Contemporary India- 2.

Chapter 6 Manufacturing industries

CBSE NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Chapter 6

In-text questions

Q.1. Do you have any idea about the importance of manufacturing sector?

Solution: We cannot use raw materials directly. We need to process them to make finished products. The place where
we can process the large quantities of raw materials to valuable finished products is called
industry. Industries are classified on the basis of size and capital, according to their location, according to
the source of raw materials used, and on the basis of the ownership.

Industries promote the growth of agriculture, transportation, and communication. The development of an
industrial system means the development of the economic condition of a country.

Q.2. Why did Mahatma Gandhi lay emphasis on spinning yarn and weaving khadi?

Solution: Spinning yarn through hand and weaving dates back to the ancient period, and it is evident that Mahatma
Gandhi preferred hand-made woven khadi. He strongly emphasised spinning yarn and weaving khadi
mainly for various reasons like:

Protesting the entry of foreign clothes in India.

Encouraging the technique of cottage industry.
Creating employment opportunities for the unemployed as it can be done from home too.

Q.3. Why is it important for our country to keep the mill sector loomage lower than power loom and handloom?

Solution: Mill loomage is referred to as the quantity of yarn consumed by mills, and it has to be kept at lower levels
as they provide large-scale employment opportunities in rural areas. Spinning and weaving is a small scale
industry. Mill sector loomage will make the workers of the cottage industry deprive of their income, thereby
creating a decline in their livelihood. It will also help to restrict the migration of the rural population to the
cities in search of new jobs. Hence, it should be kept lower to prevent unemployment conditions in rural
areas.

Q.4. Why is it important for us to improve our weaving sector instead of exporting yarn in large quantities?

Solution: We must enhance our weaving business rather than export enormous quantities of yarn because weaving
textiles employ the majority of India's rural population, aside from agriculture. As it is a popular pastime
among rural residents, it allows them to earn money to support their families, especially when crops fail.
Yarn can be used in indigenous businesses, resulting in more jobs and more profits. Hence, it becomes a
more appealing choice than simply exporting it.

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Contemporary India- 2. Chapter 6 Manufacturing industries

Activity

Q.1. Classify the following into two groups on the basis of bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods.

a. Oil f. Sewing Machines

b. Knitting needles g. Shipbuilding
c. Brassware h. Electric Bulbs
d. Fuse wires i. Paintbrushes
e. Watches j. Automobiles

Solution: Industries can be classified into two types on the basis of weight and bulk:

Heavy industries
Light Industries

Heavy industries - Heavy industries are those industries that use heavy raw materials to produce heavy
products and bulk in nature.

Heavy Industries:
a. Oil
b. Brassware
c. Shipbuilding
d. Automobiles

The light industries - Light industries are those which use light materials to produce light products.

Light Industries:
a. Knitting needles
b. Fuse wires
c. Watches
d. Sewing Machines
e. Electric Bulbs
f. Paintbrushes

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Contemporary India- 2. Chapter 6 Manufacturing industries

Activity

Q.1. Make a list of all such goods made of steel that you can think of.

Solution: Iron and steel industry is the base for all machinery goods manufacturing units as the majority of heavy and
light industries depend greatly on it. Some products made in steel are scientific and surgical equipments,
iron bars, steel rods, utensils, telephones, engine parts, construction materials, and many more.

Q.2. Table - Total Production of finished steel in India:

Production
Year
(in metric tonnes per annum)

2013-14 87.67
2014-15 92.16
2015-16 91.00
2016-17 101.3
2017-18 86.69

Why is the per capita consumption of steel so low in India?

Solution: Iron and steel is the backbone of majority of the manufacturing industries, and it is thus evident that steel is
a part of human's life. In spite of this maximum utilisation, its consumption varies greatly in India due to
various reasons like increased transportation costs, non-availability of basic raw materials like coking coal,
location, lack of proper infrastructure facilities, non-availability of proper labour force, etc.

Q.3. Collect information about products of steel plants in India.

Solution: Products made out of steel and iron have become an inseparable part of our life. For instance, in the
construction industry, products made of steel are steel beams, rods, roofing materials, and safety barricades
on roads. It is also used in automobiles like cars, trucks, cycles, machinery, scissors, pipes, cranes and many
more.

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Contemporary India- 2. Chapter 6 Manufacturing industries

Activity

Q.1. Have you read about the Kalinganagar controversy?

Solution: The Kalinganagar controversy is related to tribals' resistance in the region against setting up a steel plant by
Tata Steel with the Odisha Government. The tribals revolted against this setup as it would make them
evacuate their livelihood and their prolonged living zone. In order to clear the resistance, police held a
firing, which caused around 13 tribal people to lose their lives, and amputation of body parts by doctors
made the situation even worse.

