our hard efforts
to bring this project to successful end, would also pay off. We hope that this project would be
one ofthe most significant steeping stones for our career and would fulfill our aspiration in every
aspect.

Date:

Place: Lonere, Raigad.

Name of the Student

Mr. Nishikant Vijay Salve (2230331293528)

iii
CERTIFICATE

iv
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University

Abstract
Electric power is an important basic industry for the country’s economy and social
development. Throughout the process of electric power reform around the world, each
country is gradually establishing electricity markets in line with the national conditions.
The experience of various countries shows that the purpose of establishing the electricity
markets is to introduce a competitive mechanism, increase the efficiency of electricity
generation, transmission, and distribution, electricity sales and other links, and reduce cost,
so as to reduce the electricity price,improve the reliability of electricity supply, and
improve the quality of electric power customer service. The internal power of sustainable
development is formed by using the market to optimize the rational allocation of power
resources.

As the fastest-growing electricity market in the world, China has a large number of
investment projects, which contain huge development prospects. With the reform of
electric power systems, more and more electric power enterprise operators have realized
the importance of financial markets. Utilizing financial markets can promote the reform of
electric power industry and advance the marketization process of electric power industry.

v
 CONTENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter No Content Page no

1 Introduction 1

2 Generation 3

3 Transmission 8

4 Distribution
10-13

5 Reference

Conclusions 15

Vi
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure no Name of Figure Page no

1 Block diagram of Electric Power System 1

2 Single Line Diagram 2

3 Solar Power Plant 4

4 Wind Power Plant 4

5 Coal Power Plant 5

6 Natural Gas Power Plant 5

7 Nuclear Power Plant 6

8 Element of a Distributor 12

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 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

What is an Electric Power System?

An electric power system or electric grid is known as a large network of power generating
plants which connected to the consumer loads.

As, It is well known that “Energy cannot be created nor be destroyed but can only be
converted from one form of energy to another form of energy”. Electrical energy is a form of
energy where we transfer this energy in the form of flow of electron. So, electrical energy is
obtained by converting various other forms of energy. Historically, we have done it from
chemical energy using cells or batteries.

Figure 1: Block diagram of Electric Power System

1
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

Figure 2: Single Line Diagram

2
 CHAPTER- 2

GENERATION

The place where electric power produced by the parallel connected three phase
alternators/generators is called Generating Station (i.e. power plant).

The ordinary power plant capacity and generating voltage may be 11kV, 11.5 kV 12kV or
13kV. But economically, it is good to step up the produced voltage from (11kV, 11.5kV Or 12
kV) to 132kV, 220kV or 500kV or more (in some countries, up to 1500kV) by Step up
transformer (power Transformer).

Generation is the part of power system where we convert some form of energy into
electrical energy. This is the source of energy in the power system. It keeps running all the time.
It generates power at different voltage and power levels depending upon the type of station and
the generators used. The maximum number of generators generate the power at voltage level
around 11kV-20kV. The increased voltage level leads to greater size of generator required and
hence the cost involved.

Presently the generating stations we employ mainly over the world are following:-

1. Thermal power plant

2. Hydel power plant (Hydro-electric)
3. Nuclear power plant
4. Diesel power plant
5. Gas power plant
6. Solar power plant
7. Tidal power plant
8. Wind power plant.

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 Technologies

Centralized energy sources are large power plants that produce huge amounts of electricity to a
large number of consumers. This process relies on several forms of technology to produce
widespread electricity, these being natural coal, gas and nuclear forms of thermal generation.
More recently solar and wind have become large scale.

1. Solar
A photovoltaic power station, also known as a
solar park, solar farm, or solar power plant, is a
large- scalegrid-connected photovoltaic power
system (PV system) designed for the supply of
merchant power.

This approach differs from concentrated solar

power, the other major large-scale solar generation
technology, which uses heat to drive a variety of
conventional generator systems.

Figure 3: Solar Power Plant

2. Wind
A wind farm or wind park, also called a wind
power station or wind power plant, is a group of
wind turbines in the same location used to produce
electricity. Wind farms vary in size from a small
number of turbines to several hundred wind turbines
covering an extensive area. Wind farms can be either
onshore or offshore.

