Chapter 3 - AI

Chapter Three
Artificial Intelligence(AI)
Instructor: - Seada Y. 1
3.1 . Overview of Artificial Intelligence
3.2 Need for Artificial

Intelligence
3.3 Advantages and
This chapter Disadvantages of AI
Covers 3.4 History of AI
3.5 Types and application

areas of AI
Instructor: - Seada Y. 3.6 AI tools & platforms
3.7 Applications of AI 2
3.1 –Overview of Artificial Intelligence
What is “Intelligence ”?
 Intelligence is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge.
 Knowledge is the information acquired through experience.
 Experience is the knowledge gained through exposure
(training).
Varying kind and degrees of intelligence occur in people,

many animal and some machines.
Cont.…
Intelligence is computational part of the ability to achieve goals
in the world.
Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which is a

combination(composed) of Reasoning, learning, problem-
solving, perception, language understanding, etc.
Now, let us see what Artificial Intelligence (AI) is?
Cont…
What is “ Artificial Intelligence ”?
Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence.
 Artificial defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking power", so

Artificial Intelligence means "a man-made thinking power."
 So, we can define Artificial Intelligence (AI) as
 “It is branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machines
which can behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make
decisions”.
 It is also the power of a machine to copy and learn from intelligent human
behavior.
What is Artificial Intelligence?
 Artificial Intelligence is the development of
computer systems that are able to perform tasks
that would require human intelligence.
 Examples of these tasks are
 visual perception
 speech recognition
 decision-making and
 translation between languages.
FSCE AMIT ARBAMINCH UNIVERSITY

Cont. ..
Real Life AI Examples
 Self Driving Cars
 ASIMO
 Chatbots
Human vs Computer Games
 Search Engines

cont. ..
AI system is composed of an agent and its environment.
 An agent (e.g., human or robot) is anything that can perceive its environment
through sensors and acts upon that environment through effectors.
Intelligent agents must be able to set goals and achieve them.

Other Examples of AI
 Autonomous Vehicles (Such As  Search Engines (Such As

Drones And Self-driving Cars), Google Search),
 Image Recognition In
Proving Mathematical
Photographs,
Theorems,
 Prediction Of Judicial Decisions
 Playing Games (like Chess)
And Targeting
 Spam Filtering,
 Online Advertisements

cont. ..
Difference between AI, Machine Learning and Deep Learning
Artificial intelligence (AI) Machine Learning
• AI deals with the area of developing • Machine Learning is an advanced form of
computing systems that are capable of AI where the machine can learn as it goes
performing tasks that humans are very rather than having every action
good at, for example programmed by humans.
• Recognizing objects,
Deep Learning
• Recognizing and making sense of
speech, • The field of neural networks with
• Decision making in a constrained
several hidden layers is called deep
environment.
learning.
Cont...

cont. ..
The Difference between Artificial intelligence and Robot.
Artificial intelligence (AI) Robot
• Programmed to think • Programmed to do
• Social Interaction • Low level interaction
• Learns • Only as smart as program
• It is a program so it doesn’t • May not require intelligence
need to be physical. to perform specific task and

has physical form.
3.2. Need and Goal of Artificial Intelligence
AI needed for the following :
 To create expert systems that exhibit intelligent behavior with
the capability to learn, explain and advice its users.
 Helping machines, find solutions to complex problems like
humans do and applying them as algorithms in a computer-

friendly manner.
Cont’d…
Following are the main goals of AI:
1. Replicate human intelligence
2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
3. An Intelligent connection of perception and action
4. Building a machine which can perform tasks requires Human

Intelligence. Such as Playing chess , Driving a car in a traffic.
5. Creating some system which can exhibit Intelligent behavior, learn

new things by itself, explain, and can advise to its user.
What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence
 AI is not just a part of computer science even it's so vast and requires lots
of other factors that can contribute to it.
 To achieve the factors, AI requires the following disciplines:
Mathematics
 Biology
 Psychology
Computer Science
 Neurons Study
 Statistics
3.3. Advantages and Disadvantages of AI
Advantages of AI
High Accuracy with fewer errors:- AI machines are prone to fewer errors and high
accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience.
 High-Speed:- AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making, because

of that AI systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.
 High reliability:- can perform the same action multiple times with high accuracy.
 Digital Assistant:- AI technology is currently used by various E-commerce websites to

show the products as per customer requirements.
 Useful as a public utility:- AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a self driving
car which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for security
purposes, Natural language processing.
Disadvantages of AI
 High Cost:- The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it requires lots
of maintenance to meet current world requirements.
 Can't think out of the box:- the robot will only do work for they are trained, or
programmed.
 No feelings and emotions:- it don’t have feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional
attachment with humans, and sometime be harmful for users if the proper care is not taken.
 Increase dependence on machines:- getting more dependent on devices and hence they are
losing their mental capabilities.
 No Original Creativity:- As humans are so creative and can imagine some new ideas but
still AI machines cannot beat this power of human intelligence and cannot be creative and
imaginative.
3.4. History of AI
Reading Assignment

