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Complex Functions

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24 views

Complex Functions

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rambabuaageya
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
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Comptex Functions —$——__CompLex Functions In this chapter we shall use some terms in dealing with sets of complex numbers. It is therefore necessary to define such terms, 3.1. Some Basic Concepts Neighbourhood of a Point z, : _A neighbourhood of a point z, in the complex plane is the set of all points z for which |z~z|Q. the set a COMPLEX ANALYSIS ———————— eee S={2:ke~alsa or |z+a|0) there exists numbers 5, >0, 5, >0 such that [F@)-m]<94 whenever 0 <|z-z9|<8,» |rle)-wal <4 whenever 9 «|e —26|< 83 ‘Thus for 5 = min(5,,5,), we sce that [we - wil =[(( a w)-(F(2)-»)] s|(fle)- mJ +(7@-)) sheshee whenever 0 <|z -z|<6- re COMPLEX ANALYSIS Since © is any arbitrary small Positive number, it follows that |i =w]=0. 30, oy =a, : This completes the proof, _ Show thar lim 2*4 _ 4; mu zo We observe that the function f given by Sf for all zEC except for z=2i, 2 (2)=214 is defined 2-2i Thus for 742i we have 3 . LF (2) =i E44 gf |@+2)Me-2) | lz - 2], 2-2: @-2i For any €>0, let us choose §=¢50 such that [F(2)-4i0, there exists a 8>0 such that |f(z)- |< whenever 0 <|z~z9|<5, which can also be written as [[u(x. ») +iv(x, »)]= [uo + ino] <€ whenever 0 <|z~ zo] <8 ic, [ful »)- uo] +ifo(.»)- v0] ] 0 , these exists numbers 8, >0, 8, >0 such that |u(x. y)- wa] < £4 whenever 0 <|z-4l<68, and |v(2,y)-vo|<54 whenever 0<|2~z) <8,- Let 6 = min(5,,5,). Then, [/(z)~ wo] =[[u(x ») +(x, »)]=[ua + iro] Sale, »)—u #06059) - vol <4 whenever 0 <|e- zo] <5 =e. H . ea lence iim (2) Wo = Uy FIV. This completes the proof. Theorem 3. Let f,(z) and f,(z) be two functions of a complex variable 2 and let tim fi(@)= mand lim f,(2)= v4 - Then Jim Ai(z) tAld|=mtm fim {A (2) fal} = m2 aa te iged: thn LE ME, 9% folz) We The above theorems can be proved either from the definition of limit of a function of a complex variable or by the theorem 2, C-4 eee f(z) - £(zo)|, chosen arbitrarily, we can find a positive number § such that |e(z)= F(z0)|<# whenever |2—z] <8, ies fludray) #0(%9)} {ula Yo) +1 40» yolfl 90) We choose ¢>0 arbitrarily. ‘Then we can find positive numbers 5, and 8 such that € 5 e Juz. y) - 4(05¥%)] <3 whenever (x = 4)" +(¥= yo)” < 87 e 4 and |Y(%)) (40: Yo] <5 whenever (x- x0)" +(y~ ¥9)° <83- Then | f(z) f(zo) = {{u(x.y) + iv(x, y)} —{ulx0.0) +i¥( X05 vo) = [u(x y)- (x0. y0)] + if(.9)- (ro. yo)h Sils,y) ~0(29 90] + pbx.9) -r6%0.90)
0, we can find a positive number 6, such that [e()~ a(wo)|<€ whenever [w-~ 9] <8, isen [a(F(@)- s(f(co))| <€ whenever |f(z)- F(z <8: » Again since f(z) is continuous at zy, we can find 2 positive number 3 such that |/(z)— f(z) <8, whenever |z-zo] <5. * 2) From (1) and (2) we have |e(F(2))- s(F(2))] <€ whenever |z- zl <3 ie. (¢* f)(2)- (ee Feo] <€ whenever |z~z9| <5 ie., ge f is continuous at Zp. Ex. 2. Use the definition of limit to prove that tim [x+i(2x +y)) 214i, We choose ¢ > 0 arbitrarily. Here, [: +i(2x+ y)-[ + i] =(a-1)+ i204 y=) OO =(o=)+i{2e- ++ 0 arbitrarily. . ; ‘We see that lz- al< €, whenever|z—z| Sy = (a+ by) — (Xo + ivy) = (x= %) and so z— zg =>.x—> xy. Then the above limit a tim 42 9E) HUB #98) = ig Bo ee xX i X= ty = lim (x + xy) = 2x0, ry Next suppose that z = 4% +iy. Then 2~ 29 = (9 +4) —(X0 +90) = iy ~ Yo) - So, 2% = Y— Yo. So the limit (1) becomes fies (23 + y2)- (23 + y8) ae