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Physics Principles With Applications 7th Edition by Douglas C Giancoli Ebook PDF
Physics Principles With Applications 7th Edition by Douglas C Giancoli Ebook PDF
CONTENTS vii
THE SPECIAL THEORY OF
26 RELATIVITY 744 28 Q UANTUM MECHANICS OF ATOMS 803
26–1 Galilean–Newtonian Relativity 745 28–1 Quantum Mechanics—A New Theory 804
26–2 Postulates of the Special Theory 28–2 The Wave Function and Its Interpretation;
of Relativity 748 the Double-Slit Experiment 804
26–3 Simultaneity 749 28–3 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 806
26–4 Time Dilation and the Twin Paradox 750 28–4 Philosophic Implications;
26–5 Length Contraction 756 Probability versus Determinism 810
28–5 Quantum-Mechanical View of Atoms 811
26–6 Four-Dimensional Space–Time 758
28–6 Quantum Mechanics of the
26–7 Relativistic Momentum 759 Hydrogen Atom; Quantum Numbers 812
26–8 The Ultimate Speed 760 28–7 Multielectron Atoms; the Exclusion Principle 815
26–9 E = mc2 ; Mass and Energy 760 28–8 The Periodic Table of Elements 816
26–10 Relativistic Addition of Velocities 764 *28–9 X-Ray Spectra and Atomic Number 817
26–11 The Impact of Special Relativity 765 *28–10 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence 820
Questions, MisConceptual Questions 766–67 28–11 Lasers 820
Problems, Search and Learn 767–70 *28–12 Holography 823
Questions, MisConceptual Questions 825–26
Problems, Search and Learn 826–28
viii CONTENTS
NUCLEAR ENERGY; ASTROPHYSICS AND
31 EFFECTS AND USES OF RADIATION 885 33 COSMOLOGY 947
31–1 Nuclear Reactions and the 33–1 Stars and Galaxies 948
Transmutation of Elements 885 33–2 Stellar Evolution: Birth and Death
31–2 Nuclear Fission; Nuclear Reactors 889 of Stars, Nucleosynthesis 951
31–3 Nuclear Fusion 894 33–3 Distance Measurements 957
31–4 Passage of Radiation Through Matter; 33–4 General Relativity: Gravity and the
Biological Damage 898 Curvature of Space 959
31–5 Measurement of Radiation—Dosimetry 899 33–5 The Expanding Universe: Redshift and
*31–6 Radiation Therapy 903 Hubble’s Law 964
*31–7 Tracers in Research and Medicine 904 33–6 The Big Bang and the Cosmic
*31–8 Emission Tomography: PET and SPECT 905 Microwave Background 967
31–9 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 33–7 The Standard Cosmological Model:
and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 906 Early History of the Universe 970
Questions, MisConceptual Questions 909–10 33–8 Inflation: Explaining Flatness,
Problems, Search and Learn 911–14 Uniformity, and Structure 973
33–9 Dark Matter and Dark Energy 975
CONTENTS ix
Applications to Biology and Medicine (Selected)
Chapter 4 Humidity and comfort 380 Chapter 24
How we walk 82 Diffusion in living organisms 383 Spectroscopic analysis 693
Chapter 5 Chapter 14 Chapter 25
Weightlessness 124–25 Working off Calories 392 Human eye 719
Chapter 6 Convection by blood 402 Corrective lenses 719–21
Cardiac treadmill 168 Human radiative heat loss 404 Contact lenses 721
Chapter 7 Room comfort and metabolism 404 Seeing under water 721
Body parts, center of mass 186–87 Medical thermography 405 Light microscopes 726
Impulse, don’t break a leg 193 Chapter 15 Resolution of eye 730, 732
Energy in the human body 418–19 X-ray diffraction in biology 735
Chapter 8
Bird of prey 200 Biological evolution, development 430–31 Medical imaging: X-rays, CT 735–37
Centrifuge 204, 222 Trees offset CO2 emission 442 Cones in fovea 740
Torque with muscles 207, 223 Chapter 16 Chapter 27
Chapter 9 Cells: electric forces, kinetic theory 460–62 Electron microscope images:
Teeth straightening 231 DNA structure, replication 460–61 blood vessel, blood clot,
