PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE CASE STUDY

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION 3

2.0 Strengths and weaknesses of microwave product based on LCA analysis 4

3.0 LCA implications for environmental impact 5
4.0 Key changes and redesign process to reduce the impact on the environment 7

4.01 Comparison of microwave to other waste treatment technologies 8

4.02 Goal and Scope for Life-Cycle 10

4.03 Life cycle impact 12
4.04 End of life waste management: 13

5.0 Analysis of reduction of impact with further improvement 14

6.0 conclusion 15
References 16

1.0 Introduction:
LCA, or life cycle assessment, is a technique for determining the extent to which a
product is harmful to the environment. With LCA, scientists keep track of everything
from water and energy consumption to emissions and waste from manufacturing and
consumer use. From this, an impact assessment can calculate the long-term
consequences of the product on things like human health, ecological function, and
depletion of natural resources. The goal of the efforts to standardize LCA
methodologies has been to keep the methods as adaptable as possible while yet
producing clear and consistent reports. Corn ethanol is just one example of the many
biofuels for which LCA has been performed in order to assess the net effects on
petroleum usage, climate change, air and water quality, and other impact categories.
Researchers have come up with a wide variety of techniques for calculating LCA.
While certain LCA approaches have been lauded for their analytical consistency and
depth, others have been condemned for being too resource-intensive. Sustainable
development relies heavily on life-cycle analysis (LCA), often known as life-cycle
assessment. The EPA defines life cycle assessment (LCA) as a method for
determining how a given product, material, process, or activity might affect the
natural environment. An LCA is a crucial tool for evaluating the whole range of
environmental effects that a product or system has, from raw material extraction
through production to use to disposal (disposal or reuse). Figure 1.1 illustrates the
"cradle-to-grave" accounting concept at the heart of LCA.

2.0 Strengths and weaknesses of microwave product based on LCA

analysis

The primary advantage of microwave energy is that it can be delivered directly to

microwave-absorbing materials, allowing for volumetric heating of samples. You can
lessen the effects of things like prolonged heating times, Bélanger et al. discovered
that there were significant temperature differences and energy wastage (2008).
Microwave energy has significant advantages over more conventional processing
methods, making it a promising alternative in a variety of industrial contexts. The
thermo and -dried teas had the largest concentrations of total phenolic acids and
epicatechin, and their infusions were bright in color, pleasant in flavor, and had a
subtle, pleasant scent compared to the other four preparation techniques (parching,
steaming, microwaving, and oven heating) (Gulati et al., 2003).
Microwave processing can reduce salmonella levels in peanut butter without
negatively impacting taste (Song and Kang, 2016). Even though traditional thermal
processes have a long history of producing safe sterile conditions meat products, they
have also been shown to drastically change the meat's taste and texture, fragrance, and
mouthfeel (Barbosa-Cánovas et al., 2014). Microwave technology is one of emerging,
FDA-approved innovations for avoiding these issues.
2.01 Treatment of kitchen waste
Catfish fillet surfaces were also effectively sterilized by microwave ovens of harmful
bacteria. Within 2 minutes of 1250 W microwave heating, cocktails of Listeria
monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella spp. inoculated onto
catfish fillets at over 4 to 5 log colony-forming units were killed (Sheen et al., 2012).
However, microwaves have the potential to be useful in the disposal of food scraps
(Katschnig, 1991).
2.02 Health care facilities.
Emerging technologies, such as microwaves, show promise for dealing with
biohazardous waste, such as that generated in hospitals. When applied to particular
waste problems in poor countries, microwave technology may prove extremely useful
(de Titto et al., 2012).