i(y yo) Sip = tim v=o) (y+ yo) ronily * yo) spas i(y- yo) = lim ~i(y + yo)=—i-2yo. . From (2) and (3) it follows that f(z) ) =e? is not differentiable at a point zp = Xp tivo when at least one of , and yy is different from zero. When both x)=0 and yo =O ie., zc) =O we get the limit in (1) -0 on ita (: y= 0) = lim = lim =0, 20 2-0 20 290 Hence the derivative of f(z) =|z” exists only at the origin. Theorem Differenttability of f ata point zy implies the continuity of the function at the same point. (2 ald Proof : ig For z#zy, we have Hal thee AS Ga), ean = Fc) L¢ Let f(z) be differentiable at zy, Then the limit tim = and equals to f’(Y. and uy =vy,uy =—v, at the point (xo, ya) Te a 6 a Rat I COMPLEX ANALYSIS ee Proof : Let zq = xy + iY be any fixed point in D. Since £'(@) exists, the ratio a & ; . 4s LDF) rai wad ty elite an ztends to z, in any manner. w-% We first choose to approach % along the line parallel to the real axis Y= Yo. Then : Ae = 2-29 = 4 +i¥0 — (xo +99) =x— x = Ax, L(z)- fF) lim:: Thus we have fine — zi asa ax = jofstesteacnonn) Met cpr) Since the limit on the [-h.s. exists, the individual limits of the real part and the imaginary part exist. Then u,(x9,¥9) and v,(x9, yo) both exist and F'(%) = Heo» Yo) + i¥4(%05 Yo)» ~@) Now we choose to approach zp along the line x= x5 parallel to the imaginary axis, Then Az=z~z =(xo + iy) - (x0 + iy0) =i(y—y,)=idy. . Then we have . 7 f +by)=v(x0, £)= jn] Moon) uC Yo) , V(x00 Yo &: (x0 2a). both uy(%o, Yo) and v,(xp, Yo) exists and” Applying the same reasoning as in the path of .y = yy, we observe that F'(0) = —itty (x0, Yo) +¥y (X05 Yo) wu (4) Since the derivative of ‘f ‘at zp is unique it follows from (3) and (4) that us(40. Yo) = ¥y(X0. Yo): ty(t05.¥0)= va (0, V0) This completes the proof. | Note. 1: : { The two relations u, =v, and w, =—v, are called the Cauchy- Riemann equations. COMPLEX FUNCTIONS Note. 2: If (zo) exis Sf (29) = x tive , then it can be written in any of the form : = uy — ity , at (xo. Yo) uy ivy Vy ty Theor A real vi function of a complex variable either has derivative zero or the derivative does not exist. Tusa. 20 tc] Proof : TMA: 290G] Suppose that f is a real function of a complex variable z whose derivative exists. Then 2 f(z +h)- f(x) z where fi = hy +ihy - F'(2o)= lim If we take the limit > 0 along the real axis, ic. k=, +10 0. then (zo) = tin Leah) Len) areal number. ~ [Since fis real valued] Next we assume fi -» 0 along the imaginary axis. Then fy =0, hy 90 and /’(zo)= im, 7 me 2 L = i real value = purely imaginary number. vw (2) From (1) and (2) we have f‘(zo)=0. Hence, either derivative is zero or does not exist Note: If an analytic function of a complex variable assumes only imag values in a region G, then the function is a constant function. Bx,9/ Let f(:)= Here u(xey)=a7 07 say. xy? sux y) + iv(x. y)=0 Therefore, he 25,4 yy, By ax f The Canchy-Riemann equations are satisfied only at the point z=0. Hence f(z)=|z|" can not have derivative at any point 740. Ex. 10. Ler f(z) =Re(z)=x. Here ux, y)=xand v(x, y)=0. Hence, au | ax Cauchy-Riemann equations are not satisfied for any value of z. Hence. f(z) = Re(z) is not differentiable at any point z. orem 9. (Sufficient Condition for differentiability) Let f(z)=u(x, y)+a(x,y) and z=xtiy. Let w and v be single valued real functions of x and y, which together with their partial derivatives of the first order be continuous at a point (x, y). If their partial derivatives satisfy Cauchy-Riemann equations at (x, y), then derivative of f(z) exists at that point. Proof: Since u(x, y) and its