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Contemporary India- 2. Chapter 6 Manufacturing industries

Activity

Q.1. A factory produces aluminium saucepans with plastic handles. It obtains aluminium from a smelter and a plastic
component from another factory. All the manufactured saucepans are sent to a warehouse: Which raw material is likely
to be most expensive to transport and why?

Solution: The second important metallurgical industry is aluminium smelting, as aluminium is a very light and
corrosion-resistant material. It becomes heavy and strong when other metals are combined with it. The
aluminium saucepan is expensive for transportation as it is heavier than the plastic handle, which is very
light and cheap.

Q.2. A factory produces aluminium saucepans with plastic handles. It obtains aluminium from a smeller and a plastic
component from another factory. All the manufactured saucepans are sent to a warehouse: Which raw material is likely
to be the cheapest to transport and why?

Solution: In an aluminium saucepan, the plastic handle is the cheapest form of raw material as it is easier to transport.
Even packaging does not take much space for this product. Large cardboard boxes can be used to pack these
materials, thus making transportation costs cheaper.

Q.3. Do you think the cost of transporting the finished products after packaging is likely to be cheaper or more expensive
than the cost of transporting aluminium and plastic? Why?

Solution: The value of transiting final goods will be lesser because they are systematically packed and arranged. This
will help in sending large quantities at once. The final goods hold more value as well, which will result in
increased revenues along with easy and proper stacking, either by a goods train or truck.

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Contemporary India- 2. Chapter 6 Manufacturing industries

Activity

Q.1. Where would it be economically viable to set up the cement manufacturing units?

Solution: The production unit should be established in the areas where:

1. Raw materials like gypsum, silica, limestone are easily available.

2. Easy market reach, so that cost of transportation can be minimised.

3. Coal and electricity can be easily accessible.

Q.2. List the names of the areas where manufacturing models are present in India.

Solution: Following are the places where manufacturing models are established in India:

1. West Bengal: ACC Ltd. Damodhar Cement Works

2. Odisha: Bargarh Cement Works

3. Jharkhand: Chaibasa Cement Works

4. Maharashtra: Chanda Cement Works

5. Himachal Pradhesh: Gagal Cement Works

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Contemporary India- 2. Chapter 6 Manufacturing industries

Exercises

Q.1. Which one of the following industries uses limestone as a raw material.

A) Aluminium

B) Cement

C) Plastic

D) Automobile

Answer: Cement

Solution: Cement is an essential item for infrastructural activities. It requires heavy and bulky primary inputs and it
has strategically located plants in Gujarat. Other than gypsum and silica, it requires the limestones as its
basic inputs.

Q.2. Which one of the following agencies markets steel for the public sector plants?

A) HAIL

B) SAIL

C) TATA Steel

D) MNCC

Answer: SAIL

Solution: Most of the public sector undertakings channelise their production through the Steel Authority of India
(SAIL) to its end consumers. It is a government-owned enterprise and is located in Delhi. It was established
in 1954 and it owns 5 steel plants.

Q.3. Which one of the following industries uses bauxite as a raw material?

A) Aluminium Smelting

B) Cement

C) Paper

D) Steel

Answer: Aluminium Smelting

Solution: Aluminium smelting is used in the manufacture of utensils, aircraft, etc. It is a good conductor of heat,
resistant to corrosion, and becomes very strong when mixed with other metals. Bauxite is used in its
manufacturing and is bulky.

Q.4. Which one of the following industries manufactures telephones, computers, etc.

A) Steel

B) Electronic

C) Aluminium Smelting

D) Information Technology

Answer: Electronic

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Contemporary India- 2. Chapter 6 Manufacturing industries

Solution: Electronics is a prominent sector for the growth of the IT sector through hardware and software
advancements. It has positively impacted the employment generation. It produces a variety of products
ranging from small to industrial equipment.
The mentioned equipment is produced by this type of manufacturing unit.

Q.5. What is manufacturing?

Solution: Manufacturing refers to the production of goods in huge quantities after the processing of raw material into
more valuable products. It transforms primary material into finished goods. The development of such
industries measures the economic strength of the country. It belongs to the secondary sector.

Q.6. Name any three physical factors for the location of the industry.

Solution: The location for the establishment of the production unit is a complex decision. Several components are
considered while considering the location. The primary elements are as follows:

Availability of raw materials

Transportation facilities
Power resources and market

Q.7. Name any three human factors for the location of an industry.

Solution: The following man-made constituents determine the locale for setting up the production units:
1. Availability of labour at reasonable rates is important.
2. Closeness to the market is an essential prerequisite.
3. Easy and affordable transportation is a must.

Q.8. What are the basic industries? Give an example.

Solution: Primary units are those on which other production units are dependent for their raw material. They act as
the backbone of manufacturing and production units. The iron and steel industry is an example of the above,
as they provide raw materials to other sectors.

Q.9. Name the important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement.