Forces in muscles and joints 238–39, 255 Chapter 17 retina, viruses 771, 785–86
Human body stability 240 Photosynthesis 779
Heart-beat scan (ECG or EKG) 473
Leg stress in fall 259 Measuring bone density 780
Dipoles in molecular biology 482
Chapter 10 Capacitor burn or shock 487 Chapter 28
Pressure in cells 264 Heart defibrillator 487, 559 Laser surgery 823
Blood flow 274, 278, 280 Electrocardiogram (ECG) 493 Chapter 29
Blood loss to brain, TIA 278 Chapter 18 Cell energy—ATP 833–34
Underground animals, air circulation 278 Electrical conduction in the human Weak bonds in cells, DNA 834–35
Blood flow and heart disease 280 nervous system 517–19 Protein synthesis 836–37
Walking on water (insect) 281 Pulse oximeter 848
Chapter 19
Heart as a pump 282 Chapter 31
Blood pressure 283 Blood sugar phone app 526
Pacemaker, ventricular fibrillation 543 Biological radiation damage 899
Blood transfusion 288 Radiation dosimetry 899–903
Electric shock, grounding 544–45
Chapter 11 Radon 901
Spider web 298 Chapter 20 Radiation exposure; film badge 901
Echolocation by animals 309 Blood flow rate 584 Radiation sickness 901
Electromagnetic pump 589 Radon exposure calculation 902–3
Chapter 12
Ear and hearing range 331, 334–35 Chapter 21 Radiation therapy 903
Doppler, blood speed; bat EM blood-flow measurement 596 Proton therapy 904
position 347, 358 Ground fault interrupter (GFCI) 607 Tracers in medicine and biology 904–5
Ultrasound medical imaging 350–51 Pacemaker 608 Medical imaging: PET, SPECT 905–6
Chapter 13 Chapter 22 NMR and MRI 906–8
Life under ice 366–67 Optical tweezers 636 Radiation and thyroid 912
Molecules in a breath 373 Chapter 23 Chapter 32
Evaporation cools 379, 400 Medical endoscopes 660 Linacs and tumor irradiation 920
x
Smoke up a chimney 278 Digital compression 489 Magnifying and wide-view
Surface tension, capillarity 280–82 CRT, TV and computer monitors 490 mirrors 649, 655, 656
Pumps 282 Flat screens, addressing pixels 491–92 Where you can see yourself in a
Siphon 284, 290 Digital TV, matrix, refresh rate 491–92 concave mirror 654
Hurricane 287 Oscilloscope 492 Optical illusions 657
Reynolds number 288 Photocell 499 Apparent depth in water 658
Chapter 11 Lightning bolt (Pr90, S&L3) 499, 500 Fiber optics in telecommunications 660
Car springs 295 Chapter 18 Where you can see a lens image 663
Unwanted floor vibrations 299 Electric cars 504 Chapter 24
Pendulum clock 302 Resistance thermometer 510 Soap bubbles and
Car shock absorbers, building dampers 303 Heating element 510 oil films 679, 693, 696–97
Child on a swing 304 Why bulbs burn out at turn on 511 Mirages 682
Shattering glass via resonance 304 Lightning bolt 512 Rainbows and diamonds 686
Resonant bridge collapse 304 Household circuits 512–13 Colors underwater 687
Tsunami 306, 327 Fuses, circuit breakers, shorts 512–13 Spectroscopy 692–93
Earthquake waves 309, 311, 318, 324 Extension cord danger 513 Colors in thin soap film, details 696–97
Chapter 12 Hair dryer 515 Lens coatings 697–98
Count distance from lightning 329 Superconductors 517 Polaroids, sunglasses 699–700
Autofocus camera 330 Halogen incandescent lamp 525 LCDs—liquid crystal displays 703–4
Loudspeaker response 332 Strain gauge 525 Sky color, cloud color, sunsets 704
Musical scale 335 Chapter 19 Chapter 25
Stringed instruments 336–37 Car battery charging 536–37 Cameras, digital and film; lenses 713–18
Wind instruments 337–40 Jump start safety 537 Pixel arrays, digital artifacts 714
Tuning with beats 343 RC applications: flashers, wipers 542–43 Pixels, resolution, sharpness 717–18
Doppler: speed, weather Electric safety 543–45 Magnifying glass 713, 722–23