partial derivatives of the first order are continuous at (x, y), these functions are defined throughout some neighbourhood of (x, y) Let (x+dx, y+@y) be any point in this neighbourhood. Then, u(x + 8x, y +6y) — a(x, y) can be written as u(x+dx, y +dy)—u(x, y) Big, «Mas a e,Bereniy i) ay ox where €),€; > Owith (8x, 5y)— (0,0). ») Similarly, (y+ Bx, y + 8y)— ¥ Aa bi cael et neemtomeeci atic lL COMPLEX FUNCTIONS ov av. * = Fal + 5° +€,6x + &,5y where €,,€, tend to zero with (8x,8y) — (0,0). Let &z = 5x + iy. Then f(2+5z)— f(z) = [ule x, y +8y) +iv(xt Br, » +8y)]-[uls.y) + »)] = [u(r Bx, y+8y) —ul x, »)] +(e Be, y+ By) — ve 9] =((rhs of (5)) +i (nh..s of (6). Using Cauchy-Riemann equations au_ a 4 av __ du ss -S we get ay ee ae ay ox a : F(z482)- F()= Mert ay) +i ZGe+8s) ieee where 1,11; tend to zero with 8x, Sy. be by 8x4 i5y| + iby’ 8z = 8x + iSy and proceeding to the limit as 62 + 0 we get f(2+&)-F(2) av 8 tt dc Ox 2#0- Also, u(0,0) = (0,0) =0. =u(0,0 3/2 Now, u,(0,0)= Ti u(x,0)—u(0, 0) _ im = % ya x (0, , u,(0,0)= tim (0, »)- u(0.0) v4(0,0) = tim 22H) og 2H ay x ror 0,y)-r(0,0) _.y? and v (0,0) = lima =a tim . ‘Therefore, (0,0) = ry(0, 0)=1, u,(0,0)=—L=-v, (0,0). Hence the Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied at the origin. We now show that f(z) does not exist at the origin. Let 2 vary along the line ¥ =. Then If we choose the path y =(), then f(z)=ativ=a{l+i) For 2 on the line y=x,wehave, z=x+i=a(1+i). 2)- £0) Hence the lim ="—=** of 200 0. = So f'(0) does not exist. Ex. 12. Show that the function f(z)= 2° is analytic in a domain D of the complex plane C. We have, f(z) =z? = (x? — 3xy?) + (3x? y — y?) > = u(x, y) +év(x, y) (say). y = — OXY, -3y?. Since “ys yr¥;s¥y are continuous in © and “=v, and for all z in C, it follows that f’(z) exists everywhere in C, ie., f is analytic in any domain D in the complex plane C. E Show that the function f(z)=u+iv where u=x? and v= y? is now analytic. Then u, =3x? -3y? v, = Ory, Vy Here w, = 2x, u, =0,¥, =0, vy, =2y, These partial derivatives are continuous in C. But w and v satisfy the CR equations only when y=, Thus fis differentiable at those points for which =, ie., fis differentiable at (1+i)s else, » +€R and nowhere Henee fis nowhere analytic ——— COMPLEX FUNCTIONS . 65 ae ext Pra the points where the following function f is differentiable and behce deduce that it is nowhere analytic: f =utiv, where uls,y)= 277, vay) = 2x7 Tu. 206) | Flere ux = 2xy?,uy = 2x29, ve =4xy? and vy =4x7y. ‘These partial derivatives are continuous in C. However the C-R equations are satisfied only when \ day? =422y and 2x? - y= day? That is, when (y-2x)=0 and x(x +2y)=0. This shows that the C-R equations hold only along the lines x = 0, y= O and nowhere else. Thus f =ictiv is differentiable only at points om the real and imaginary axes and nowhere else. Note that every neighbourhood of every point on the line x=0 (and y=0 respectively) will contain points of the line at which the C-R equations does not hold. Hence it follows that f = «tiv is nowhere analytic, since analyticity at a point demands the existence of the derivative f’ throughout some neighbourhood of that point. 3.7. Polar Form of Cauchy-Riemann equations We have x=rcos®,y=rsin@, so that r>=x?+y? and @=tan-'2 | x Therefore, Also, 0. Fad |e a& y/o du _ Ou dr du 08 Now 3." Or ax a0 ax . 