2.03 Biohazardous healthcare waste

Around 85% of hcw is non-infectious and general, 10% is infectious and hazardous,
and 5% is chemical or radioactive (UNEP, 2012; WHO, 2014). The dumping of
untreated contaminates on the ground, such as waste sites, landfills, and pits, should
indeed be avoided in order to save money, making waste segregation a crucial aspect,
especially in low-income nations. It's important not to forget about environmental
factors like waste sorting (which could lead to partial recycling) before turning off the
power. To deal with these challenges, it is crucial to train workers. All rural hospitals
in Kyrgyzstan have adopted a brand new, low-cost, state-of-the-art health - care waste
management system, complete with tactile syringe repellents, separation using
autoclave at 121 ° c canisters, secure transport and storage injection molder care,
recordkeeping, composting of disinfected metal and plastic sections, clinker shafts for
amount of loss, recycle of garden wastewaters, training, equipment maintenance,
management by quality and safety committees, and more (Toktobaev et al., 2015).

2.04 Inactivation of pathogens by microwave devices

Certainly, the primary criterion in assessing medical waste treatment systems should
be their ability to remove germs. Most jurisdictions consider dechlorination, the
reduction or elimination of disorder microbes to eliminate transmission opportunities,
to be adequate (see, for example, VROM, 2006), while sterilization, the destruction of
all microbes, is typically not mandated by law for the prevention of healthcare waste.
3.0 LCA implications for environmental impact
The study's system boundaries span "cradle to grave" (Fig. 1.2), and they include the
following life phases and activities:
 Production of materials:
 Steel, aluminum, brass, copper, chromite, tin, lead, gold, silver, silver, zinc, and
chrome are some examples of metals; so are zinc, tin, silver, zinc, and palladium.
 There are several different types of plastic, including abs plastic (ABS),
polyesters (PBT), pvc (PVC), propylene (PP), glass fiber reinforced nylon
(GFRN), polystyrene (PS), and polyoxymethylene (POM).
 Safety glass;
 Ceramics;
 Cardboard (for packing) (for packaging).

Manufacturing of microwaves:
Metal cold impact extruder and plastic molding (to get the desired shape), electronic
component manufacturing (including power cord, plug, electromagnet, capacitance,
transformer, wire cables, lamp, and printed control board [PCB]), painting and curing
of steel powder, product assembly, and packaging. Electricity used while using a
microwave

Model name Microwave oven

Capacity 20L
dimensions 456mm
Width 258mm
Height 359mm
Weight 15.6kg
 Table 1 model

Manufacturing region and use region:

When broken down by region, Asia-Pacific not only has the largest share of the
worldwide microwave oven market, but it is also the fastest expanding region. This is
due to the region's high population density, rising per capita income, and rising
overall standard of life.

The top companies in the oven industry are using a variety of tactics to increase their
market share. Launching new products and growing through acquisitions are two of
their primary methods of development. The top companies in the oven market are LG
Electronics, Samsung, Alto-Shaam Inc., AB Elektro, Sharp Corp, Hoover Limited,
Iowa Tool Work Inc., Galanz Enterprises Group, Mitsubishi Corporation, and
Panasonic Corporation.

Microwave Processing.
The mixture was then transferred to a microwave rig, which comprised of a Sairem
Labotron Pyro 60K Pyro electromagnetic head radiating a glass-tube cavity connected
on both ends to an ARO PD15P-FPS piston pump and sealed. Thermocouples at both
ends of the hollow and an ir probe at the entry measured and fed back temperature to
the microwave generator in the event of an overboiling situation, and an automatic
shutoff system at the exit end included a vent to the home extraction system and a
release valve in the event of a pump obstruction. The system is depicted in Figure 1.3,
and its components are illustrated throughout the body of this paper.
Downstream Processing.
After straining the mixture through a filter cloth, the cellulosic residues were
removed, and the pectin was isolated by mixing it with an equivalent volume of
ethanol. Separating the pectin took 30 minutes in a centrifuge at 8500 G. The
supernatant was discarded, and the pectin was washed twice with the least amount of
ethanol, spun at 3500 G for 30 minutes, boiled for 10 minutes with the least amount of
alcohol, and filtered under vacuum while still hot. The powder was freeze-dried at
BioPharma Enterprises after being suspended in solutions were prepared water with a
water-to-powder ratio of 8:2, agitated for 60 minutes at 1000 revolutions per minute.
Characterization Tests.
For the most part, the pectin was characterized using the standards set forth by the
WHO23 (details in the supplementary materials), with the exception of metals, which
were analyzed in triplicate using ICPOES supplied by Yara Analytical Services.
Energy consumption:
Cooking in a microwave requires between 600 and 1000 watts of power. Microwave
ovens use roughly 6.1 kWh per monthly and 73 kWh per year if used for 15 minutes
each day. If you use it once a month, it will cost you $0.86; use it 365 days a year, and
you'll spend $10.36.