The largest wind farm in the world, Gansu

Wind Farm in China had a capacity of over 6,000
MW by 2012,[39] with a goal of 20,000 MW by

4
2020.
Figure 4: Wind Power Plant

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3. Coal
A coal-fired power station or coal power plant
is a thermal power station which burns coal to
generate electricity. Worldwide there are over
2,400 coal-fired power stations, totaling over
2,000 gigawatts capacity
The furnace heat converts boiler water to
steam, which is then used to spin turbines that
turn generators. Thus chemical energy stored in
coal is converted successively into thermal
energy, mechanical energy and, finally, electrical
energy. Figure 5: Coal Power Plant

4. Natural Gas
Natural gas is ignited to create
pressurised gas which is used to spin
turbines to generate electricity. Natural
gas plants usea gas turbine where natural
gas is added along with oxygen which in
turn combustsand expands through the
turbine to force agenerator to spin.
Natural gas power plants are
more efficient than coal power
generation, they however contribute to
climate change butnot as highly as coal Figure 6: Natural Gas Power Plant
generation.

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5. Nuclear

Nuclear power plants create electricity

through steam turbines where the heat input
is from the process of nuclear fission.
Currently, nuclear power produces 11%
of all electricity in the world. Most nuclear
reactors use uranium as a source of fuel. In a
process called nuclear fission, energy, in the
form of heat, is released when nuclear atoms
are split. Electricity is created through the
use of a nuclear reactor where heat produced
by nuclear fission is used to produce steam
which in turn spins turbines and powers the
generators. Although there are several types
of nuclear reactors, all fundamentally use this
process.

Figure 7: Nuclear Power Plant

We generate electric energy through these power plants at different voltage levels
and at different locations depending upon the type of the plant. They are used for
different purposes viz.

 Base load plant:- When the plant is used to handle the base load demand on the
system
 Peak load plant:- When the plant is made to handle the peak load demand on
the system

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Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University

Installed Electric Capacity in India

Yearly gross electricity generation by source (GWh) (2016-2017)

Source Generation (GWh)

Coal 944,861

Oil 275

Gas 49,094

Diesel

Nuclear 37,916

Hydro 122,313

Mini-hydro 7,673

Solar 12,086

Wind 46,011

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 CHAPTER-3

Transmission

1. Primary Transmission

The electric supply (in 132kV, 220 kV, 500kV or greater) is transmitted to load
center bythree phase three wire (3 Phase – 3 Wires also known as Delta connection)
overhead transmission system.

As the voltage level which is generated is around (11-20) kV and the demand is at
various levels of voltage and at very far away places from the generating station. For
example, the generating station can be generating voltage at 11kv, but the load center is
1000km apart and at the level of 440V.

Therefore, for the delivery of electrical energy at such a long distance, an

arrangement must be there to make it possible. Hence, the transmission system is
essential for the delivery of electrical energy. This is made possible by using the
transmission lines of different length. These are overhead transmission lines in almost
every cases. Some exceptions occur when it is needed to cross an ocean. Then there is a
compulsion to use underground cables.

This affects the cost of the system and the working of the equipment the consumers use.
So, transformer is used to increase the voltage level at certain values ranging
from 220kV to 765kV. This makes the current value lesser for the same load that
wouldbe having higher values of current at certain load. The current value can be
calculated using formula:-

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Where, = RMS value of line to line voltage
= RMS value of line current
* denotes the conjugate of a phasor.

2. Secondary Transmission

Area far from the city (outskirts) which have connected with receiving stations by lines is
called secondary transmission. At receiving station, the level of voltage reduced by step-down
transformers up to 132kV, 66 or 33 kV, and electric power is transferred by three phase three
wire (3 Phase – 3 Wires) overhead system to different sub stations.

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 CHAPTER-4

Distribution

1. Primary Distribution

At a substation, the level of secondary transmission voltage (132kV, 66 or 33 kV)

reducedto 11kV by step down transforms.