Cont.…

Cont..
A. Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952)

➢ The year 1943: The first work which is now recognized as AI was done by
Warren McCulloch and Walter pits in 1943. They proposed a model of artificial
neurons.
➢ The year 1949: Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for modifying the
connection strength between neurons. His rule is now called Hebbian learning.
➢ The year 1950: The Alan Turing who was an English mathematician and
pioneered Machine learning in 1950. Alan Turing publishes "Computing
Machinery and Intelligence" in which he proposed a test. The test can check the
machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to human intelligence,
called a Turing test. FSCE AMIT ARBAMINCH UNIVERSITY
Cont..
B. The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)

➢ The year 1955: An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the "first
artificial intelligence program" Which was named "Logic Theorist". This program
had proved 38 of 52 Mathematics theorems, and find new and more elegant
proofs for some theorems.
➢ The year 1956: The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted by American
Computer scientist John McCarthy at the Dartmouth Conference. For the first
time, AI coined as an academic field. At that time high-level computer languages
such as FORTRAN LISP, or COBOL were invented. And the enthusiasm for AI
was very high at that time.
Cont..
C. The golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974)

➢ The year 1966: The researchers emphasized developing algorithms that can solve
mathematical problems. Joseph Weizenbaum created the first chatbot in 1966, which was
named as ELIZA.
➢ The year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which was
named WABOT-1
D. The first AI winter (1974-1980)

➢ The duration between the years 1974 to 1980 was the first AI winter duration. AI
winter refers to the time period where computer scientists dealt with a severe shortage of
funding from the government for AI researches.
➢ During AI winters, an interest

FSCE inAMIT
publicityARBAMINCH
on artificial
UNIVERSITYintelligence was decreased.
Cont..
E. A boom of AI (1980-1987)
➢ The year 1980: After AI winter duration, AI came back with "Expert System". Expert
systems were programmed that emulate the decision-making ability of a human expert.
➢ In the Year 1980, the first national conference of the American Association of Artificial
Intelligence was held at Stanford University.
F. The second AI winter (1987-1993)

➢ The duration between the years 1987 to 1993 was the second AI Winter duration.
➢ Again, Investors and government stopped in funding for AI research due to high cost
but not efficient results. The expert system such as XCON was very cost-effective.

Cont..
G. The emergence of intelligent agents (1993-2011)

➢ The year 1997: In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beats world chess champion,
Gary Kasparov, and became the first computer to beat a world chess champion.
➢ The year 2002: for the first time, AI entered the home in the form of Roomba, a
vacuum cleaner.
➢ The year 2006: AI came into the Business world until the year 2006. Companies
like Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix also started using AI.
H. Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence (2011-present)
➢ The year 2011: In the year 2011, IBM's Watson won jeopardy, a quiz show, where
it had to solve complex questions as well as riddles. Watson had proved that it could
understand natural language
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can solveARBAMINCH
trickyUNIVERSITY
questions quickly.
Cont..
➢ The year 2012: Google has launched an Android app feature "Google now",
which was able to provide information to the user as a prediction.
➢ The year 2014: In the year 2014, Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a
competition in the infamous "Turing test."
➢ The year 2018: The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex topics
with two master debaters and also performed extremely well.
➢ Google has demonstrated an AI program "Duplex" which was a virtual
assistant and which had taken hairdresser appointment on call, and the lady on the
other side didn't notice that she was talking with the machine.

Level of AI
Stage 1: Rule based systems

 Common uses of AI today fit in this bracket.
 This stage covering everything from business software and domestic

appliances to aircraft autopilots.
Stage 2: Context awareness and retention

 Algorithms that develop information about the specific domain they are
being applied in.
 Trained on the knowledge and experience of the best humans,
 The existing knowledge base can be updated as new situations and
queries arise.
 Example: chatbots.
Cont…
Stage 3: Domain-specific expertise

 Such machines are highly knowledgeable beyond the capability of humans
in a particular domain.
 These systems build up expertise in a specific context taking in massive
volumes of information which they can use for decision making.
 Currently, this type is limited to one domain only would forget all it knows
about that domain if you started to teach it something else.
 Example: cancer diagnosis and Google Deepmind’s AlphaGo.