forecasting 347–48 Proper grounding, plugs 544–45 Telescopes 723–25, 730, 731
Sonic boom, sound barrier 349 Leakage current 545 Microscopes 726–27, 730, 731
Sonar: depth finding, Earth soundings 349 Downed power lines 545 Telescope and microscope
Chapter 13 Meters, analog and digital 546–48 resolution, the l rule 730–32
Hot-air balloon 359 Meter connection, corrections 547–48 Radiotelescopes 731
Potentiometers and bridges 556, 559 Specialty microscopes 733
Expansion joints 361, 365, 367 X-ray diffraction 733–35
Opening a tight lid 365 Car battery corrosion 558
Gas tank overflow 366 Digital-to-analog converter 559 Chapter 26
Mass (and weight) of air in a room 371 Chapter 20 Space travel 754
Cold and hot tire pressure 372 Declination, compass 562 Global positioning system (GPS) 755
Temperature dependent chemistry 377 Aurora borealis 569 Chapter 27
Humidity and weather 381 Solenoids and electromagnets 572–73 Photocells, photodiodes 776, 778
Thermostat 384 Solenoid switch: car starter, doorbell 573 Electron microscopes 785–86
Pressure cooker 388 Magnetic circuit breaker 573 Chapter 28
Chapter 14 Motors, loudspeakers 576–77 Neon tubes 803
Effects of water’s high specific heat 393 Mass spectrometer 578 Fluorescence and phosphorescence 820
Thermal windows 401 Relay 582 Lasers and their uses 820–23
How clothes insulate 401, 403 Chapter 21 DVD, CD, bar codes 822–23
R-values of thermal insulation 402 Generators, alternators 597–99 Holography 823–24
Convective home heating 402 Motor overload 599–600 Chapter 29
Astronomy—size of a star 406 Magnetic damping 600, 618 Integrated circuits (chips), 22-nm
Loft of goose down 407 Airport metal detector 601 technology 829, 851
Chapter 15 Transformers, power transmission 601–4 Semiconductor diodes, transistors 845–50
Steam engine 420–21 Cell phone charger 602 Solar cells 847
Internal combustion engine 421 Car ignition 602 LEDs 847–48
Refrigerators 425–26 Electric power transmission 603–4 Diode lasers 848
Air conditioners, heat pump 426–27 Power transfer by induction 604 OLEDs 849–50
SEER rating 427 Information storage 604–6 Transistors 850–51
Thermal pollution, global warming 434 Hard drives, tape, DVD 604–5 Chapter 30
Energy resources 435 Computer DRAM, flash 605–6 Smoke detectors 866
Chapter 16 Microphone, credit card swipe 606 Carbon-14 dating 874–75
Static electricity 443, 444 Seismograph 607 Archeological, geological
Photocopy machines 454, 462 Ground fault interrupter (GFCI) 607 dating 875, 876, 882, 883
Electrical shielding, safety 459 Capacitors as filters 613 Oldest Earth rocks and earliest life 876
Laser printers and inkjet printers 463 Loudspeaker cross-over 613 Chapter 31
Chapter 17 Shielded cable 617 Nuclear reactors and power 891–93
Capacitor uses in backups, surge Sort recycled waste 618 Manhattan Project 893–94
protectors, memory 482, 484 Chapter 22 Fusion energy reactors 896–98
Very high capacitance 484 TV from the Moon 625, 639 Radon gas pollution 901
Condenser microphone 484 Coaxial cable 631 Chapter 32
Computer key 484 Phone call time lag 632 Antimatter 925–26, 941
Camera flash 486–87 Solar sail 636 Chapter 33
Signal and supply voltages 488 Wireless: TV and radio 636–38 Stars and galaxies 947, 948–51
Digital, analog, bits, bytes 488–89 Satellite dish 638 Black holes 956, 962–63
Digital coding 488–89 Cell phones, remotes 639 Big Bang 966, 967–70
Analog-to-digital converter 489, 559 Chapter 23 Evolution of universe 970–73
Sampling rate 488–89 How tall a mirror do you need 648 Dark matter and dark energy 975–77
Applications xi
Student Supplements
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xii
Preface
What’s New?
