DSP File

SARDAR BEANT SINGH STATE UNIVERSITY GURDASPUR
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Rajinder Kumar(21305006) BTEC-21506 Digital Signal Processing Lab

5th Semester (2021 Batch) July-Dec 2023








Experiment No.- 2
Aim: To develop a program to generate a unit step function.
Apparatus: MATLAB software
Theory:
The step signal or step function is that type of standard signal which exists only for positive time
and it is zero for negative time. In other words, a signal x(t) is said to be step signal if and only if
exists for t > 0 and zero for t < 0. If a step signal has unity magnitude, then it is known as unit step
signal or unit step function. It is denoted by u(t).
Mathematically it is represented as,
{
U (t )= 1 , t ≥ 0
0 ,∧t <0
Procedure:
1. The program is entered in the MATLAB Editor and is saved with the *.m
extension.
2. The program is executed in the Command Window/editor window.
3. If any error is reported then debug it and again execute it from Command
Window/Editor Window.
4. Input if required is entered from the command Window.
5. The result is displayed in the command window.
Program:
t = -20 : 0.001 : 20;
y = heaviside(t);
plot(t, y, ‘Linewidth’, 3)
axis([-10 10 -2 2])
xlabel(‘t’)
ylabel(‘u(t)’)
title(‘Plot of Unit Step Function’)

Experiment No.- 2
Aim: To develop a program to generate a unit step function.
Representation:

Experiment No.- 3
Aim: To develop a program to generate a unit step sequence.
Theory:
The step sequence is that type of standard signal which exists only for positive discrete instants
and it is zero for negative discrete instants. In other words, a sequence u(n) is said to be step
sequence if and only if exists for n ≥ 0 and zero for n < 0. If a step sequence has unity magnitude,
then it is known as unit step sequence. It is denoted by u(n).
Mathematically it is represented as,
{
U ( n)= 1 ,n ≥ 0
0 ,∧n< 0
Procedure:
extension.
Program:
n = -10 : 20;
s = [ zeros(1,10) ones(1,21)];
stem(n, s);
xlabel(‘n’);
ylabel(‘u(n)’);
title(‘Representation of Unit Step Sequence’);
axis([-10 20 0 1.2]);

Experiment No.- 3
Aim: To develop a program to generate a unit step sequence.
Representation:

Experiment No.- 4
Aim: To develop a program for discrete time Unit Ramp signal.
Theory:
The discrete time unit ramp signal is that function which starts from n = 0 and increases
linearly. It is denoted by r(n). It is signal whose amplitude varies linearly with time n.
Mathematically, the discrete time unit ramp sequence is defined as-
{
r ( n ) = n ,∧for n ≥0
0 ,∧for n< 0
also r ( n ) =n∗u (n)
Procedure:
extension.
Program:
Method I: Method II:

n = 0:20;
n = -10:1:10;
y = n;
z = (n>=0).*n; stem(n,y)
xlabel(“n”);
stem(n,z)
ylabel(“Amplitude”);
xlabel(“n”);
title(“Unit Ramp Sequence”);

title(“Unit Ramp Sequence”);
Experiment No.- 5
Aim: To develop a program for discrete time Unit Impulse signal.
Theory:
The discrete time unit impulse sequence δ (n), also called the unit Sample sequence, is
defined as,
{
δ ( n )= 1 , for n=0
¿ 0 , for n≠ 0
Procedure:
extension.
Program:
n = -20:20;
delta_n = [zeros(1,20) 1 zeros(1,20)]
stem(n,delta_n)
xlabel(“n”);
title(“Unit Impulse Signal);