Solution: The adhesive substance is an essential component of construction activities. It requires heavy and bulky
primary substances. Following are the main matter for its production:

Limestone
Silica
Gypsum

Coal and electric power are also required along with proper rail transportation.

Q.10. How are integrated steel plants different from mini steel plants? What problems does the industry face? What recent
developments have led to a rise in the production capacity?

Solution: Integrated steel plants are large. They handle everything, from putting together raw material to steel making,
rolling, and shaping. However, mini steel plants are small and have electric furnaces. They use steel scrap
and sponge iron. Mini plants have re-rollers and use steel ingots. Mild and alloy steel of given specifications
are produced by them.

The challenges faced by this sector are as follows:

1. It involves high cost and limited availability of coking coal.

2. There is low productivity of labour.
3. Issues of irregular supply of energy.
4. Poor infrastructure is another constraint.

Recent advancements such as liberalisation and foreign direct investment have boosted manufacturing units
along with the efforts of private entrepreneurs.

Q.11. How do industries pollute the environment?

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Contemporary India- 2. Chapter 6 Manufacturing industries

Solution: The manufacturing units are involved in the degradation of surroundings in multiple forms:

1. Air pollution- It is caused by the presence of a high proportion of unwanted gases, such as sulphur
dioxide and carbon monoxide, and airborne particulate matter that contains both solid and liquid dust
particles.

2. Water pollution- It is caused by industrial wastes of organic and inorganic, and discharged effluents into
water bodies. It harms groundwater and sea life.

3. Thermal pollution- It occurs due to the release of hot water from factories and thermal plants that is later
drained into rivers, causing damage to aquatic life.

4. Noise pollution- It is caused due to industrial and construction activities.

Q.12. Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry?

Solution: Following initiatives can be introduced to reduce deterioration of the surroundings:

1. Noise absorbing material can be used instead of earplugs and earphones.

2. Particulate matter can be reduced in the air by fitting smokestacks in factories with electrostatic
precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.

3. Minimising the use of water usage by reusing and recycling it in stages.

4. Rainwater harvesting to meet water requirements.

5. Treatment of hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds is ideal. Industrial
effluents can be treated in three phases:

Primary treatment is through mechanical means. It involves screening, grinding, flocculation and
sedimentation.

Secondary treatment through the biological process and tertiary treatment is done through biological,
chemical and physical processes. It involves the recycling of wastewater.

Q.13. Give one word for each of the following with regard to industry.
Used to drive machinery.
Hint: P_____ (5 letter)

A) Power

Answer: Power

Solution: Power is used to drive machinery. It is the primary requirement to run any industry. Its constant supply is
indispensable for the economic development of any production or manufacturing unit. The manufacturing
sector is regarded as the backbone of both social and economic development.

Q.14. Give one word with regards to the industry.

People who work in a factory.
Hint:- W____ (6)

A) Worker

Answer: Worker

Solution: The people who work in an industry are called Workers. They can be producers or suppliers of raw
resources, labour, or both own and operate industries. They pool their resources and proportionately share
the benefits and losses.

Q.15. Give one word for each of the following with regard to industry.
Where the product is sold.
Hint:- M_____ (6)

A) Market
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Contemporary India- 2. Chapter 6 Manufacturing industries

Answer: Market

Solution: The market is the place where the product is sold. The market is an important part of a manufacturing
organisation because it connects manufacturers, wholesalers, and distributors, ensuring your product
reaches its end-user.

Q.16. Give one word for each of the following with regard to industry.
A person who sells goods.
Hint:- R_____(8)

A) Retailer

Answer: Retailer

Solution: A retailer is someone who sells something. They are responsible for both purchasing and assembling goods.
A retailer is a company that offers items and/or services to individuals and families.

Q.17. Give one word for each of the following with regard to industry.
Thing produced.
Hint:- P_____(7)

A) Product

Answer: Product

Solution: The production of goods in large quantities after processing the raw materials to more valuable products is
called manufacturing and the final thing obtained is called a product. A product can be either a service or a
physical thing.

Q.18. Give one word for each of the following with regard to industry.
To make or produce.
Hint:- M_____(11)

A) Manufacture

Answer: Manufacture

Solution: Manufacturing is the process of producing items in large quantities once they have been processed from raw
materials to more desirable products. Manufacturing is the process of turning raw materials into finished
things using labour, equipment, tools, and chemical or biological processing or formulation.

Q.19. Give one word for each of the following with regard to industry.
Land, Water and Air degraded
Hint:- P_____(9)

A) Pollution

Answer: Pollution

Solution: Although industries contribute considerably to India's economic development and prosperity, the increased
pollution of land, water, air, and noise, as well as the accompanying environmental deterioration, cannot be
neglected. Industries are responsible for four types of pollution: (a) air pollution, (b) water pollution, (c)
land pollution, and (d) noise pollution. Thermal power plants pollute the environment as well.

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