Lots! Much is new and unseen before. Here are the big four:
1. Multiple-choice Questions added to the end of each Chapter. They are not the
usual type. These are called MisConceptual Questions because the responses
(a, b, c, d, etc.) are intended to include common student misconceptions.
Thus they are as much, or more, a learning experience than simply a testing
experience.
2. Search and Learn Problems at the very end of each Chapter, after the other
Problems. Some are pretty hard, others are fairly easy. They are intended to
encourage students to go back and reread some part or parts of the text,
and in this search for an answer they will hopefully learn more—if only
because they have to read some material again.
xiii
• Biology and medicine, including:
• Blood measurements (flow, sugar)—Chapters 10, 12, 14, 19, 20, 21;
• Trees help offset CO2 buildup—Chapter 15;
• Pulse oximeter—Chapter 29;
• Proton therapy—Chapter 31;
• Radon exposure calculation—Chapter 31;
• Cell phone use and brain—Chapter 31.
• Colors as seen underwater (Section 24–4).
• Soap film sequence of colors explained (Section 24–8).
• Solar sails (Section 22–6).
• Lots on sports.
• Symmetry—more emphasis and using italics or boldface to make visible.
• Flat screens (Sections 17–11, 24–11).
• Free-electron theory of metals, Fermi gas, Fermi level. New Section 29–6.
• Semiconductor devices—new details on diodes, LEDs, OLEDs, solar cells,
compound semiconductors, diode lasers, MOSFET transistors, chips, 22-nm
technology (Sections 29–9, 10, 11).
• Cross section (Chapter 31).
• Length of an object is a script l rather than normal l, which looks like 1 or
I (moment of inertia, current), as in F = IlB. Capital L is for angular
momentum, latent heat, inductance, dimensions of length [L].
6. New photographs taken by students and instructors (we asked).
7. Page layout: More than in previous editions, serious attention to how each
page is formatted. Important derivations and Examples are on facing pages:
no turning a page back in the middle of a derivation or Example. Throughout,
readers see, on two facing pages, an important slice of physics.
8. Greater clarity: No topic, no paragraph in this book was overlooked in the
search to improve the clarity and conciseness of the presentation. Phrases
and sentences that may slow down the principal argument have been
eliminated: keep to the essentials at first, give the elaborations later.
9. Much use has been made of physics education research. See the new
powerful pedagogic features listed first.
10. Examples modified: More math steps are spelled out, and many new
Examples added. About 10% of all Examples are Estimation Examples.
11. This Book is Shorter than other complete full-service books at this level.
Shorter explanations are easier to understand and more likely to be read.
12. Cosmological Revolution: With generous help from top experts in the field,
readers have the latest results.
xiv PREFACE
The ultimate aim is to give students a thorough understanding of the basic
concepts of physics in all its aspects, from mechanics to modern physics. A second
objective is to show students how useful physics is in their own everyday lives and
in their future professions by means of interesting applications to biology, medicine,
architecture, and more.
