MATH 1210

Techniques of Classical and Linear

Algebra

Winter 2024

Tutorial Problems

Last updated: December 21, 2023

Contents
1 Mathematical Induction 3

2 Sigma Notation 3

3 Cartesian Form of Complex Numbers 5

4 Polar and Exponential Forms of Complex Numbers 5

5 Polynomial Equations 6

6 Matrices 8

7 Vectors 9

8 Planes and Lines 9

9 Gaussian and Gauss-Jordan Eliminations, Matrix Form of a Linear System 10

10 Homogeneous and Nonhomogeneous Linear Systems of Equations, Determi-

nants, and Cramer’s Rule 12

11 Linearly Dependent and Linearly Independent Vectors, Direct Method for Find-
ing Inverse Matrices 13

12 Inverse Matrices: Relation to Determinants, Adjoint Method, and Solving Lin-

ear Systems 14

13 Linear Transformations 14

14 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 15

 MATH 1210, Techniques of Classical and Linear Algebra, Winter 2024

1 Mathematical Induction
1.1. Use mathematical induction to prove that
1 1 1 1 n
+ + + ··· + =
1 · 5 5 · 9 9 · 13 (4n − 3)(4n + 1) 4n + 1

for every positive integer n.

1.2. Use mathematical induction to prove that

(4n + 1) + (4n + 5) + (4n + 9) + . . . + (8n + 1) = (n + 1)(6n + 1)

for every positive integer n.

1.3. Use mathematical induction to prove that

1! · 3 − 2! · 4 + 3! · 5 − 4! · 6 + . . . + (2n − 1)!(2n + 1) = (2n)! + 1

for all positive integers n.

1.4. Use mathematical induction to prove that
4 8 12 4n 2n + 3
+ + + . . . + n+1 = 1 − n+1
9 27 81 3 3
for all positive integers n.
1.5. Use mathematical induction to prove that 8 divides 7 · 52n + 1 for every integer n ≥ 1.
1.6. Use mathematical induction to prove that 4n > n2 for every integer n ≥ 2.
1.7. Prove the following statement: for all natural numbers n ≥ 3,
1 1 1 1
2
+ 2 + ··· + 2 ≤ 1 − .
3 4 n n

1.8. Use mathematical induction to prove

3 5 7 2n + 1 (2n)!
(1 − )(1 − )(1 − ) · · · (1 − ) = 3n
4 8 12 4n 2 (n!)2

for every positive integer n.

1.9. Use mathematical induction to prove that 7n + 3n − 1 is divisible by 9 for all integers n ≥ 2.

2 Sigma Notation
2.1. Write the following sums using sigma notation:
9 10 11 52
(a) + + + . . . +
32 33 34 345
√ √ √ √
(b) 3 · 4 + 5 · 6 + 7 · 8 + . . . + 39 · 40

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 MATH 1210, Techniques of Classical and Linear Algebra, Winter 2024

5 6 7 21
(c) − + − ... +
95 94 93 79
2.2. In the following sums, change the index of summation so that it starts from 1.
X
12
3k+5
(a)
k=−3
(k + 2)2 + 1
X
20
4k − 21
(b)
k=7
(k − 3) · cos(k − 8)

2.3. Use the identities

X
n
n(n + 1) X
n
n(n + 1)(2n + 1) X
n
n2 (n + 1)2
2
j= j = j3 =
j=1
2 j=1
6 j=1
4

to evaluate the following sums. Do not simplify your answer.

X
19
(a) (2j − 3j 2 + j 3 )
j=6

X
27


(b) (j + 4)2 − 7
j=−5

2.4. Use mathematical induction to prove

X
n
(j − 1) · j! (n + 1)!
= −1
j=1
2j 2n

for all integers n ≥ 1.

X
m
1 Xm
1
2.5. Identities k= [m(m + 1)] and k 2 = [m(m + 1)(2m + 1)] are given.
k=1
2 k=1
6

(a) First write the sum 12 + 42 + 72 + 102 + · · · + (6n + 1)2 in sigma notation and then use
the identities to prove that

12 + 42 + 72 + 102 + · · · + (6n + 1)2 = (2n + 1)(12n2 + 9n + 1) .

