Hoa4 Review Notes

Pre-Historic Caves in the Philippines Callao Man – refers to fossilized remains
discovered in Callao Cave, Penablanca, Cagayan

* Tabon Cave – dubbed as the Philippines’
by Arman Salvador Mijares
cradle of civilization set of located on Lipuun
Point, north of quzon municipality, Palawan - the find consisted of a single 61-millimeter
Island metatarsal which, when dated using uranium
series ablation, was found to be about 67 years
- the caves are named after the tabon scrubfowl
old.
BIRD.
Callao Cave – located in the municipality of
Penablanca, Cagayan Province
- the seven-chamber show cave is one of 300

caves
- researchers also believe that aetas, mountain

dwellers today on Luzon Island, could be
> Tabon Man – was discovered in the descendant of the callao man
caves, one of the oldest remnants of human
- names as Penablanca (Spanish for white rocks)
inhabitants found in the pilippines.
for the presence of white limestone rocks in the
- other remains that were area
excavated have remained onsite and have yet t
Tau-Batu Cave – shelter more than one family
be examined in detail.
- fear of thunder is one of the main reason why
> Manunggul Jar
they retreat in caves, because of folklore as a
– secondary burial jar excavated from a warning against mocking or laughing to animals.
neolithic burial site in manunggul cave of tabon
> Datag – basic sleeping platform known
caves at lipuun point at Palawan dating from
as DATAG, made from tree branches and dried
890-710 B.C.
leaves and built inside the cave, raised slightly
- two prominent figures at the top handle of its above the ground.
cover represent the journey of the soul to the
BUILDING CHARACTER:
afterlife.
> tropical design
- the boatman seated behind a figure whose
hands are crossed on the chest. The position of > open
the hands is a traditional Filipino practice
> light (movable, earthquake proof
observed when arranging the corpse.
> stilted
> thatched, pitched roof.
THE FIRST MAN IN THE PHILIPPINES
* Discovered by Dr. Robert Fox
When: May 28, 1962

Where: Tabon Cave, Palawan > theory of land/ tulay na lupa
PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE ETHNIC HOUSES
* Ethnic Tradition- EXPRESS INDIGENOUS WAY

OF ORGANIZING SPACE WITHIN AND WITHOUT
- territorial spaces are suggested by symbols

Early Shelters in the Island never stated with fences nor walls
> Caves Lean- to Shelters- fundamental act of building

was practiced by nomads in form the windbreak
> Lean to shelters
- wind-sun and rain screen anchored by a pole
> Arboreal Shelters or stick an angle on the ground
Angono Petroglyphs Vernacular Structural Element
> oldest known work of art in the Philippines > building with pile or stilt foundations are
located in the province of rizal pervasive feature not only in the mainland and
island southeast Asia
> there are 127 human and animal figures
engraved on the rock wall dating bback to 3000 * Foundation
BC
- Prototypical Bahay Kubo or
> shows stylized human figures, frogs, and Austronesian house is usually build with
lizards, along with other designs that may have wooden post as its framework
depicted other interesting figures but erosion
may have caused it to become indistinguishable - It has several advantages in an tropical
climate, especially when settlement patterns
> angono-petro (stone) glyph (illustration) are mainly concentrated in coastal, riverside,
and lakeshores
- underfloor space often used as pen for

stabling domestic animals and as a place for
storage
- two options: SUSPERSEDED PILE/ STLTS

OR ROLLERS
Austronesia – Pleistocene People
> earliest dwellers in the Philippines
> ice age

* Ivatan Idjang – Defensive Engineering of the
early ivatan settlers
Tree Houses
> Forked Version – other reason, to protect the

families, animal, attacks and human enemies.
> Architectural institution fashioned by nature
> 20, 30, 60 ft above ground for protection

against animal and human enemies
Early Shelters in the Island
Lean-to Shelters
> early dwellings of the aeta
1. Pinatubo aeta hawong
2. agta & Casiguran damages aetas from aurora

panahang
3. mamanua aeta from Mindanao dait dait
AUSTRONESIAN ANCESTRY
BALAI/BAHAY *Made of cogon grass
- SOUTHEAST ASIAN TYPE OF DOMESTIC