4.0 Key changes and redesign process to reduce the impact on the
environment
Typically, an assessment is used to study the effects on the environment (LCA).
Municipal solid waste systems had an LCA done to them by Liamsanguan and
Gheewala (2008) to determine the total environmental loads and evaluate the potential
environmental effects of several different technologies.
Wittmaier et al. (2009)De Feo and Malvano, (2009) focused their LCA on incinerator,
final waste, and recycling issues; they utilized the LCA approach to estimate
emissions from various thermal treatment and power recovered from waste solutions
in a location in Northern Germany.
Soares et al. (2013)conducted a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and cost comparison
(CCC) of microwave, kiln, and lime decontamination technologies while evaluating
their impact on the environment (see also section below). In addition, the "UNEP
compendium of techniques for psychotherapy of healthcare waste" provides a holistic
overview, analyzing a wide range of factors pertinent for environmental consequences
and also taking into account national and international findings of authorities
responsible for wastewater treatment (UNEP, 2012). A synopsis of the environmental
factors covered in each chapters of the compendium is provided in Table 2. The
"Guidelines on best available procedures and provisional guidelines on better
environmental practices related to Article 5 and Annex C of the Convention on
Periodic Organic Pollutants" provides a more in-depth review of this topic (UNEP,
2006).
Technology Air Water Solid residue
Autoclaves x xx x
Batch microwave x x x
Continuous microwave x x x
Frictional heat x x x
Dry heat treatment x x x
Incinerators xxx Xx* xxx
Alkaline hydrolysis x xxx x
Chemical xx xx x
Table 2. Environmental considerations in treatment technology: a
synopsis
However, it is important to remember that facilities dealing with bio hazard waste
should identify closely associated occupational dangers deriving from the processing,
management, and disposal of wastes in addition to environmental concerns.
Additionally, environmental factors may be significantly impacted by institutional and
regulatory constraints and guidelines for treatment technology (UNEP, 2012). On the
other extreme, these norms may not be enforced at all or function poorly in
developing nations (Nandwani, 2010; Sharma and Sharma, 2008; Zhou et al., 2013).

