Chemistry File

2023 - 2024
Chemistry Investigatory Project
Mohd. Yusuf Ansari

XII – B
A .-21
R oll No
2014-2015
ACKNOWLEGEMENT
I would like to express my immense gratitude to my

chemistry teacher Mr. Anup Prasad, for the help and
guidance he provided for completing the investigatory
project.
I also thank my parents who gave their ideas and inputs in
making this Project. Most of all I thank our school
management, for providing us the facilities and opportunity
to do this project.
Lastly, I would like to thank my school mates who have
rendered and done this project along with me. Their support
made this project fruitful.
- Mohd. Yusuf Ansari

Certificate
This is to certify that Ayushi Gupta (Roll No. -21 ) , student of

class XII – ‘B’, Ram Doot International School has successfully
completed research in the below given project under the
heading ‘Study of amount of casein in different milk samples’
during the academic session 2023-2024 under the guidance
of Mr. Anup Prasad.
Mr. Anup Prasad
(Chemistry teacher) Sign of External Examiner
Sign
Objective –
To study the quantity of Casein present
in different samples of milk.
Introduction –
Milk is a complete diet as it contains proteins,
carbohydrates, fats, minerals, vitamins and water. The
average composition of milk from different sources is given
below:
SOURCE OF WATER MINERALS PROTEINS FATS CARBO-HYDRATES
MILK
(%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
Cow 87.1 0.7 3.4 3.9 4.9
Human 87.4 0.2 1.4 4.0 4.9
Goat 87 0.7 3.3 4.2 4.8
Sheep 82.6 0.9 5.5 6.5 4.5
Casein is the most predominant phosphoprote is found

in milk an cheese. When coagulated with rennet, casein is
sometimes called Paracasein. British terminology, on the
other hand, uses the term caseinogen for the uncoagulated
protein and casein for coagulated protein. As it exists in milk,
it is a salt of calcium.
Casein is not coagulated by heat. It is precipitated by
acids and by rennet enzymes, a proteolytic enzyme typically
obtained from the stomachs of calves. The enzyme trypsin
can hydrolyze off a phosphate-containing peptone.
Casein consists of a fairly high number of praline
peptides, which do not interact. There are also no disulphide
bridges. As a result, it has relatively little secondary structure
or tertiary structure. Because of this, it cannot denature. It is
relatively hydrophobic, making it poorly soluble in water. It is
found in milk as a suspension of particles called casein
micelles which show some resemblance with surfactant-type
micellae in a sense that the hydrophilic parts reside at the
surface. The caseins in the micelles are held together by
calcium ions and hydrophobic interactions. These micelles
have negative charge and on adding acid to milk the negative
charges are neutralized.
Ca2+ - Caesinate + 2CH3COOH(aq) → Casein+(CH3COO)2Ca(aq)
The isoelectric point of casein is 4.7. The purified protein

is water insoluble. While it is also insoluble in neutral salt
solutions, it is readily dispersible in dilute alkalis and in salt
solutions such as sodium oxalate and sodium acetate.
Applications:
In addition to being consumed in milk, casein in used in

the manufacture of adhesives, binders, protective coatings,
plastics (such as for knife handles and knitting needles),
fabrics, food additives and many other products. It is
commonly used by bodybuilders as a slow-digestive source of
amino acids as opposed to the fast-digesting whey protein,
and also as an extremely high source of glutamine (post
workout). Another reason it is used in bodybuilding, is
because of its anti-catabolic effect, meaning that casein
consumption inhibits protein breakdown in the body. Casein
is frequently found in otherwise nondairy cheese substitutes
to improve consistency especially when melted.
Aim –
To study quantity of casein in different samples of milk.
Theory –
Milk contains 3 to 4% casein suspended in water in the
colloidal form. It is precipitated in a weakly acidic medium.
Apparatus Required –
Funnel, funnel stand , glass rod , filter paper, weight box , test
tubes, pestle and mortar.
Chemicals Required –
(i) Different samples of milk.
(ii) Saturated ammonium sulphate solution.
(iii) 1 % acetic acid solution.

Procedure –
1. Wash the beaker (250 ml) with the distilled water and dry
it.
2. Take 20 ml of buffalo’s milk in 250 ml beaker and find its

weight.
3. Add 20 ml saturated solution of ammonium sulphate

slowly with stirring. Fat and casein will separate out as
precipitate.
4. Filter the above solution and transfer the precipitate in

another beaker.
5. Treat the above precipitate with 30 ml distilled water.

Casein dissolves forming milky solution whereas fat
remains as such.
6. Warm the above contents of the beaker to 40 - 45°C on a
low flame. Now, add 1% acetic acid solution drop wise with
stirring when casein gets precipitated.
7. Filter the precipitated casein and wash with distilled water

and dry it.
8. Find the weight of dry precipitate.
9. Repeat the whole experiment with cow’s milk, goat’s milk

and sheep’s milk.
Observations –
Volume of milk taken in each case = 20 ml
Weight of milk taken = W₁ g
Weight of Casein isolated = W₂ g
Percentage of casein = Weight of Casein x 100

Weight of milk
S.no. Type of milk Volume of Weight Weight of Percentage of

milk taken of milk Casein casein
(ml) (W₁ g) (W₂ g)
1. Buffalo’s 20 23.09 0.632 2.73%

milk
2. Cow’s milk 20 35.66 0.55 1.64%
3. Goat’s milk 20 23.09 0.77 3.67%

Result –
Different Samples of milk contains different percentage of

casein.
Highest percentage of casein is present in Goat’s milk.
Precautions –
1. Handle apparatus and chemicals carefully.
2. Add ammonium sulphate solution very slowly.
3. Stir milk while adding chemicals.
4. Do not disturb milk after adding ammonium sulphate
solution and wait some time for fat and casein to
precipitate out.
5. Take the amount readings carefully with digital weighing
machine only.
Bibliography –
www.wikipedia.com
www.encyclopedia.com www.caesine-
pro.com www.sciencejournals.com
www.icar.nic.in
www.zetascience.com www.scribd.com

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2023 - 2024

Chemistry Investigatory Project

Mohd. Yusuf Ansari

I would like to express my immense gratitude to my

- Mohd. Yusuf Ansari

This is to certify that Ayushi Gupta (Roll No. -21 ) , student of

Mr. Anup Prasad

(Chemistry teacher) Sign of External Examiner

Cow 87.1 0.7 3.4 3.9 4.9

Human 87.4 0.2 1.4 4.0 4.9

Goat 87 0.7 3.3 4.2 4.8

Sheep 82.6 0.9 5.5 6.5 4.5

Casein is the most predominant phosphoprote is found

The isoelectric point of casein is 4.7. The purified protein

In addition to being consumed in milk, casein in used in

(ii) Saturated ammonium sulphate solution.

(iii) 1 % acetic acid solution.

2. Take 20 ml of buffalo’s milk in 250 ml beaker and find its

3. Add 20 ml saturated solution of ammonium sulphate

4. Filter the above solution and transfer the precipitate in

5. Treat the above precipitate with 30 ml distilled water.

7. Filter the precipitated casein and wash with distilled water

8. Find the weight of dry precipitate.

9. Repeat the whole experiment with cow’s milk, goat’s milk

Weight of milk taken = W₁ g

Weight of Casein isolated = W₂ g

Percentage of casein = Weight of Casein x 100

S.no. Type of milk Volume of Weight Weight of Percentage of

1. Buffalo’s 20 23.09 0.632 2.73%

3. Goat’s milk 20 23.09 0.77 3.67%

Different Samples of milk contains different percentage of

Highest percentage of casein is present in Goat’s milk.

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