Also, much effort has gone into techniques and approaches for solving
problems: worked-out Examples, Problem Solving sections (Sections 2–6, 3–6,
4–7, 4–8, 6–7, 6–9, 8–6, 9–2, 13–7, 14–4, and 16–6), and Problem Solving
Strategies (pages 30, 57, 60, 88, 115, 141, 158, 184, 211, 234, 399, 436, 456, 534,
568, 594, 655, 666, and 697).
This textbook is especially suited for students taking a one-year introduc-
tory course in physics that uses algebra and trigonometry but not calculus.†
Many of these students are majoring in biology or premed, as well as architecture,
technology, and the earth and environmental sciences. Many applications to
these fields are intended to answer that common student query: “Why must I study
physics?” The answer is that physics is fundamental to a full understanding of
these fields, and here they can see how. Physics is everywhere around us in the
everyday world. It is the goal of this book to help students “see the world through
eyes that know physics.”
A major effort has been made to not throw too much material at students
reading the first few chapters. The basics have to be learned first. Many aspects can
come later, when students are less overloaded and more prepared. If we don’t
overwhelm students with too much detail, especially at the start, maybe they can
find physics interesting, fun, and helpful—and those who were afraid may lose
their fear.
Chapter 1 is not a throwaway. It is fundamental to physics to realize that every
measurement has an uncertainty, and how significant figures are used. Converting
units and being able to make rapid estimates are also basic.
Mathematics can be an obstacle to students. I have aimed at including all steps
in a derivation. Important mathematical tools, such as addition of vectors and
trigonometry, are incorporated in the text where first needed, so they come with
a context rather than in a scary introductory Chapter. Appendices contain a review
of algebra and geometry (plus a few advanced topics).
Color is used pedagogically to bring out the physics. Different types of vectors
are given different colors (see the chart on page xix).
Sections marked with a star * are considered optional. These contain slightly
more advanced physics material, or material not usually covered in typical
courses and/or interesting applications; they contain no material needed in later
Chapters (except perhaps in later optional Sections).
For a brief course, all optional material could be dropped as well as significant
parts of Chapters 1, 10, 12, 22, 28, 29, 32, and selected parts of Chapters 7, 8, 9,
15, 21, 24, 25, 31. Topics not covered in class can be a valuable resource for later
study by students. Indeed, this text can serve as a useful reference for years because
of its wide range of coverage.
†
It is fine to take a calculus course. But mixing calculus with physics for these students may often
mean not learning the physics because of stumbling over the calculus.
PREFACE xv
Thanks
Many physics professors provided input or direct feedback on every aspect of this
textbook. They are listed below, and I owe each a debt of gratitude.
Edward Adelson, The Ohio State University Bruce Mason, University of Oklahoma
Lorraine Allen, United States Coast Guard Academy Mark Mattson, James Madison University
Zaven Altounian, McGill University Dan Mazilu, Washington and Lee University
Leon Amstutz, Taylor University Linda McDonald, North Park College
David T. Bannon, Oregon State University Bill McNairy, Duke University
Bruce Barnett, Johns Hopkins University Jo Ann Merrell, Saddleback College
Michael Barnett, Lawrence Berkeley Lab Raj Mohanty, Boston University
Anand Batra, Howard University Giuseppe Molesini, Istituto Nazionale di Ottica Florence
Cornelius Bennhold, George Washington University Wouter Montfrooij, University of Missouri
Bruce Birkett, University of California Berkeley Eric Moore, Frostburg State University
Steven Boggs, University of California Berkeley Lisa K. Morris, Washington State University
Robert Boivin, Auburn University Richard Muller, University of California Berkeley
Subir Bose, University of Central Florida Blaine Norum, University of Virginia
David Branning, Trinity College Lauren Novatne, Reedley College
Meade Brooks, Collin County Community College Alexandria Oakes, Eastern Michigan University
Bruce Bunker, University of Notre Dame Ralph Oberly, Marshall University
Grant Bunker, Illinois Institute of Technology Michael Ottinger, Missouri Western State University