X
27
(b) Use the identities to evaluate the sum [ (3j − 45)2 − 7 ] .
j=16

2.6. Use the properties of sigma notation and the identity

X
m
1
k= [m(m + 1)]
k=1
2

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 MATH 1210, Techniques of Classical and Linear Algebra, Winter 2024

to prove that
X
4n−1


2k − 3n = 3n(2n − 1).
k=n

3 Cartesian Form of Complex Numbers

3.1. Write the following numbers in the Cartesian form:
(a) (3i − 9)(2i + 5) − 7i + 6
1 − i3
(b) ·3−i
4 + 5i
3.2. Find all complex solutions of the following equations.
(a) 5x2 − 6x + 5 = 0
(b) x4 + 2x2 − 8 = 0
X
4n
3.3. Prove that ik = 1 for every non-negative integer n.
k=0

4 Polar and Exponential Forms of Complex Numbers

4.1. Find polar representations of the following complex numbers. Your answers should be written
using the principal value of the argument.
(a) −6i
(b) 2 − 2i
(c) 3 + 5i
4.2. Simplify each of the following expressions. You do not need to find the principal value of the
argument.



2 cos(4) + sin(4)i · 3 cos(1) − sin(1)i
(a)

√ 7 cos(2)

18 + sin(2)i
(b) − 3 + 3i
4.3. Write the following complex numbers in Cartesian form.
13π √ √
5
(a) 3e 3 i − 2 + 6 i
i99 (1 − i)9
(b) 9π
8e 2 i
4.4. Write the following complex expressions in Cartesian from. Simplify as much as possible.
 15
4i · 2 − i
(a)
3−i
(Hint: your answer should contain 222 , and this power doesn’t need to be simplified any
further.)

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 MATH 1210, Techniques of Classical and Linear Algebra, Winter 2024

πi
πi

2e 12 − i − 1 2e 12 + i + 1
(b)
(1 − i)7

4.5. Write the following expression in Cartesian from. Simplify as much as possible:

3e7πi/20 · i27
4e22πi/5

4.6. Find the complex number z, in Cartesian form, such that it satisfies the equation
√ √ √
(1 − 3 i)5 + ( 3 − i )5 z = 32 (1 + 3 i) .

4.7. Find all cubic roots of 27i in Cartesian form.

√

4.8. Find all solutions of the equation z 3 = − 2 + 2 3i z in Cartesian form.
√
4.9. Find all complex solutions of the equation 8z 4 − 3 − i = 0. Write the roots in exponential
form and use principal value of their arguments.

4.10. Find all complex solutions of the equation (4z 2 − 2z + 1)(z 4 − 4i3 ) = 0. Write the roots in
exponential form and use principal values of their arguments.

4.11. Use DeMoivre’s theorem to prove the triple angle formula

cos(3θ) = cos3 (θ) − 3 cos(θ) sin2 (θ).

5 Polynomial Equations
5.1. Find the remainder when the polynomial P (x) is divided by the polynomial Q(x).

(a) P (x) = −3x3 + 5x2 + 2x + 7, Q(x) = 2 − 3x.

(b) P (x) = 2x4 − x3 + 4x − 6, Q(x) = x + 2i.

5.2. Find the value(s) of the parameter k such that the polynomial Q(x) = 2x + 3 is a factor of the
polynomial P (x) = 4x3 + 6x2 − kx − 9.

5.3. Let P (x) = x4 + (1 + 2i)x3 + (4 − 3i)x2 − 2x + 2a3 . Find all real values of a such that when
the polynomial P (x) is divided by x + ai the remainder is 0.

5.4. Given that (1 − i) is a zero of the polynomial P (x) = 3x4 − 7x3 + 9x2 − 4x + 2, find all of its
other zeros.

5.5. For each of the following polynomials P (x), use the rational roots theorem to find all possible
rational roots, and then find all actual roots of the polynomial.

(a) P (x) = 3x3 + 2x2 + x + 10 (Hint: can this polynomial have a positive root?)
1 1 2 3
(b) P (x) = x4 − x3 + x2 − x − 1 (Hint: how can one change P (x) without changing its
3 2 3 2
roots so that the rational roots theorem would apply?)

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 MATH 1210, Techniques of Classical and Linear Algebra, Winter 2024

(c) P (x) = 55x4 + 39x3 − 5x2 + 9x − 2

(d) P (x) = 3x6 + 8x4 + 2x2 − 4 (Hint: make a change of variable.)

5.6. Consider the polynomial

P (x) = 9x3 − 12x2 − 20x + 16

(a) Use the bounds theorem together with the rational root theorem to give a list of possible
rational roots of P (x) = 0.
(b) Write P (x) as a product of linear factors. You can make use of Descartes’ rule of signs to
make your life easier.

