Jagran

Institute
Of
Management

Assignment 2
IT

Submitted To Submitted By
Mr. Anand Kumar Dixit Vipul Mishra
 Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence is the process of building intelligent machines from vast volumes of
data. Systems learn from past learning and experiences and perform human-like tasks. It
enhances the speed, precision, and effectiveness of human efforts. AI uses complex
algorithms and methods to build machines that can make decisions on their own. Machine
Learning and Deep learning forms the core of Artificial Intelligence.

Artificial intelligence (AI), the ability of a digital computer or computer-controlled robot to

perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings. The term is frequently applied to
the project of developing systems endowed with the intellectual processes characteristic of
humans, such as the ability to reason, discover meaning, generalize, or learn from past
experience. Since the development of the digital computer in the 1940s, it has been
demonstrated that computers can be programmed to carry out very complex tasks—such as
discovering proofs for mathematical theorems or playing chess—with great proficiency. Still,
despite continuing advances in computer processing speed and memory capacity, there are as
yet no programs that can match full human flexibility over wider domains or in tasks
requiring much everyday knowledge. On the other hand, some programs have attained the
performance levels of human experts and professionals in performing certain specific tasks,
so that artificial intelligence in this limited sense is found in applications as diverse as
medical diagnosis, computer search engines, voice or handwriting recognition, and chatbots.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a wide-ranging branch of computer science concerned with
building smart machines capable of performing tasks that typically require human
intelligence. While AI is an interdisciplinary science with multiple approaches, advancements
in machine learning and deep learning, in particular, are creating a paradigm shift in virtually
every sector of the tech industry. Artificial intelligence allows machines to model, or even
improve upon, the capabilities of the human mind. And from the development of self-driving
cars to the proliferation of generative AI tools like ChatGPT and Google’s Bard, AI is
increasingly becoming part of everyday life — and an area companies across every
industryare investing in.
 Types Of
AI

Based On Based On
Capabelities Functionalities

Narrow AI Reactive Self-

General AI
Awareness
Machine
Super AI
Limited Theory Of
Memory Mind

Artificial Intelligence Based on Capabilities

What is Narrow AI?

Narrow AI, also called as Weak AI, focuses on one narrow task and cannot perform beyond
its limitations. It targets a single subset of cognitive abilities and advances in that spectrum.
Narrow AI applications are becoming increasingly common in our day-to-day lives
as machine learning and deep learning methods continue to develop.
  Apple Siri is an example of a Narrow AI that operates with a limited pre-defined
range of functions. Siri often has problems with tasks outside its breadth of abilities.

 IBM Watson supercomputer is another example of a Narrow AI. It applies cognitive

computing, machine learning, and natural language processing to process information
and answers your queries. IBM Watson once out-performed human contestant Ken
Jennings to become the champion on the popular game show, Jeopardy.

 Other examples of Narrow AI include google translate, image recognition software,

recommendation systems, spam filtering, and Google’s page-ranking algorithm.

What is General AI?

General AI, also known as strong AI, can understand and learn any intellectual task that a
human being can. It allows a machine to apply knowledge and skills in different contexts. AI
researchers have not been able to achieve strong AI so far. They would need to find a method
to make machines conscious, programming a full cognitive ability set. General AI has
received a $1 billion investment from Microsoft through OpenAI.

 Fujitsu has built the K computer, which is one of the fastest supercomputers in the
world. It is one of the significant attempts at achieving strong AI. It took nearly 40
minutes to simulate a single second of neural activity. Hence, it is difficult to
determine whether strong AI will be achieved shortly.

 Tianhe-2 is a supercomputer that was developed by the China's National University of

Défense Technology. It holds the record for cps (calculations per second) at 33.86
petaflops (quadrillions of cps). Although that sounds exciting, the human brain
estimated to be capable of one exaflop, i.e., a billion cps.
What is a Super AI?

Super AI surpasses human intelligence and can perform any task better than a human. The
concept of artificial superintelligence sees AI evolved to be so akin to human sentiments and
experiences that it doesn't merely understand them; it also evokes emotions, needs, beliefs,
and desires of its own. Its existence is still hypothetical. Some of the critical characteristics of
super AI include thinking, solving puzzles, making judgments, and decisions on its own.

Artificial Intelligence Based on Functionalities

their functions. To describe the various types of Artificial Intelligence systems, it is necessary
to categorize them based on

What is a Reactive Machine?

A reactive machine the primary form of artificial intelligence that does not store memories or
use past experiences to determine future actions. It works only with present data. They
perceive the world and react to it. Reactive machines are provided with specific tasks, and
they don't have capabilities beyond those tasks.

IBM’s Deep Blue that defeated chess grandmaster Garry Kasparov is a reactive machine that
sees the chessboard pieces and reacts to them. Deep Blue cannot refer to any of its prior
experiences or improve with practice. It can identify the pieces on a chessboard and know
how each moves. Deep Blue can make predictions about what moves might be next for it and
its opponent. It ignores everything before the present moment and looks at the chessboard
pieces as it stands right now and chooses from possible next moves.
What is Limited Memory?
Limited Memory AI trains from past data to make decisions. The memory of such systems is
short-lived. They can use this past data for a specific period of time, but they cannot add it to
a library of their experiences. This kind of technology is used in self-driving vehicles.