Wayne Carr, Stevens Institute of Technology Lyman Page, Princeton and WMAP
Charles Chiu, University of Texas Austin Laurence Palmer, University of Maryland
Roger N. Clark, U. S. Geological Survey Bruce Partridge, Haverford College
Russell Clark, University of Pittsburgh R. Daryl Pedigo, University of Washington
Robert Coakley, University of Southern Maine Robert Pelcovitz, Brown University
David Curott, University of North Alabama Saul Perlmutter, University of California Berkeley
Biman Das, SUNY Potsdam Vahe Peroomian, UCLA
Bob Davis, Taylor University Harvey Picker, Trinity College
Kaushik De, University of Texas Arlington Amy Pope, Clemson University
Michael Dennin, University of California Irvine James Rabchuk, Western Illinois University
Karim Diff, Santa Fe College Michele Rallis, Ohio State University
Kathy Dimiduk, Cornell University Paul Richards, University of California Berkeley
John DiNardo, Drexel University Peter Riley, University of Texas Austin
Scott Dudley, United States Air Force Academy Dennis Rioux, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh
Paul Dyke John Rollino, Rutgers University
John Essick, Reed College Larry Rowan, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
Kim Farah, Lasell College Arthur Schmidt, Northwestern University
Cassandra Fesen, Dartmouth College Cindy Schwarz-Rachmilowitz, Vassar College
Leonard Finegold, Drexel University Peter Sheldon, Randolph-Macon Woman’s College
Alex Filippenko, University of California Berkeley Natalia A. Sidorovskaia, University of Louisiana at Lafayette
Richard Firestone, Lawrence Berkeley Lab James Siegrist, University of California Berkeley
Allen Flora, Hood College Christopher Sirola, University of Southern Mississippi
Mike Fortner, Northern Illinois University Earl Skelton, Georgetown University
Tom Furtak, Colorado School of Mines George Smoot, University of California Berkeley
Edward Gibson, California State University Sacramento David Snoke, University of Pittsburgh
John Hardy, Texas A&M Stanley Sobolewski, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
Thomas Hemmick, State University of New York Stonybrook Mark Sprague, East Carolina University
J. Erik Hendrickson, University of Wisconsin Eau Claire Michael Strauss, University of Oklahoma
Laurent Hodges, Iowa State University Laszlo Takac, University of Maryland Baltimore Co.
David Hogg, New York University Leo Takahashi, Pennsylvania State University
Mark Hollabaugh, Normandale Community College Richard Taylor, University of Oregon
Andy Hollerman, University of Louisiana at Lafayette Oswald Tekyi-Mensah, Alabama State University
Russell Holmes, University of Minnesota Twin Cities Franklin D. Trumpy, Des Moines Area Community College
William Holzapfel, University of California Berkeley Ray Turner, Clemson University
Chenming Hu, University of California Berkeley Som Tyagi, Drexel University
Bob Jacobsen, University of California Berkeley David Vakil, El Camino College
Arthur W. John, Northeastern University Trina VanAusdal, Salt Lake Community College
Teruki Kamon, Texas A&M John Vasut, Baylor University
Daryao Khatri, University of the District of Columbia Robert Webb, Texas A&M
Tsu-Jae King Liu, University of California Berkeley Robert Weidman, Michigan Technological University
Richard Kronenfeld, South Mountain Community College Edward A. Whittaker, Stevens Institute of Technology
Jay Kunze, Idaho State University Lisa M. Will, San Diego City College
Jim LaBelle, Dartmouth College Suzanne Willis, Northern Illinois University
Amer Lahamer, Berea College John Wolbeck, Orange County Community College
David Lamp, Texas Tech University Stanley George Wojcicki, Stanford University
Kevin Lear, SpatialGraphics.com Mark Worthy, Mississippi State University
Ran Li, Kent State University Edward Wright, UCLA and WMAP
Andreí Linde, Stanford University Todd Young, Wayne State College
M.A.K. Lodhi, Texas Tech William Younger, College of the Albemarle
Lisa Madewell, University of Wisconsin Hsiao-Ling Zhou, Georgia State University
Michael Ziegler, The Ohio State University
xvi PREFACE Ulrich Zurcher, Cleveland State University
New photographs were offered by Professors Vickie Frohne (Holy Cross Coll.),
Guillermo Gonzales (Grove City Coll.), Martin Hackworth (Idaho State U.),
Walter H. G. Lewin (MIT), Nicholas Murgo (NEIT), Melissa Vigil (Marquette U.),
Brian Woodahl (Indiana U. at Indianapolis), and Gary Wysin (Kansas State U.).