5.7. Consider the polynomial P (x) = 4x4 + 5x3 − 2x2 + 5x − 6 .

(a) Is x + 2 a factor of P (x)?

(b) What are the possible rational roots of P (x)?
5
(c) Show that if z is a complex number such that |z| > , then z can not be a zero of P (x).
2
(d) What are the number of possible positive real zeros and the number of possible negative
real zeros of P (x) ?
 7
(e) Show that P (x) has no zeros in the interval − 5, − .
3
(f) Use your answers in parts (a), (c) and (d) to improve the list of all possible rational zeros
of P (x) in part (b).
(g) Find all zeros of P (x).

5.8. Let P (x) = 2x5 + 3x4 − 2x − 3 .

(a) Use Descartes’ Rules of Signs to determine the number of possible positive real zeros and
the number of possible negative real zeros of P (x) .
(b) Use the Rational Root Theorem to find a list of all possible rational zeros of P (x) .
(c) Use the Bounds Theorem to determine how large the absolute value of a zero of P (x) may
be.
(d) First, check that x = 1 is a zero of P (x) , and then use this fact together with your
answers in parts (a) and (c) to eliminate zeros, as many as possible, from the list of all
possible rational zeros of P (x) in part (b) and write the new improved list.
(e) Find all zeros of P (x) .

5.9. Consider the polynomial P (x) = x4 + x3 + x2 + 2x − 2.

(a) Show that P (x) has no rational roots.

(b) Let z be a complex number such that |z| ≥ 3. Prove that z can not be a root of P (x).
√
(c) If ( 2) i is a complex root of P (x), find all roots of P (x) and express P (x) as a product
of linear factors.

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 MATH 1210, Techniques of Classical and Linear Algebra, Winter 2024

6 Matrices
6.1. Consider the matrices
     
  0 −1 1 0 2 5 1 0
2 1 3
A= , B= 1 2  , C =  1 −1 3  , D =  0 3 2 .
1 5 −2
3 1 0 2 1 1 4 −1

Calculate the following when possible. If not possible, explain why.

(a) A − C (b) C T (c) 3C + 2D (d) 4AT − 5B
6.2. Find the matrix X such that
 
  T 2 1
0 −2 1
2X − = 3 0 5 .
−1 3 4
−3 2

6.3. Consider the matrices


    −3
−2 5 1 −2 4
A= , B= , C =  1 ,
3 2 2 1 0
−1
   
0 1 2 4 −1 0
D =  −1 −2 0  , E= 1 5 3 .
3 0 1 0 2 −3

Calculate the following when possible. If not possible, explain why.

(a) DC (b)AB T (c) ABC (d) C T E + 3A
(e) BD − 2BE (f) DE T − 3I3 (g) D2
6.4. Find all diagonal 2 × 2 matrices A that satisfy the relation 3A − A3 = 2I2 .
6.5. Consider the matrices
 
    1 0  
a 0 3 1 2 9 −2
A= , B= , C =  −2 3  , D= .
0 b −4 0 5 1 10
4 2

(a) For each of the following expressions, determine if it is defined. If yes, evaluate it. If no,
explain why. (Note: In some cases, you can use rules for matrix algebra to simplify the
expression, or even to determine the answer without calculation.)
(i) DDT − DT D
(ii) BC − CB
(iii) (AD)T − DT AT
(iv) 3DT + BC
(b) Find all values of a and b such that the matrix A satisfying the following equation.
 
9 1
A − 8A + D =
4 2 T
.
−2 −6

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 MATH 1210, Techniques of Classical and Linear Algebra, Winter 2024

7 Vectors
7.1. Let u = ⟨4, −3, 5⟩, v = ⟨−2, 1, 2⟩, P (0, 8, 3), Q(1, 6, 2), and R(−3, 5, 0). In parts (a)-(g), find
the specified vector or number, and in (h), prove the specified statement:

(a) 2u + 5v
−→
(b) 4QP − 3v

(c) û (unit vector in the direction of u)

−→

(d) a vector of length 2 in the opposite direction to v + P R



(e) u − 2v · u + 2v
−→
(f) the angle between u and RQ
(g) a vector perpendicular to both u and v
(h) Prove that △P QR is a right triangle.

7.2. Let k ∈ R, u = ⟨k − 1, 3, −6⟩ and v = ⟨2, k, 2 − k⟩. Find all values of k for which the vectors
u and v are parallel.