4.01 Comparison of microwave to other waste treatment technologies

Few examples exist in the literature where the benefits and drawbacks of
fundamentally diverse waste treatment systems are compared in an objective manner.
Diaz et al. provided context for a number of technologies, including autoclaves,
microwaves, sterilizers, low-, mid - term, and rising combustion, and landfills (2005).
(landfill, landfill, sanitary landfill, and pits).It was also stated that there is another
option for treatment and disposal, along with a breakdown of the various wastes that
can be handled in this manner.
The United Nations Environmental Program's compendium of technology for the
diagnosis of healthcare waste provides a systematic way for examining all elements,
including costs (UNEP, 2012). While this document does not endorse any particular
technology, it does demonstrate how scores can be derived from factors including
environmental safety, cost of operation, and technical comparison (including capacity,
volume reduction, inactivation efficiency, and installation needs). Each possible user
can choose, in an objective manner, which technology is most suited to his specific
requirements.
Administrative, commit to providing, regulatory fees, and staff perks are just some of
the extra expenses that can be factored in using a systematic costing method. Many
price-related factors were evaluated with the help of vendor data, technological fact
sheets, and specialist comments. The autoclaves in the encyclopedia had an operating
cost of between $0.14 and $0.33 per kilogram, whereas the batch microwaves had an
operating cost of around $0.13 per kilogram (UNEP, 2012). These prices are simply
an estimate and cannot be compared apples-to-apples because they vary depending on
a variety of capabilities available within a certain time period.
In the case of a facility producing, say, 150 kg of solid hazardous material waste per
day (the succeeding calculations may vary a bit if the debris has an unusual
composition), a typical microwave unit such as a Medister 160 would be suitable for
treatment. This unit processes 60 L containers with a power input of 6.5 kW. If you
generate 150 kilograms per day of waste, it will take about 12 of these containers to
inactivate everything. If this machine is used once a day, every day, for a year, its
cumulative weight will be 54.75 tons. One run uses about 40 kilowatt-hours of energy
(1 run = 45 minutes). The total daily energy consumption is 40.9 kWh when you
factor in the 0.9 kWh used for standby.
A equivalent autoclave, with a chamber volume of 110 L, would require a power
input of 17 kW, and would consume 120 kwh per day (assuming 10 runs; 1 run = 70
minutes). The total daily energy consumption is 142.4 kWh due to the 22.4 kWh used
in standby mode. Therefore, the total difference is 101.5 kWh/day, saving almost
€20/day with a price of €0.2/kWh. In reality, the gap between the two systems would
widen due to factors not included in this analysis, such as the price of water and the
price of maintenance and repair. The estimates for the above scenario are summarized
in Table 3.
Microwave Autoclave
Assumed weight of waste/day 150 kg
Accumulated weight of waste/year 54.75 tons
Maximum of volume/run 60 L 80L
Power input 6.5KW 17KW
Runs per day 12 10
Duration/run 45 MIN 70 MIN
Energy consumption/run 3.3KWH 12KWH
Energy consumption/day including 40.9KWH 142.4KWH
standby
Assumed price/kWh 0.2/KWH
Energy costs/day €8.6 €28.48
Energy costs/year €2978.4 €10395.20
The ecological and environmental context is also critical. Assuming 0.583 kg CO2
(based on the average global associated factor for all sources of energy for
generating power; IEA, 2014) for one kWh, the annual carbon footprint is decreased
by an astounding 21.6 tons CO2/year, assuming 37,000 kWh less energy is consumed
(if operation is on a daily basis).
Waste shredding after inactivation of segregated pathogenic material has the potential
to significantly reduce waste volume and the associated carbon footprint through the
elimination of unnecessary transportation. The hospitals waste shouldn't be shred
following autoclave treatment, however, because bigger components may melt and
create compact mass in which contaminants may still be trapped (VROM, 2006).
4.02 Goal and Scope for Life-Cycle
Figure depicts the study's system boundaries and includes the performance parameters
studied. The raw material going through the system in this research won't carry any
environment impact since a hardship or zero-burden strategy was used to allocate all
ecological impact of the manufacture of the initial targeted product, apple juice in this
case, to orange juice. As trash is a byproduct of orange juice production rather than
the intended end product, life cycle assessment studies on waste management often
focus on the co-product rather than the main product. To the contrary, pectin
production is allotted some of the other resources used in the extraction process. Since
the operations were carried out in closed containers and air pollutants were believed
to be low, effluent was the only product from the process that was considered in
addition to pectin.
Due to the limited scope of the interventions under consideration, attributional LCA
was chosen as the modeling framework to evaluate the effects connected with the
functional unit. Various systems that generate the same functionality can be compared
with the use of attributional LCAs. As a result, the model of the underlying system
was constructed using average data. "Allocation at the point of substitution" (APOS)
operations from the ecoinvent 3.4 database were added into the model; these
procedures were referred to as "Allocation, default" in SimaPro 8.5.0 and earlier
versions of the program.
HEATING
15.36KW
H

Pectin
Orange peel 30.5g
1kg Extraction with acid
Waste water
27.471g

Water HCI
25L 0.25
L

Electricity Electricity
consumption consumption
by microwave by power
6.79kwh 11kwh
 Pectin 150 g

Orange peel Extraction by microwave

3kg Waste water
23.39L

Water
16l

United Kingdom (UK) and European Union (EU) processes and materials are given
preference in any global analysis. The model and LCA analysis were developed in
SimaPro using the following 5 materials and processes:
Hydrochloric acid, Benzene chlorination without water, at a 30% solution state RER
| APOS, S. In SimaPro, HCl synthesis is modeled in two ways: (a) as a primary
product made by reacting hydrogen and chlorine, and (b) as a side product generated
by one of four processes (allyl chloride production via response of propane and
fluoride, tetrafluoroethane production, the Mannheim process to generate sodium
sulfate, benzene chlorination). This research did not look into HCl production as a key
ingredient because most HCl (in gas and solution forms) is created as a byproduct.
Since these datasets presume HCl is produced via burning of chlorine with hydrogen,
the "market for" activities related to this compound have also been ignored. The
strong global warming potential of tetrafluoroethane has prevented it from being
produced and used recently.