New photographs shot by students are from the AAPT photo contest: Matt
Buck, (John Burroughs School), Matthew Claspill (Helias H. S.), Greg Gentile
(West Forsyth H. S.), Shilpa Hampole (Notre Dame H. S.), Sarah Lampen (John
Burroughs School), Mrinalini Modak (Fayetteville–Manlius H. S.), Joey Moro
(Ithaca H. S.), and Anna Russell and Annacy Wilson (both Tamalpais H. S.).
I owe special thanks to Prof. Bob Davis for much valuable input, and especially
for working out all the Problems and producing the Solutions Manual for all
Problems, as well as for providing the answers to odd-numbered Problems at the
back of the book. Many thanks also to J. Erik Hendrickson who collaborated with
Bob Davis on the solutions, and to the team they managed (Profs. Karim Diff,
Thomas Hemmick, Lauren Novatne, Michael Ottinger, and Trina VanAusdal).
I am grateful to Profs. Lorraine Allen, David Bannon, Robert Coakley, Kathy
Dimiduk, John Essick, Dan Mazilu, John Rollino, Cindy Schwarz, Earl Skelton,
Michael Strauss, Ray Turner, Suzanne Willis, and Todd Young, who helped with
developing the new MisConceptual Questions and Search and Learn Problems,
and offered other significant clarifications.
Crucial for rooting out errors, as well as providing excellent suggestions, were
Profs. Lorraine Allen, Kathy Dimiduk, Michael Strauss, Ray Turner, and David
Vakil. A huge thank you to them and to Prof. Giuseppe Molesini for his sugges-
tions and his exceptional photographs for optics.
For Chapters 32 and 33 on Particle Physics and Cosmology and Astrophysics,
I was fortunate to receive generous input from some of the top experts in the field,
to whom I owe a debt of gratitude: Saul Perlmutter, George Smoot, Richard
Muller, Steven Boggs, Alex Filippenko, Paul Richards, James Siegrist, and William
Holzapfel (UC Berkeley), Andreí Linde (Stanford U.), Lyman Page (Princeton
and WMAP), Edward Wright (UCLA and WMAP), Michael Strauss (University
of Oklahoma), Michael Barnett (LBNL), and Bob Jacobsen (UC Berkeley; so
helpful in many areas, including digital and pedagogy).
I also wish to thank Profs. Howard Shugart, Chair Frances Hellman, and many
others at the University of California, Berkeley, Physics Department for helpful
discussions, and for hospitality. Thanks also to Profs. Tito Arecchi, Giuseppe
Molesini, and Riccardo Meucci at the Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Florence, Italy.
Finally, I am grateful to the many people at Pearson Education with whom I
worked on this project, especially Paul Corey and the ever-perspicacious Karen
Karlin.
The final responsibility for all errors lies with me. I welcome comments, correc-
tions, and suggestions as soon as possible to benefit students for the next reprint.
email: Jim.Smith@Pearson.com D.C.G.