Generally, electric supply is provided to those heavy load consumer (commercial power
supply for inductries) where the demands is 11 kV, from the lines which carries 11kV ( in three
phase three wire overhead system) and they make a separate substation, to control and utilize the
heavy power in industries and factories.

When the transmission lines get closer to the demand centers, the voltage level is reduced to
make it practical to distribute at different places of load. Therefore, power is taken from the grid
and stepped down to 30-33kV, depending upon the places where it is being delivered. This is
then transmitted to substations. For example, the system voltage at substation level in India is
33KV.

Many control mechanisms are provided in the substations to make the power delivery a
controlled and continuous process without much disturbance. These substations deliver power to
smaller units called ‘Feeders’. This is done by either ‘Overhead lines’ or ‘Underground cables’.
These feeders are in towns, cities, or villages or it may be some group of industries, which takes
the power from the substation, and convert its voltage level according to its own use.

For domestic use, the voltage is further reduced at 110V-230V (phase to ground) to be used
bythe individuals at different power factor. The combined amount of demand is the load on the
entire system and that must be generated at that instant.

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 2. Secondary Distribution
Electric power is transferred by (from primary distribution line i.e.11kV) to
distribution sub station is known as secondary distribution. This sub station is located near by
domestic & consumers areas where the level of voltage reduced to 440V by step down
transformers.

These transformers called Distribution transformers, three phase four wire system (3 Phase –
4 Wires also known as Star connection). So there is 400 Volts (Three Phase Supply System)
between any two phases and 230 Volts (Single Phase Supply) between a neutral and phase (live)
wires.

Residential load (i.e. Fans, Lights, and TV etc) may be connected between any one phase
and neutral wires, while three phase load may be connected directly to the three phase lines.

In short, secondary power distribution may be divided in three sections such as , feeders,
distributors and service lines.

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  Elements of a Distribution System
Secondary distribution may be divided into three parts as follow.

1. Feeders
2. Distributors
3. Service Lines or Service Mains

Figure 8: Element of a Distribution System

1. Feeders
Those electric power lines which connect generating station (power station) or sub station to
distributors are called feeders. Remember that current in feeders (in each point) is constant while
the level of voltage may be different. The current flowing in the feeders depends on the size of
conductor.

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 2. Distributors
Those taping which extracted for electric power supply to the consumers or the lines, from where
consumers get direct electric power supply is known as distributors as shown in fig 5. Current is
different in each section of the distributors while voltage may be same. The selection of
distributors depends on voltage drop and may be design according different level of voltage
drops. It is because consumers should get the rated voltage according to the rules and design.

3. Service Lines or Service Mains

The normal cable which is connected between Distributors and Consumer load terminal called
Service Line or Service Mains. in other words, the cable which has been connected to the 11kV
power lines (taken from step down transformer) to get three phase or single phase power supply.
Phase or Live to Neutral power is 230V AC (120V or 240V etc in US) and 440V AC (208V,
240V, 277V or 480V etc in US) in three phase (phase to phase) system.

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 REFERENCE

i. https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2013/05/typical-ac-power-supply-

system-scheme.html

ii. https://www.electrical4u.com/electric-power-generation/

iii. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation

iv. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmission

v. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_distribution

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 CONCLUSION

In recent years, alongside with the fast increasing electric power necessity, the
reconstruction of power network is becoming more vital. Stability of AC transmission systems
during transmission upgrade process and for the improvement of efficiency there will be huge
demand for reactive power compensation. Static Var Compensator (svc is a device proficient of
solving the power quality problems at the power system. It is known that the SVCs with an
auxiliary injection of a suitable signal can considerably improve the transient stability
performance of a power transmission line system.

Therefore SVCs have been applied successfully to improve the transient stability of a
synchronous machine '. This protect presents the stability improvement of voltage level and real
reactive power in a power system model containing SVC'. Simulations carried out confirm that
SVC could provide the fast acting voltage support necessary to prevent the possibility of voltage
reduction and voltage collapse. This protect inspects actual positive sequence voltage in a system
model with or without SVC.

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