Ethanol, without water, from the ethylene market in a 99.7 percent solution form,
APOS, S. Most ethanol comes from either fermentation or catalytic ethylene
hydration. In contrast to bioethanol, which is produced by fermentation and used in
alcoholic beverages and fuel vehicles, synthetic ethanol is employed in industry as a
solvent material to extract other compounds32, as shown in this study. Alcohol is
mixed with water at a 1:1 volume ratio, and the resulting solution has a density of
0.7893 kg/L in both of the scenarios this study considers.
Electricity, medium voltage sales of APOS systems, C. In both cases, heating needs
would likely result in substantial energy use, which will have a negative effect on the
environment. Medium voltage and "market for" activity were chosen to depict the
U.K. electricity market, including power loss during distribution, because of the size
of industrial sites used to produce pectin.
Water, excellently buried in the good old British soil. Taking into account the extent
of the evaluation, the information from the ecoinvent database appears to be the most
important source of water for the procedures discussed in this research.
Waste water, treatment of sewage, average, capacity 1 109 L year1 APOS, S.,
"Europe excluding Switzerland." Wastewater treatment options from ecoinvent,
ELCD, the EU and the DK Input Output Database, and more can be found in
SimaPro. The ecoinvent database, more especially the process category, was chosen
because it most closely matched the aforementioned materials and processes and also
because it had the most relevant descriptions. Average European (excluding
Switzerland) wastewater treatment capacity: 1 x 109 liters per year (APOS, S.).
Scenario A's waste water contains diluted orange peel residue and HCl, but Scenario
B's waste water does not include any HCl at all. In terms of density, orange peel
measures in at 0.406 kg/L.

Mass 0.01 0.1 0.5 1 3 10 100 1000 kg

orang
e peel
Basel 7.55*1 7.55*1 3.77*1 7.55*1 2.26*1 7.55*1 7.55*1 7.55*1 J
ine 0^03 0^05 0^06 0^06 0^07 0^07 0^08 0^09

No 1.19 1.42 2.43 3.7 8.76 26.49 254.43 2545.0 k

holdi 7 w
ng h
time
100% 12.44 12.67 13.68 14.95 20.01 37.74 265.68 2545.0 k
effici 7 w
ency h
90% 12.57 12.92 13.95 15.36 20.98 40.68 293.93 2826.3 k
effici 8 w
ency h
80% 12.74 13.02 14.29 15.87 15.87 44.36 329.24 3178.0 k
effici 3 w
ency h
Table 1. Calculation of Energy Consumption for Scenario A