Post: Jim Smith
1301 Sansome Street
San Francisco, CA 94111
Vectors
A general vector
resultant vector (sum) is slightly thicker
components of any vector are dashed
B
Displacement ( D, Br )
Velocity (vB)
B
Acceleration (a )
B
Force ( F )
Force on second object
or third object in same figure
B
Momentum (p or m vB)
B
Angular momentum ( L)
Angular velocity (VB)
Torque (T
B
)
B
Electric field ( E)
B
Magnetic field ( B)
Ground
Optics Other
Light rays Energy level
Object (atom, etc.)
Measurement lines 1.0 m
Real image
(dashed) Path of a moving
object
Virtual image Direction of motion
(dashed and paler) or current
PREFACE xix
This page intentionally left blank
Image of the Earth from a NASA satellite.
The sky appears black from out in space
because there are so few molecules
to reflect light. (Why the sky
appears blue to us on
Earth has to do with
scattering of light by
molecules of the
atmosphere, as
discussed in
Chapter 24.)
Note the
storm off
the coast
of Mexico.
A P T E
H
1 R
C
Introduction,
Measurement, Estimating
CHAPTER-OPENING QUESTIONS—Guess now! CONTENTS
1. How many cm3 are in 1.0 m3? 1–1 The Nature of Science
(a) 10. (b) 100. (c) 1000. (d) 10,000. (e) 100,000. (f) 1,000,000. 1–2 Physics and its Relation to
Other Fields
2. Suppose you wanted to actually measure the radius of the Earth, at least
1–3 Models, Theories, and Laws
roughly, rather than taking other people’s word for what it is. Which response
1–4 Measurement and Uncertainty;
below describes the best approach? Significant Figures
(a) Use an extremely long measuring tape. 1–5 Units, Standards, and
(b) It is only possible by flying high enough to see the actual curvature of the Earth. the SI System
(c) Use a standard measuring tape, a step ladder, and a large smooth lake. 1–6 Converting Units
(d) Use a laser and a mirror on the Moon or on a satellite. 1–7 Order of Magnitude:
(e) Give up; it is impossible using ordinary means. Rapid Estimating
*1–8 Dimensions and Dimensional
[We start each Chapter with a Question—sometimes two. Try to answer right away. Don’t worry about
Analysis
getting the right answer now—the idea is to get your preconceived notions out on the table. If they
are misconceptions, we expect them to be cleared up as you read the Chapter. You will usually get
another chance at the Question(s) later in the Chapter when the appropriate material has been covered.
These Chapter-Opening Questions will also help you see the power and usefulness of physics.]
1
P
hysics is the most basic of the sciences. It deals with the behavior and
structure of matter. The field of physics is usually divided into classical
physics which includes motion, fluids, heat, sound, light, electricity, and
magnetism; and modern physics which includes the topics of relativity, atomic
structure, quantum theory, condensed matter, nuclear physics, elementary particles, and
cosmology and astrophysics. We will cover all these topics in this book, beginning
with motion (or mechanics, as it is often called) and ending with the most recent
results in fundamental particles and the cosmos. But before we begin on the
physics itself, we take a brief look at how this overall activity called “science,”
including physics, is actually practiced.
FIGURE 1;2 (a) Ptolemy’s geocentric view of the universe. Note at the center the four elements of the
ancients: Earth, water, air (clouds around the Earth), and fire; then the circles, with symbols, for the Moon,
Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, the fixed stars, and the signs of the zodiac. (b) An early
representation of Copernicus’s heliocentric view of the universe with the Sun at the center. (See Chapter 5.)
(a) (b)
FIGURE 1;4 (a) This bridge over the River Tiber in Rome was built 2000 years ago and still stands.
(b) The 2007 collapse of a Mississippi River highway bridge built only 40 years before.
(a) (b)
H. Brooke.
A true copy from the original deposited in the office of the General
Assembly.
H. Brooke, C.S.
A true copy from the original, deposited in the office of the General Assembly.
John Stewart, Keeper of Rolls.
Answers of the several State Legislatures.
J. T. Gilman, Governor.
A true copy.