7.3. Let u = ⟨2, 0, −1⟩, v = ⟨1, −1, 3⟩ and w = ⟨0, −2, 7⟩. Find the following.

(a) u × (v × u)
(b) (u × v) · w

7.4. Let u = ⟨−7, 2, 1⟩, v = ⟨−9, 2, 1⟩ and w = ⟨a + 1, a − 1, 0⟩.

(a) Find a vector of length 7 in the opposite direction of 4u − 3v.

5π
(b) Find value(s) of a for which the angle between 4u − 3v and w is .
6

8 Planes and Lines

8.1. Consider the points P (0, 5, −2), Q(−3, 1, 4) and R(−1, 2, 6).
−→
(a) Find an equation of the plane that passes through the point P and perpendicular to QR.
(b) Find parametric equations of the line passing through the points P and Q.
(c) Find an equation of the plane that passes through the points P , Q and R.

8.2. Consider the lines

ℓ1 : x = 1 − t, y = −3, z = 5 + 2t, t ∈ R,
ℓ2 : x = 3 + 2t, y = 0, z = 7 − 4t, t ∈ R,
ℓ3 : x = 4 + t, y = 1 + 2t, z = 1 − t, t ∈ R.

(a) Verify if the lines ℓ1 and ℓ2 are parallel.

(b) Show that the lines ℓ1 and ℓ3 intersect at a single point P and find its coordinates.

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 MATH 1210, Techniques of Classical and Linear Algebra, Winter 2024

(c) Find parametric equations of the line that passes through P and is perpendicular to both
lines ℓ1 and ℓ3 .
(d) Find an equation of the plane containing the lines ℓ1 and ℓ3 .

8.3. Consider the plane π and the line ℓ defined by the following equations:

π : 5x + 2y − 4z = 9,
ℓ : x = 3 + 2t, y = −1 + t, z = 3t, t ∈ R.

Determine which of the following statements are true:

• The line ℓ is perpendicular to the plane π.

• The line ℓ is parallel to the plane π, i.e., they don’t have any intersection points. If this
is the case, then find an equation of the plane that is parallel to π and contains ℓ.
• The line ℓ intersects the plane π at a single point. If this is the case, then find the
coordinates of this point.
• The line ℓ is contained in the plane π.

8.4. Consider the lines

ℓ1 : x = 3 + t, y = 1 − t,
z = 3t, t ∈ R,
x z−5
ℓ2 : =y+2= ,
2 −1
the plane
Π: x + y + 1 = 0,
and the point P (2, 1, 0).

(a) Find the point Q of intersection of the lines ℓ1 and ℓ2 .

(b) Find an equation of the plane containing both lines ℓ1 and ℓ2 .
(c) Find an equation of the plane which is perpendicular to the plane Π and passes through
the points P and Q.
(d) Find both parametric and symmetric equations (if possible) for the line which is parallel
to the line ℓ1 and passes through the origin.

9 Gaussian and Gauss-Jordan Eliminations, Matrix Form

of a Linear System
9.1. Use Gaussian elimination (and back substitution when needed) to solve the following systems
of linear equations.


  3x − y + z + 4w = 2
 x − 2y + 2z = −1 

2y − 3w = 0
(a) −2x + 3y = −3 (b)
 
 2x + 4z + w = −3
x − y + z = 1 
−x − y + 3z = 6

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 MATH 1210, Techniques of Classical and Linear Algebra, Winter 2024

9.2. Use Gauss-Jordan elimination to solve the following systems of linear equations.
 
 3x1 + x2 + 4x3 − x4 = −2  5x − y = −1
(a) x1 + 2x3 = 0 (b) −3x + 2y + 8z = 3
 
−x1 + x3 + x4 = 3 2x + 2z = 0

9.3. Find the parabola y = ax2 + bx + c that passes through the points (1, −3), (2, 4), and (−1, 7).
     
1 −2 4 2 0 −1
 0 1 −5 0     
9.4. Let A =  , B =  1 , and C =  0 .
 0 0 0 1   −3   6 
0 0 0 0 0 1

(a) Determine if A is in a REF, RREF or neither.

(b) Determine how many solutions each of the following linear systems has. In case there are
infinitely many solutions, determine the number of parameters.
• AX = B • AX = C • AX = 0

9.5. Consider the following linear system of equations.



 x − y + z − 2w = 1

−x + y + z + w = −1

 −x + 2y + 3z − w = 2

x − 4y − 13z + 8w = −8

(a) Find the reduced row-echelon form (RREF) of the augmented matrix.
(b) Find all solutions of this system (i.e., determine the solution set).