4.03 Life cycle impact assessment

The microwave system has been simulated with GaBi 6.5 (Thinkstep, 2015), and its
effects have been computed with the CML 2001 (April, 2015) method (Guinee et al.
2001). The following repercussions are considered: Primary energy demand, abiotic
element depletion, abiotic fossil fuel depletion, acidification, eutrophication, global
warming, human toxicity, marine aquatic ecotoxicity, freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity,
terrestrial ecotoxicity, ozone depletion, and the creation potentia of photochemical
oxidizing agents (POCP)
4.04 End of life waste management:
The following details the presumptions made for microwave EOL management:
 We expect that 95% of the metals in a microwave will be recycled once its useful
life has ended (Kemna et al. 2011; Mudgal et al. 2011a; Xue et al. 2015). By
deducting the effects of the displace virgin materials and adding those of the
recycling process, we may give the system credit for the recycling. As per the 'net
scrap' method (Bergsma & Sevenster, 2013), the system is rewarded exclusively
for the surplus of recycled materials over the recycled content of the original
material. This method can claim credit for reusing 51% of copper (95%-44%
virgin material and 4% recycled material). All the metals were treated the same
way. In the absence of data on the recycled material of the raw materials used to
 make the microwave, the recycled contents at the global level has indeed been
evaluated for the various metals listed in Ecoinvent.
 In 2012, European data showed that 38% of plastic waste was disposed of in
landfills, There was an energy recovery incineration of 36% and a recycling rate
of 26%. PVC, PP, ABS, POM, and HDPE data were used to compile this
information (Plastics Europe 2015). The procedure for awarding credit for
recycled plastics is based on the one described above for metals. Data from
Becker (2012) have been used for recycling, with an update for the EU28 power
mix in 2013. This is based on the assumption that 1.12 kg of recyclable plastic is
needed to replace 1 kg of virgin plastic. "(ENTSO-E 2014a)" Using this
combination, electricity was recovered from plastic trash incineration and added
to the grid. Information from the GaBi database was used to generate a simulation
of the combustion procedure (which provides data for integrated electricity and
heat recovery, as opposed to Ecoinvent where no energy recovery is considered,
with the impacts fully allocated to the waste disposal function). Ecoinvent
information has been put to use in garbage dumps. It has been assumed that
polystyrene foam plates and polyethylene bags end up in landfills.
 Glass is utilized in both the door and the turntable, and it is flat glass. In contrast
to the container glass business, which does use outside cullet (both pre- and post-
consumer), the flat glass industry does not (Neagu-Cogălniceanu & Neagu-
Cogălniceanu, 2014). The current scenario stated by the organisation for Europe's
producers of flat glass is consistent with this assumption that flat glass being
landfilled (Glass for Europe 2013).
 It has been thought about to dispose of ceramic parts in landfills as inert material.

5.0 Analysis of reduction of impact with further improvement

Solid waste from cities and minerals are two common applications for microwave
irradiation. For the destruction of pathogens and volatile substances in sludge prior to
thermal processing, this alternative technique is highly effective (Appels et al., 2013).
The kinetic energy of water dipoles is amplified when microwaves are linked with
electromagnetic energy in the range of 1 mm to 1 m (0.3 to 300 GHz). Microwave
irradiation works thanks to a combination of athermal and thermal effects. The
thermal effect, on the other hand, is part of the mechanism through which heat is
generated through the polarization effect, and it is not tied to changes in temperature.
Athermic effects, caused by a shift in the dipolar orientations of polar molecules in
response to microwave radiation, cause the hydrogen bond to be broken and
hydrolysis to occur in macromolecules (Neumann et al., 2016). To boost biogas
generation, irradiation of the liquid waste is often utilized as a pretreatment step
(Appels et al., 2013).

Further improvement
Decision-makers can benefit from an LCA by
 Create an in-depth analysis of the effects on the planet.
 related to a specific item.

 To secure stakeholder (state, society, etc.) acceptance for a proposed action, think
about the ecological trade-offs associated with a product or set of products.
 Calculate the total amount of air, marine, and land pollution caused by each
process in the life cycle.

 Consider the regional, national, and global impacts of material use and
environmental discharges.

 Evaluate the effects of a product or process on human health and the

environment, or compare and contrast the effects of competing products or
processes.
6.0 Conclusion:
Experiments and LCA-based models provide confirmation and backing for the
concept. It is obvious that the use of MW heat systems for industrial applications
would cause emissions to be relocated beyond the confines of the processing facility.
By eliminating the usage of fossil fuels and replacing them with electricity, emissions
can be decreased. Based on the available preliminary LCA facts, it is obvious that the
MW system has the potential to lower carbon emissions if the MW process can lower
its process energy need and if the MW electrical feed is not predominantly provided
by fossil fuelled power plants with a low carbon load. Information from large-scale,
high-temperature MW and CONV industrial applications will inform future research.
Significant reductions in carbon dioxide emissions, from 20% to 58%, are made
possible by MW technology.

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