Power Systems Engineering

KENNETH KAHUMA
 ENERGY CHALLENGES IN MODERN TIMES

Reliance on energy for economic growth has historically implied

dependence on third parties for energy supply, with geopolitical
connotations, as energy resources have not been generally in places
where high consumption has developed.
electricity has become a favorite form of energy usage at the consumer
end, with coal, oil, gas, uranium, and other basic resources used to
generate electricity. With its versatility and controllability, instant
availability and consumer-end cleanliness, electricity has become an
indispensable, multipurpose form of energy.
Its domestic use now extends far beyond the initial purpose, to which it
owes its colloquial name (“light” or “lights”), and has become virtually
irreplaceable in kitchens—for refrigerators, ovens, and cookers or
ranges, and any number of other appliances—and in the rest of the
house as well, for air conditioner, radio, television, computers,etc.
 ENERGY CHALLENGES IN MODERN TIMES

electricity usage is even broader in the commercial and

industrial domains: in addition to providing power for
lighting and air conditioning, it drives motors with a
host of applications: lifts, cranes, mills, pumps,
compressors, lathes, or other machine tools, and so on
and so forth: it is nearly impossible to imagine an
industrial activity that does not use electricity.
Thus, modern societies have become totally dependent
on an abundant electricity supply
 What is a power system

A system that deals with the business of:

 Generation
 Transmission

 Distribution

Of Electrical energy
Largest and most complex man made system
 Structure of Electric Power Systems

Generation subsystem
Transmission (and sub-transmission) subsystem
Distribution subsystem
Utilization or Load subsystem
Structure of Electric Power systems
Structure of Electric Power systems
 Power systems

Power systems provide vital service to the society

Electrical power is the air we breathe. For any
industrial society it is the life blood.
Goals of achieving :
 Highest reliability standards
 Lowest operation cost
 Minimum environmental impacts
 Power systems

Source of fuel energy conversion  Transmission and

distribution  Energy conversion (utilization)
Consumption devices must be modelled into power
systems analysis
A few ways to store power but very negligible :
 SMEs super conducting magnetic coil
 Flywheel store energy in its inertia
 Compressed air store energy as pressure
 Pumped Hydro
 Super capacitors
 Heat or cold store.
 Fuel Cells (Hydrogen)
 Power generation

 Takes place in power plants that are geographically dispersed

 A power plant can house more that one generating units.
 Power systems have developed over the years to supply a varying demand from
centralized generation sourced from fossil and nuclear fuels. Unless nuclear
fusion proves successful, which will not be known for over 50 years, there is
universal agreement that by the end of this century the majority of our electrical
energy will be supplied from RE sources.
 Generators powered from renewable energy sources (except large scale hydro and
large offshore and onshore wind farms) are typically much smaller than the fossil
fueled and nuclear powered generators that dominate today ’ s large power
systems. Small generators cannot be connected to the transmission system
because of the cost of high voltage transformers and switchgear. Also, the
transmission system is often a long way away as the geographical location of the
generator is constrained by the geographical availability of the resource.
 Small generators must therefore be connected to the distribution network. Such
generation is known as distributed or dispersed generation . It is also
known as embedded generation as it is embedded in the distribution network.
 Energy sources

Hydrocarbons fossil fuels (oil, coal, natural gas, etc.)

Water
Nuclear
Solar
Chemical
Wind
tidal
Generation
Thermal plants
 Thermal plants

Chemical energy  burners  thermal energy

thermal energy boilers  mechanical energy
Mechanical energy  turbines kinetic energy
KE rotating machines  electrical energy
Overall conversion efficiency at 40%
 Integration of Renewables

• A renewable energy generator may be described either as

standalone or grid - connected .

• In a standalone system a renewable energy generator (with

or without other back - up generators or storage) supplies
the greater part of the demand. In a grid - connected
system, the renewable energy generator feeds power to a
large interconnected grid, also fed by a variety of other
generators.

• The crucial distinction here is that the power injected by

the renewable energy generator is only a small fraction of
that generated by the totality of generators on the grid.
 Electricity Transmission

Transmission networks:
Connect generating plants to consumption point –
use remote energy sources
Interconnect power pools – reduce generation
reserve and cost, increase reliability
HVAC Transmission
HVDC Transmission
 Advantages of HV transmission

Lower transmission losses /MW transfer

Lower line-voltage drop /Km
Higher transmission capacity /Km
Reduced right-of-way requirement /MW transfer
 400kv can carry 550MW while 220kv can carry 200MW and
132kV can carry 85 to 100MW
Lower capital and operating costs /MW
 Transmission Equipment