Cont…
Stage 4: Reasoning machines (Theory of Mind)

 These algorithms have some ability to attribute mental states to
themselves and others
 They have a sense of beliefs, intentions, and knowledge.
 This means they could reason or negotiate with humans and other
machines.
 These algorithms are still in development, however, commercial
applications are expected within the next few years.

Cont…
Stage 5: Self aware systems /Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)

 Such system have human-like intelligence.
 No such use is in evidence today.
Stage 6: Artificial super intelligence (ASI)

 The algorithms can outsmart even the most intelligent humans in every
domain.
 This stage can be real solution to the problems that are still complex for
the human mind like poverty, hunger and climate change
Cont…
Stage 7: Singularity and transcendence

 At this stage of AI, that’s able to connect our brains with one another.
 This will pave the way for future of the internet.
 This will not only help with traditional activities such as sharing ideas
but also help with advanced activities like the ability to observe dreams.
 It could enable humans to communicate with other living beings, such
as plants and animals.
 Some argue that human will never reach such levels and some says that
it is feasible and with this exponential growth rate would be achieved
some where in 2045.’
Cont…
3.5. Types and Application Area of AI
1. Types of Artificial Intelligence
There are mainly two types of the main categorization which are based on
capabilities and based on functionally of AI.

Type 1: Based on Capabilities
1. Weak AI or Narrow AI
 It is the most common and currently available AI type.
 It able to perform a dedicated or specific tasks with intelligence
 Cannot perform beyond its field or limitation, as it is only trained for
one specific task.
 Example: Apple Siri , IBM's Watson supercomputer , Google translate,
playing chess, purchasing suggestions on e-commerce sites, self-driving
cars, speech recognition, and image recognition.

2. General AI
 Could perform any intellectual multi tasks with efficiency like a
human.
 Currently there is no system exist.
 It may arrive within the next 20 or so years

3. Super (Strong) AI
 Such machine surpass human intelligence and can perform any tasks
better than human with cognitive properties.
 This refers to aspects like general wisdom, problem solving and creativity.
 It is an outcome of general AI.
 It include the ability to think, to solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan,
learn, and communicate on its own.

 Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence


Type 2 Based on Functionality
1. Reactive Machines
 Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future actions.
These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per

possible best action.
Example: IBM's Deep Blue system and Google's AlphaGo
2. Limited Memory
 Store past experiences or some data for a short period of time.
 These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.

Cont..
 Example: Self-driving cars can store the recent speed of nearby
cars, the distance of other cars, speed limits, and other
information to navigate the road.
3. Theory of Mind
 This AI should understand human emotions, people, beliefs, and be

able to interact socially like humans.
 This type of AI machines is still not developed.

Cont..
4. Self-Awareness
 These machines will be super intelligent and will have their
own consciousness, sentiments, and self-awareness.
 These machines will be smarter than the human mind.
 Still it does not exist in reality and it is a hypothetical

concept.

Influencers of Artificial Intelligence
Some of the influencers of AI are:-
 Big data: Structured data versus unstructured data.
 Advancements in computer processing speed and new chip

architectures.
 Cloud computing and APIs
 The Emergence of data science

Cont..
Big Data :- refers to huge amounts of data.
 It requires innovative forms of information processing to draw insights,

automate processes, and help decision making.
 It can be structured data that corresponds to a formal pattern, such as

traditional data sets and databases.
It can also be semi-structured and unstructured formats, such as word-

processing documents, videos, images, audio, presentations, social media
interactions, streams, web pages.

cont. ..
 Advancements in computer processing speed and new chip architectures :-
 It enable us to make sense/ analysis of the information that is generated by big data more
quickly.
 It contribute to the rapid evolution of AI app.
 Cloud computing & Application Programing Interface(APIs)
What is Cloud computing?

 It is a general term that describes the delivery of on-demand services, usually through
the internet, on a pay-per-use basis.
 Companies worldwide offer their services to customers over cloud platforms.
 Those services might be data analysis, social media, video storage, e-commerce.
Cont. ..
Application Programing Interface(APIs)
API expose capability and services.

APIs enable software components to communicate with each
other easily.

Cont. ..
All the significant companies in the AI services market deliver their services and tools
on the internet through APIs over cloud platforms, for example:
 IBM delivers Watson AI services over IBM Cloud.
 Amazon AI services are delivered over Amazon Web Services (AWS).
 Microsoft AI tools are available over the MS Azure cloud.
 Google AI services are available in the Google Cloud Platform.
 These services benefit from cloud platform capabilities, such as availability,

scalability, accessibility, rapid deployment, flexible billing options, simpler
operations, and management

Cont..
 The Emergence of Data Science
 The goal of data science is to extract knowledge or insights from data in

various forms.
 After you collect a large enough volume of data, patterns emerge. Then,
data scientists use learning algorithms on these patterns.
 Data science uses machine learning and AI to process big data.