Experiment No.- 6
Aim: To develop a program to add two sequences.
Theory:
In MATLAB we can add or subtract discrete time signals to study them.
Procedure:
extension.
Program:
sequence1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
sequence2 = [6, 7, 8, 9, 10];
if length(sequence1) ~= length(sequence2)
error('Sequences must have the same length');
end
result = sequence1 + sequence2;
figure;
subplot(3, 1, 1);

stem(sequence1, 'filled', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Sequence 1');
xlabel('Index');
ylabel('Value');
subplot(3, 1, 2);
stem(sequence2, 'filled', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Sequence 2');
xlabel('Index');
ylabel('Value');
subplot(3, 1, 3);
stem(result, 'filled', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Result');
xlabel('Index');
ylabel('Value');
Representation:

Experiment No.- 7
Aim: To develop program for computing Z-transform.
Theory:
In mathematics and signal processing, the Z-transform converts a discrete-time signal,
which is a sequence of real and complex numbers, into a complex frequency-domain
representation.
The Z-transform of a discrete-time signal x(n) is defined by

∞
X (Z )= ∑ x(n)z−n
n=−∞
Where z = rejw is a complex variable. The value of z for which the sum converges define a region
in the Z-plane referred to as the region of convergence(ROC).
Procedure:

extension.
Program:
Method-I (Using for loop) Method-II (Using Z-transform function)
X = [1 2 3 4 5]; syms n
L = length(x); f = sin(n);
Z = sym(‘Z’);s r = ztrans(f);
for i = 0:L-1 disp(‘Z-transform using function’);
X = X + X(i+1)*Z-i; disp(r);
end
disp(‘displaying output’);
disp(X);
Representation:
By using both Method-I and Method-II.

Experiment No.- 8
Aim: To develop program for computing inverse Z-transform.
Theory:

The inverse Z-transform is defined as the process of finding the time domain signal x(n)
from its Z-transform X(z). Then inverse Z-transform is denoted as-
−n
x ( n )=Z [ X ( z )]
Where, z is a complex variable and is given by, Z = rejw
Procedure:
extension.
Program:
syms n
f = sin(n);
z = ztrans(f);
disp(‘ztransform of sin(n) is’);
disp(z);
zz = iztrans(z);
disp(‘displaying inverse z transform);
disp(zz);
Representation:

Experiment No.- 9
Aim: Write a program in MATLAB to verify linear convolution.

Theory:
In case of convolution two signal sequences input signal x(n) and impulse response h(n)
given by the same system, output y(n) is calculated by multiplication of two sequences in time
domain is called as Linear Convolution.
Linear Convolution is given by the equation
y(n) = x(n)*h(n)
and calculated as,
∞
❑
y (n) = ∑ ❑
x ( k ) h(n−k )
k =−∞
Procedure:
extension.
Program:
x1 = [1 2 3 4];
x2 = [2 4 3 1 5 6 8];
y = conv(x1,x2);
subplot(311)
stem(‘x1’)
xlabel(‘n’);
ylabel(‘x1[n]’);
title(‘vector x1’)
subplot(312)
stem(‘x2’)
xlabel(‘n’);

ylabel(‘x2[n]’);
title(‘vector x2’)
subplot(313)
stem(‘y’)
xlabel(‘n’);
ylabel(‘y[n]’);
title(‘Linear convolution’)
Representation:
Experiment No.- 10
Aim: To develop program for computing DFT and IDFT.

Theory:
DFT- The N-point DFT of a finite duration sequence of length L, where N≥L is defined
as,
DFT ¿ ;k=0,1,2,…..,N-1
IDFT- The Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform of sequence X(k) of length N is defined
as:
N−1 j2πnk
1
IDFT [ X ( K ) ] =x ( n )=
N
∑ X (k )e N
; n= 0,1,2,….,N-1
k=0
Procedure:
extension.
Program:
xn = input(‘Enter the input sequence’)
n = length(xn)
n =0:1:N-1;
subplot(2,2,1)
stem(n,xn)
xlabel(‘time’)
ylabel(‘amplitude’)
title(‘Input sequence’)
xk = fft(xn,N)
disp(kx)
k=0:1:N-1;
subplot(2,2,2)

stem(k,xk)
xlabel(‘time’)
title(‘DFT’)
X=ifft(xk,N)
disp(X)
n=0:1:N-1;
subplot(2,2,3)
stem(n,x)
xlabel(‘time’)
title(‘IDFT’)
Representation: For input sequence xn =[1 2 3 4 5], thus N=5