Transformers
 Step-up transformers
 Step-down transformers
 Voltage transformers
 Current transformers
Voltage regulators: maintain voltage through out the
system
Phase shifters: control real power follow through out
the system
Transmission lines and cables
Circuit breakers and isolators
Shunt and series reactors and capacitors
Lighting arrestors
Protective relays
FACTS Devices (SVC, Statcom, TCSC, UPFC, etc)
Converter / Inverter (HVDC)
 Distribution system

Receive electrical energy from HV levels from the

transmission system
Supplies energy to customers:
At MV / LV levels
Single phase or three phase
 Equipment in distribution system:

Distribution transformers
Feeders (O/H or underground cables)
Switches, fuses, etc.
Protective Relays
Lighting arrestors
CT/PT Current transformers and Power
transformers (used by the relays)
Typical load curve
 Operational goals

Power balance: generation must remain balanced

with demand
Total generation (t) = Total Demand (t) + Losses (t)
 Thus power quality real issue
System Security: Equipment power flows must not
exceed equipment ratings, under normal or under
outages
 Power quality consideration

Frequency Regulation: system frequency must

remain within its operational range
 49.0Hz < f(t) < 50.5Hz
Voltage Regulation: Bus voltages must remain within
their operational limits
 0.95 pu < v(t) < 1.05 pu
 Control

Centralized control
 Dispatchers/Operators
 SCADA(Supervisory control and data acquisition)
 EMS (Energy Management system)
Decentralized controls driven by local measurements
 Protection systems
 Management structure of Uganda Power System

UEB: Vertically integrated

Later unbundled into UEGCL, UETCL and UEDCL
 UEGCL manages the generation
 UETCL manages the transmission
 And UEDCL manages the Distribution
UGANDA ELECTRICITY SECTOR STRUCTURE

28
 POWER SECTOR COMPONENTS

 Uganda’s power sector covers;

1. Electricity generation 29
2. Electricity transmission
3. Electricity distribution including rural electrification.
 Electricity Regulatory Authority (ERA) regulates the
industry.
 Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development (MEMD)
is responsible for policy.
 Generation Grid Connected Companies include;
-Eskom (U) Ltd
-Aggreko (U) Ltd
-Kasese Cobalt Company Ltd (KCCL)
-Kilembe Mines Ltd (KML)
 POWER SECTOR COMPONENTS CT’D…

30
 Uganda Electricity Transmission Company LTD (UETCL)
is the only transmission company
 Umeme:-only distribution company.
 Licensed Off-Grid companies:-West Nile Rural
Electrification Company Ltd (Wenreco), KIS
 Wenreco generates and distributes electricity in Arua,
Nebbi, and Phaidha.
 Two asset owning companies:
 Uganda Electricity Generation Company Ltd (UEGCL)
 Uganda Electricity Distribution Company Ltd (UEDCL)
 POWER SECTOR COMPONENTS CT’D…

31

UEGCL leased assets to Eskom (U) Ltd for 20 years

UEDCL leased assets to Umeme Ltd

Electricity Generation Line

Uganda generation-Existing
 Transmission and Distribution

Transmission is managed by UETCL

Voltages for transmission
 66Kv
 132Kv
 220Kv
 400kV (planned)
Distribution managed by UEDCL currently run by UMEME
and a number of concessionaires e.g KIL, KRECS,PACMECS
Voltages for distribution
 415kv
 11kv
 33kv
FUTURE CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS

• Distributed generation
• Off-grid rural electrification
• Environmental and strategic considerations
• Use of the electricity grid for telecommunications
• Multiutilities
• Superconductors
• FACTS
• Technical and economic management of regional markets
• Electricity trading in the digital economy:
• Clean development mechanisms
Power system representation
 One-line (single-line) diagrams
Almost all modern power systems are three-phase systems with the phases of equal
amplitude and shifted by 120˚. Since phases are similar, it is customary to sketch
power systems in a simple form with a single line representing all three phases of the
real system.

Combined with a standard set

of symbols for electrical
components, such one-line
diagrams provide a compact
way to represent information.
 One-line (single-line) diagrams
Example 1 a power system containing two synchronous machines, two loads, two
busses, two transformers, and a transmission line to connect busses together.

All devices are protected by oil circuit breakers (OCBs). We notice that the diagram
indicates the type of connection for each machine and transformer, and also the
points in the system connected to the ground.
The ground connections are important since they affect the current flowing in
nonsymmetrical faults. These connection can be direct or through a resistor or
inductor (they help reducing the fault current that flows in unsymmetrical faults, while
having no impact on the steady-state operation of the system since the current
through them will be zero). Machine ratings, impedances, and/or consumed (or
supplied) powers are usually included in the diagrams.