Applications of AI
 AI becoming essential for today's time because it can solve complex
problems in an efficient way in multiple industries.
Some sectors which have the application of Artificial Intelligence:
AI in agriculture ➢ AI in Gaming
AI in Healthcare ➢ AI in Data Security
AI in Education ➢AI in Social Media
 AI in Finance and E-commerce ➢ AI in Travel &Transport
AI in the Automotive Industry ➢ AI in Robotics etc..

3.6. AI Tools And Platforms
AI platforms are defined as some sort of hardware architecture or software
framework (including application frameworks), that allows the software to
run.
 It involves the use of machines to perform the tasks that are performed by
human beings.
Artificial intelligence (AI) platforms provide users a tool kit to build

intelligent applications.
Many tools are used in AI, including versions of search and mathematical
optimization, logic, methods based on probability and economics.
Cont. ..
Some of the tools used are : Some of the platforms are :

 Search and optimization  Microsoft AZURE Machine Learning,
 Logic
 Google Cloud Prediction API,
Probabilistic method for uncertain
 IBM Watson,
reasoning
 TensorFlow,
 Classifiers and statistical learning
methods Wipro HOLMES,
 Neural networks  API.AI,
 Control theory  Premonition, etc.
 Languages FSCE AMIT ARBAMINCH UNIVERSITY

3.8. Simple AI Application
1. Commuting
 Google’s AI-Powered Predictions
 Ridesharing Apps Like Uber and Lyft
 Commercial Flights Use an AI Autopilot.
2. Email
 Spam Filters
 Smart Email Categorization
3. Online Shopping
 Search
 Recommendation FSCE AMIT ARBAMINCH UNIVERSITY
Cont.…
4. Social Networking
 Facebook
 Pinterest
 Instagram
 Snapchat
5. Mobile Use
 Voice –to-Text
 Smart personal Assistants

Thank You!

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Chapter Three

3.2 Need for Artificial

Covers 3.4 History of AI

3.5 Types and application

Varying kind and degrees of intelligence occur in people,

Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which is a

Now, let us see what Artificial Intelligence (AI) is?

 Artificial defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking power", so

 Examples of these tasks are

 translation between languages.

FSCE AMIT ARBAMINCH UNIVERSITY

 Self Driving Cars

Human vs Computer Games

FSCE AMIT ARBAMINCH UNIVERSITY

Intelligent agents must be able to set goals and achieve them.

FSCE AMIT ARBAMINCH UNIVERSITY

 Autonomous Vehicles (Such As  Search Engines (Such As

FSCE AMIT ARBAMINCH UNIVERSITY

FSCE AMIT ARBAMINCH UNIVERSITY

Artificial intelligence (AI) Robot

• Programmed to think • Programmed to do

• Social Interaction • Low level interaction

• Learns • Only as smart as program

• It is a program so it doesn’t • May not require intelligence

need to be physical. to perform specific task and

AI needed for the following :

 To create expert systems that exhibit intelligent behavior with

the capability to learn, explain and advice its users.

 Helping machines, find solutions to complex problems like

humans do and applying them as algorithms in a computer-

1. Replicate human intelligence

2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks

3. An Intelligent connection of perception and action

4. Building a machine which can perform tasks requires Human

5. Creating some system which can exhibit Intelligent behavior, learn

 High-Speed:- AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making, because

 Digital Assistant:- AI technology is currently used by various E-commerce websites to

FSCE AMIT ARBAMINCH UNIVERSITY

FSCE AMIT ARBAMINCH UNIVERSITY

A. Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952)

B. The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)

C. The golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974)

D. The first AI winter (1974-1980)

➢ During AI winters, an interest

F. The second AI winter (1987-1993)

FSCE AMIT ARBAMINCH UNIVERSITY

G. The emergence of intelligent agents (1993-2011)

FSCE AMIT ARBAMINCH UNIVERSITY

Stage 1: Rule based systems

 This stage covering everything from business software and domestic

Stage 2: Context awareness and retention

Stage 3: Domain-specific expertise

FSCE AMIT ARBAMINCH UNIVERSITY

Stage 4: Reasoning machines (Theory of Mind)

FSCE AMIT ARBAMINCH UNIVERSITY

Stage 5: Self aware systems /Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)

 No such use is in evidence today.

Stage 6: Artificial super intelligence (ASI)

Stage 7: Singularity and transcendence

 This will pave the way for future of the internet.