9.6. Consider the system 

 x + y + 2z = a
2x + by + 4z = 1

y + bz = 1
In each case, determine all real numbers a and b which give the indicated number of solutions,
if possible. If no such a and b exist, give the reason why not.

(a) no solutions
(b) exactly one solution
(c) infinitely many solutions
(d) exactly two solutions

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 MATH 1210, Techniques of Classical and Linear Algebra, Winter 2024

10 Homogeneous and Nonhomogeneous Linear Systems of

Equations, Determinants, and Cramer’s Rule
10.1. Find all basic solutions to the following homogeneous system and express the general solution
as a linear combination of these basic solutions:

 x1 + 2x2 − x3 + x4 + x5 = 0
−x1 − 2x2 + 2x3 + x5 = 0

−x1 − 2x2 + 3x3 + x4 + 3x5 = 0
   
3 1 −2 −1 7
10.2. Let A =  1 −1 2 −3  and B =  −3 .
2 0 0 −2 2

(a) Find the rank of A.

(b) Find basic solutions of the homogeneous linear system AX = 0.
(c) Find all solutions of the linear system AX = B.

10.3. Use cofactor expansion along a row or column of your choice to evaluate the following deter-
minants.
2 −1 0 0 1 3 −3 2
5 2 −3
1 2 −1 0 2 0 −1 0
(a) 4 1 7 (b) (c)
0 1 2 −1 0 4 3 1
−1 0 2
0 0 1 2 6 5 0 −2
10.4. Use row operations and the properties of determinants to calculate the following.

4 16 8 1 2 3
(a) 5 −15 10 (b) 4 5 6
1 −4 3 7 8 9
10.5. Without solving the following linear system, determine if it has a unique solution.

 −2x − 3z = 10
− y + z = 5

x + 3y = 7

10.6. Let k ∈ R and consider the homogeneous system


 2x − ky + z = 0
5x + y + kz = 0

−3x + 2z = 0

Find all values of k for which it has infinitely many solutions. (Hint: homogeneous linear
systems either have a unique trivial solution or infinitely many solutions.)

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 MATH 1210, Techniques of Classical and Linear Algebra, Winter 2024

10.7. Use Cramer’s Rule to find the value of y in the solution of the linear system

 3y − z = −2
x − 2y + 4z = 1

2x − y = 1

10.8. Use Cramer’s rule to solve for z without solving for any of the other variables:

 5x + y − z = −7
2x − y − 2z = 6

3x + 2z = −8

10.9. Suppose that A and B are 11×11 matrices such that AB = −BA. Show that either det(A) = 0
or det(B) = 0.

10.10. Show that det(A + B T ) = det(AT + B) for any n × n matrices A and B.

11 Linearly Dependent and Linearly Independent Vectors,

Direct Method for Finding Inverse Matrices
11.1. Express the vector v = ⟨2, 0, 3, 1⟩ as a linear combination of u1 = ⟨1, −1, 5, 2⟩ and u2 =
⟨6, 4, −5, −3⟩.

11.2. Determine whether the following vectors are linearly dependent or linearly independent.

(a) u1 = ⟨−1, 1, 2, 0⟩, u2 = ⟨0, 3, 0, 1⟩, u3 = ⟨2, −2, 4, 0⟩.

(b) u1 = ⟨4, 3, 2⟩, u2 = ⟨1, −2, 5⟩, u3 = ⟨3, 1, −2⟩.
(c) u1 = ⟨8, 1⟩, u2 = ⟨2, 7⟩, u3 = ⟨−5, 13⟩.

11.3. Determine whether each of the following sets of vectors is linearly dependent or linearly
independent.

(a) ⟨1, −1⟩, ⟨2, 1⟩, ⟨1, 3⟩

(b) ⟨1, −1, 1⟩, ⟨2, 1, 2⟩, ⟨1, 3, −1⟩
(c) ⟨11, −1, 1, 0⟩, ⟨0, 0, 0, 0⟩, ⟨0, 3, −1, −2⟩

11.4. Find all values of the parameter k such that the vectors u = ⟨1, 0, k, −1⟩, v = ⟨0, 2, 1, 0⟩, and
w = ⟨−1, −2, 0, k 2 ⟩ are linearly dependent.