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SARDAR BEANT SINGH STATE UNIVERSITY GURDASPUR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Rajinder Kumar(21305006) BTEC-21506 Digital Signal Processing Lab

Rajinder Kumar(21305006) BTEC-21506 Digital Signal Processing Lab

Rajinder Kumar(21305006) BTEC-21506 Digital Signal Processing Lab

Rajinder Kumar(21305006) BTEC-21506 Digital Signal Processing Lab

Rajinder Kumar(21305006) BTEC-21506 Digital Signal Processing Lab

Rajinder Kumar(21305006) BTEC-21506 Digital Signal Processing Lab

Rajinder Kumar(21305006) BTEC-21506 Digital Signal Processing Lab

Rajinder Kumar(21305006) BTEC-21506 Digital Signal Processing Lab

Rajinder Kumar(21305006) BTEC-21506 Digital Signal Processing Lab

Aim: To develop a program to generate a unit step function.

Apparatus: MATLAB software

Mathematically it is represented as,

title(‘Plot of Unit Step Function’)

Rajinder Kumar(21305006) BTEC-21506 Digital Signal Processing Lab

Aim: To develop a program to generate a unit step function.

Apparatus: MATLAB software

Rajinder Kumar(21305006) BTEC-21506 Digital Signal Processing Lab

Aim: To develop a program to generate a unit step sequence.

Apparatus: MATLAB software

Mathematically it is represented as,

title(‘Representation of Unit Step Sequence’);

Rajinder Kumar(21305006) BTEC-21506 Digital Signal Processing Lab

Aim: To develop a program to generate a unit step sequence.

Apparatus: MATLAB software

Rajinder Kumar(21305006) BTEC-21506 Digital Signal Processing Lab

Aim: To develop a program for discrete time Unit Ramp signal.

Apparatus: MATLAB software

also r ( n ) =n∗u (n)

Method I: Method II:

Rajinder Kumar(21305006) BTEC-21506 Digital Signal Processing Lab

Aim: To develop a program for discrete time Unit Impulse signal.

Apparatus: MATLAB software

delta_n = [zeros(1,20) 1 zeros(1,20)]

title(“Unit Impulse Signal);

Rajinder Kumar(21305006) BTEC-21506 Digital Signal Processing Lab

Aim: To develop a program to add two sequences.

Apparatus: MATLAB software

sequence2 = [6, 7, 8, 9, 10];

error('Sequences must have the same length');

result = sequence1 + sequence2;

Rajinder Kumar(21305006) BTEC-21506 Digital Signal Processing Lab

stem(sequence2, 'filled', 'LineWidth', 2);

stem(result, 'filled', 'LineWidth', 2);

Rajinder Kumar(21305006) BTEC-21506 Digital Signal Processing Lab

Aim: To develop program for computing Z-transform.

Apparatus: MATLAB software

The Z-transform of a discrete-time signal x(n) is defined by

Rajinder Kumar(21305006) BTEC-21506 Digital Signal Processing Lab

By using both Method-I and Method-II.

Rajinder Kumar(21305006) BTEC-21506 Digital Signal Processing Lab

Aim: To develop program for computing inverse Z-transform.

Apparatus: MATLAB software

Rajinder Kumar(21305006) BTEC-21506 Digital Signal Processing Lab

Where, z is a complex variable and is given by, Z = rejw

Rajinder Kumar(21305006) BTEC-21506 Digital Signal Processing Lab

Aim: Write a program in MATLAB to verify linear convolution.

Apparatus: MATLAB software