 Limited Memory AI observes how other vehicles are moving around them, at
present, and as time passes.

 This ongoing, collected data gets added to the AI machine's static data, such as
lane markers and traffic lights.
  They are included when the vehicle decides when to change lanes, avoid cutting
off another driver, or hit a nearby vehicle.

Mitsubishi Electric has been figuring out how to improve such technology for applications
like self-driving cars.

What is the Theory of Mind?

Theory of mind AI represents an advanced class of technology and exists only as a concept.
Such a kind of AI requires a thorough understanding that the people and things within an
environment can alter feelings and behaviours. It should understand people's emotions,
sentiments, and thoughts. Even though many improvements are there in this field, this kind of
AI is not fully complete yet.

 One real-world example of the theory of mind AI is Kismet. Kismet is a robot head
made in the late 90s by a Massachusetts Institute of Technology researcher. Kismet
can mimic human emotions and recognize them. Both abilities are key
advancements in theory of mind AI, but Kismet can’t follow gazes or convey
attention to humans.

 Sophia from Hanson Robotics is another example where the theory of mind AI was
implemented. Cameras present in Sophia's eyes, combined with computer
algorithms, allow her to see. She can sustain eye contact, recognize individuals,
and follow faces.
What is Self-Awareness?

Self-awareness AI only exists hypothetically. Such systems understand their internal traits,
states, and conditions and perceive human emotions. These machines will be smarter than the
human mind. This type of AI will not only be able to understand and evoke emotions in those
it interacts with, but also have emotions, needs, and beliefs of its own.

Branches of Artificial Intelligence

AI research has successfully developed effective techniques for solving a wide range of
problems, from game playing to medical diagnosis. There are many branches of AI, each
with its focus and set of techniques. Some of the essential branches of AI include:

 Machine learning: It deals with developing algorithms that can learn from data. ML
algorithms are used in various applications, including image recognition, spam filtering,
and natural language processing.
 Deep learning: It is a branch of machine learning that harnesses artificial neural networks
to acquire knowledge from data. Deep learning algorithms effectively solve various
problems, including NLP, image recognition and speech recognition.
  Natural language processing: It deals with the interaction between computers and human
language. NLP techniques are used to understand and process human language and in
various applications, including machine translation, speech recognition, and text analysis.
 Robotics: It is a field of engineering that deals with robot design, construction, and
operation. Robots can perform tasks automatically in various industries, including
manufacturing, healthcare, and transportation.
 Expert systems: They are computer programs designed to mimic human experts' reasoning
and decision-making abilities. Expert systems are used in various applications, including
medical diagnosis, financial planning, and customer service.

We might be far from creating machines that can solve all the issues and are self-aware. But
we should focus our efforts toward understanding how a machine can train and learn on its
own and possess the ability to base decisions on past experiences.

Application Of AI

AI is rapidly transforming various industries and aspects of our lives. Here are some of its
notable applications:

Self-driving cars: AI is enabling vehicles to navigate roads and make decisions without
human input, promising safer and more efficient transportation.
 Virtual assistants: AI-powered virtual assistants like Amazon Alexa and Google Assistant
can handle tasks like setting alarms, playing music, and making purchases.
Medical diagnosis: AI is being used to analyze medical images, such as X-rays and MRI
scans, to assist doctors in diagnosing diseases.
Fraud detection: AI algorithms can analyze vast amounts of data to identify patterns
indicative of fraudulent activities, helping to protect financial institutions and businesses.
Personalization: AI can tailor products, services, and recommendations to individual users,
enhancing their experience.
AI in Astronomy Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe
problems. AI technology can be helpful for understanding the universe such as how it works,
origin, etc.
AI in Gaming AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic
games like chess, where the machine needs to think of a large number of possible places.

AI in Finance AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance
industry is implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and
machine learning into financial processes.
AI in Data Security The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are
growing very rapidly in the digital world. AI can be used to make your data more safe and
secure. Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform,are used to determine software bug
and cyber-attacks in a better way.
AI in Social Media Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain
billions of user profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way. AI
can organize and manage massive amounts of data. AI can analyze lots of data to identify
the latest trends, hashtag, and requirement of different users.
AI in Travel & Transport AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is
capable of doing various travel related works such as from making travel arrangement to
suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to the customers. Travel industries are using
AI-powered chatbots which can make human-like interaction with customers for better and
fast response.

Comparison of Weak and Strong AI

Weak AI Strong AI
Limited to perform specific tasks Perform intelligent human level activities
Programmed for fixed function Have the ability to learn, think and perform new
activities like humans
It doesn’t have any consciousness or awareness of its It poses creativity, common sense and logic like
own. humans.
They have a goal to complete a task with creative and They have a goal to solve problems at a faster pace.
accurate solutions.
Examples of weak AI include Alexa, Siri and Google There are no real examples of strong AI because it is
Assistant. a hypothetical theory. Some fictional examples are
Wall-E and Big Hero 6.