11.5. Let u = ⟨−1, 3, 0, 1⟩, v = ⟨3, 1, 2, 0⟩ and w = ⟨3, 11, 4, 3⟩. Either express the vector y =
⟨3, 2, 4, 0⟩ as a linear combination of u, v and w, or show that this is not possible.

11.6. Use the direct method to find the inverses of the following matrices if they exist.
   
    −1 0 −2 0 −2 3
2 1 4 3 −2
(a) (b) (c)  3 2 0  (d)  2 1 1 
−1 1 5 −1 6
0 −1 2 4 0 5

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 MATH 1210, Techniques of Classical and Linear Algebra, Winter 2024

12 Inverse Matrices: Relation to Determinants, Adjoint

Method, and Solving Linear Systems
12.1. Use determinants to find the value(s) of parameter k for which the following matrix is singular:
 
1 2 k
A =  −1 0 3 
4 k − 1 −6

12.2. Suppose that the square matrix A satisfies the relation A2 = I. Prove that either the matrix
A + I or the matrix A − I is not invertible. (Hint: rewrite the given matrix equation and use
determinants.)
12.3. When possible, use the adjoint method to find the inverses of the following matrices:
 
    3 −1 0
6 5 −6 4 
(a) (b) (c) 0 2 5 
4 3 −9 6
1 1 3
12.4. Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix such that det(A) = 5. Use the properties of determinants to evaluate
the following.
(a) det(A−1 ) (Hint: use the definition of A−1 .)
(b) det(adj(A)) (Hint: use the relation between adj(A) and A−1 .)
12.5. Use inverse matrices to solve the following systems of linear equations:

  4x + 2y − z = 2
5x + 4y = −2
(a) (b) x + 3z = 1
3x + 2y = 4 
−3x − 2y + 3z = −1
12.6. Let      
0 0 1 4 1
A =  −1 0 2  , B= 0  and C =  3 .
0 2 0 −2 1
Prove that A is invertible and solve the linear system (A−1 )T X − 2C = B.

13 Linear Transformations
13.1. Let T : R3 → R3 be a linear transformation such that

T ⟨1, 1, 1⟩ = ⟨3, 5, −2⟩ and T ⟨0, 2, −1⟩ = ⟨1, −4, 0⟩.

Express the following vectors as linear combinations of ⟨1, 1, 1⟩ and ⟨0, 2, −1⟩ and use the
definition of a linear transformation to find their images under T :
(a) ⟨0, 0, 0⟩ (b) ⟨0, −6, 3⟩ (c) ⟨2, 4, 1⟩
13.2. Let w = ⟨−2, 1, 4⟩ and let T : R3 → R3 be the transformation defined by

T (u) = 2u − w × u.

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 MATH 1210, Techniques of Classical and Linear Algebra, Winter 2024

Find the formulas defining the components of v = T (u) in terms of the components of u and
verify that T is linear.
13.3. Suppose that T : R3 → R3 is defined by

v1 = u2 + u3
T : v2 = −u1 + 2u2 + u3
v3 = 3u1 − 4u2 − 2u3

(a) Find the image of the vector ⟨3, 2, −2⟩ under T .

(b) Find the matrix associated to T and use matrix multiplication to find T ⟨3, 2, −2⟩.
(c) Find the vector u that has the image v = ⟨−1, 1, −3⟩ under T .
(d) Find all vectors w such that T (w) = w.
13.4. Find the matrix of a linear transformation T : R2 → R2 that reflects every vector about the
line y = −x.

14 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

14.1. For each of the following matrices, find all of its eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvec-
tors:
 
2 1
(a)
2 3
 
−2 0 2
(b)  0 −1 0 
2 0 1

14.2. Let A be a 2 × 2 matrix with eigenvalues −1 and 2. Find all eigenvalues of the following
matrices. Make sure to justify your answer.
(a) −A
(b) A2
(c) A + I
14.3. Let A be a square matrix. Prove that the matrix A + AT is symmetric.
14.4. Find all eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors of the matrix
 
1 0 −1
 2 0 2 
1 1 −1
 
−i −4
14.5. (a) Find all complex eigenvalues of the matrix A = .
1 2i
(b) Let B be a 3 × 3 symmetric matrix with real entries. It is given that 3, 2, and −1 are
eigenvalues of B. Find values of a, b, and c, if it is known that u = ⟨1, 0, a⟩, v = ⟨b−1, b, 0⟩,
and w = ⟨−c, c + 1, c⟩ are eigenvalues corresponding to 3, 2, and −1, respectively.

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