ARCHITECTURE FOUND IN NON-HISPANIZED,
NON- ANGLOSAXON COMMUNITIES IN THE
COUNTRY
- HOUSE/ TAHANAN/ TIRAHAN
IVATAN HOUSE
* Rahaung- developed from primitive kamado

* CORDILLERA
*KALINGA *BONTOC
Vernacular Structural Element
- framing system consist of vertical studs
slotted into horizontal sills
- tongue and grove mortise tenon, lapped

and notched joining system
REGIONAL HOUSES
> Batanes
> Cordillera
> Luzon and Visayas
* Central
* Southern
> Mindanao
* UPLAND and LOWLAND houses have

acquired distinc architectural features because
of differences of environmental condition and
site contexts
> Construction Technique
- Post and lintel method of construction
- assembled without nails
- walls and floors do not constitutes a parts

of the main load bearing elements but may
brace the structure as a whole
PRE-COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE IN LOWLANDS & * Main land bahay kubo community
COAST
* lowlanders
* Coastal Community
House on Stilts
* River Side Community
• The house on stilts is not unique or original to
the Philippines
• Other Southeast Asian countries also have

house on stilts.
THE SETTINGS OF BAHAY KUBO

BAHAY KUBO
> The word bahay evolved from the

Austronesian ancestry vernacular term BALAI
> Spanish term “cubo” which pertains to the

cube because of the obvious overall cubic
geometry
> refers to mountain houses
> Early accounts Base on the book of a

Franciscan friar Pedro de San
Buenaventura,OFM
> “kubo” already appears among early versions

of Tagalog
> Early accounts Base on the book of a

Augustinian friar Diego Bergaño,OSA
> 1729
> Kubu, balungbung a Kapampangan for hut,

cabin or lodge
> Sometimes Refers to cuala, saung or dangpa

usually owned by a peasant families and other
low income families
BUILDING MATERIALS
> timber
> bamboo
> tatch
> fibers
FILIPINO HUMAN ANTHROPOMETRY
BAHAY KUBO CHARACTERISTIC
* post and lintel
Molave – hard wood is the preferred

material(Phil.Yellow rosewood/ vitex geniculate
> steeply pitched thatched hipped roof
> voluminous roof cavity to combat humidity > DANGKAL Distance from the tip of the thumb
to the tip of the middle finger when hand fans
> pile foundation flooding + under floor for
out
ventilation and humidity
BAHAY KUBO Wall lattice work options
•nipa or sawali wall siding in herringbone

design
> DIPA The length of a man’s outstretched arms

from one extreme fingertip to the other
• Bamboo, split, flattened or cut into strips

> DATI - The breadth/width of a finger
> TUMURO - The distance between the tip of

the thumb to the tip of the forefinger
BUILDING ANATOMY
> DAMAK - The length of the open hand from

the tip of the middle finger to the far edge of
the palm
> DAPAL - The length and width of the palm and

fingers together
KILO- Rafters, major support of the roof
Kahab-an- Connects the bottom ends of the

rafter
Soleras- Floor joists, carries the slatted floor

Gililan- Floor sills, supports the walls
Haligi- Posts/columns. Main structural support
BAHAY KUBO Roof/Bubong classifications
• BINALAY (Hip)
• PALAYAS (Gable)
• PALUSOD (extension)
• KINAPIYA (Shed)
Silong - Used as enclosure for keeping domestic

animals, such as swine and fowl, and as storage
for household implements, goods, crops and in
some cases, as a Burial ground for the dead
BAHAY KUBO Fenestrations
> Awning type windows or
> TUKOD -sliding •An all purpose single area OR a two-three unit
quarter consisting BAHAY KUBO Interior space
> fixed with lattice work
> living-dining (Bulwagan with silidkainan
> keeps children from falling out
> Kitchen-storage (Lutuan/Abuhan with Batalan)
> with ledge > Open gallery (balkon infront or batalan back)
> Other features: its many kinds of apertures.
Even walls gives patches of stark light
> Doors without swing board and may be

provided with four step stairs, at the top of
which is a sagang
BAHAY KUBO INTERIOR SPACE

The problem:
LOWLAND VERNACULAR DWELLING
* ISKWATER
> The Urban Shanty / barong-barong is a

descendant of Provincial bahay Kubo.
> Like Traditional dwellings, Shanties are built

by their own inhabitants, with no blueprints,
using materials available in the immediate
environment, typical one room dwelling
Squatters are the:
1. Migrants from provincial areas to the big

cities.
2. Because of “poverty” has forced them to

build urban shanty
3. The only available option is a vacant piece of

land.
Squatters are lack in basic services and

infrustructures:
1. Water supply
2. Sanitation
3. Electricity
4. Drainage
5. Education
6. Health services
7. Market place 8. Psychology/social issues
> Squatter settings are usually in vacant

government land
> Squatter settings are usually in railways
> Squatter settings are usually in marshy lands,

canals, coastal, riverbanks
> Squatter settings are usually in cemetery
> They prone fire and flood
> Squatter is a reflection of social demand for

housing

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Pre-Historic Caves in the Philippines Callao Man – refers to fossilized remains

discovered in Callao Cave, Penablanca, Cagayan

- the seven-chamber show cave is one of 300

- researchers also believe that aetas, mountain

> thatched, pitched roof.

THE FIRST MAN IN THE PHILIPPINES

* Discovered by Dr. Robert Fox

When: May 28, 1962

PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE ETHNIC HOUSES

* Ethnic Tradition- EXPRESS INDIGENOUS WAY

- territorial spaces are suggested by symbols

> Caves Lean- to Shelters- fundamental act of building

- underfloor space often used as pen for

- two options: SUSPERSEDED PILE/ STLTS

Austronesia – Pleistocene People

> earliest dwellers in the Philippines

> ice age

> Forked Version – other reason, to protect the

> Architectural institution fashioned by nature

> 20, 30, 60 ft above ground for protection

Early Shelters in the Island

> early dwellings of the aeta

1. Pinatubo aeta hawong

2. agta & Casiguran damages aetas from aurora

3. mamanua aeta from Mindanao dait dait

BALAI/BAHAY *Made of cogon grass

- SOUTHEAST ASIAN TYPE OF DOMESTIC

- HOUSE/ TAHANAN/ TIRAHAN

* Rahaung- developed from primitive kamado

- tongue and grove mortise tenon, lapped

> Luzon and Visayas

* UPLAND and LOWLAND houses have

> Construction Technique

- Post and lintel method of construction

- assembled without nails

- walls and floors do not constitutes a parts

• Other Southeast Asian countries also have

THE SETTINGS OF BAHAY KUBO

> The word bahay evolved from the

> Spanish term “cubo” which pertains to the

> refers to mountain houses

> Early accounts Base on the book of a

> “kubo” already appears among early versions

> Early accounts Base on the book of a

> Kubu, balungbung a Kapampangan for hut,

> Sometimes Refers to cuala, saung or dangpa

BAHAY KUBO CHARACTERISTIC

* post and lintel

Molave – hard wood is the preferred

> steeply pitched thatched hipped roof

BAHAY KUBO Wall lattice work options

•nipa or sawali wall siding in herringbone

> DIPA The length of a man’s outstretched arms

• Bamboo, split, flattened or cut into strips

> TUMURO - The distance between the tip of

> DAMAK - The length of the open hand from

> DAPAL - The length and width of the palm and

Kahab-an- Connects the bottom ends of the

Soleras- Floor joists, carries the slatted floor