3H _ Ou dy ar ay ; av Similadly, 50 = C-5 Substiutifig'n these equations from above, we have ae au sin _ av. 4, av cos0 e030 55 r= Grind + eS a (A) au au cos __av av sine and “sing + EOS = lahat h a a Se ee ~ ®) Multiplying (A) by sin@ and (B) by cos® and subtracting we have, Qu 8) a 8) Again multiplying (A) by cos® and (B) by sing & adding we obtain au _1av ar 00" a Lav ou ov rae 30 ar are Cauchy-Riemann equations in the Polar form. ithe vquations SE e equations 5 Ex.15. Ifn is real, show that r"(cosn® +isinn®) is analytic except possibly when r=0. Let f(z) =r"(cosn0 +i sinn®) = u + iv (say). So here, u=r"cosn®, v=r"sinn@. Then, ou ov ou wv egret ® _ aretsinn® of = =nersinnd, 2 = nr" St net teosn®, Scnrtsinn nrsinn®, So =nr* cosnd du _ 1 dv : au __av Thus we see that > ar 30 a oor ‘That is, Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied. Now, if n> 1 all the partial derivatives are continuous, 7 s hence r"(cosn6+isinn9) is differentiable everywhere in the come plane C. If n$1, the partial derivatives are continuous except when » = 0, Thus, r(cosn0 +i sinn®) is differentiable everywhere in C 40}. Hence, if n is real, r"(cosn€+isinn®) is differentiable everywhere except possibly when r=0, Therefore, it is analytic everywhere except possibly at r =(.. jarmonic Functions fition: Tur. 2900S Any function u of x, y which" possesses continuous partial derivatives of the first and second orders and satisfies Laplace's equation thats eu du is, + —— =, is called a harmonic functions, ay? Theorem >) If f(z)=u+iv is an analytic function, then u and v are both harmonic functions. Proof: Let f(z)=u+iv be an analytic function, then we have, au _ av Be (By and Cauchy-Riemann equations. v» (10) au _ _ a yo Also, because u and v are the real and imaginary parts of an analytic function, therefore derivatives of « and v of all orders exist and are continuous functions of x and y. So, we have ay f hese we have 24 4 OU Adding these we have Bye yt 0: bY AD. Ov dv Similarly, 5,3 + a Hence both u and v satisfy Laplace's equation. Therefore both and v are harmonic functions. Remark : A function v is called a conjugate harmonic function of a function u whenever f = u-+ iy is analytic. Theorem JZ. . Jf wand v are harmonic function conjugate to each ot! domain then w and v must be constant there. Proof : By definition and the hypothesis, f = in D. But fig = and f +ig =2iv. We know that if fand g are differentiable at zo, then f+. f-8 ther in some utivand g=v-+iu are analytic and of are also differentiable at zo and (fey =f’ t8' (of) =f" where ¢ is any complex constant. Hence the real-valued functions of comples variable namely, u and v.are analytic in D and therefore by theorem 8, u and v must be constant functions. Note : If vis the conjugate harmonic function of 1, then w is the conjugate harmonic function of —v. For, v is the conjugate harmonic of u=> f=utiv is analytic =i f =-v+iu is analytic = w is the harmonic conjugate of —v. Theorem 1% Harmonie conjugates of a harmonic function u differ by a constant. Proof: Let », and 1, be two harmonic conjugate of wina region G. =(u-bivy) [uv is analytic on G, sinoe w-tin, and tion takes only purely imaginary Then (v4 -v2 are analytic. Also the analytic funet he note of theorem 8 that ivy -i)) isa uriv, Values. The it follows by « constant which implies v~v2 differ by a constant Remark : 1 ‘The function u(x.y)=log(x? + y?)? is harmonic on G=C\ {0}. put has no harmonic conjugate. However, there are some regions for which every harmonic function has a conjugate. jugate function 3.9. Determination of conj then both (x,y) and v(,7) If f(z)=utivis an analytic function, (x,y) is given, then we are conjugate functions. If one of these, say have to determine the other v(x.) « Since v is a function of x, ¥ therefore avo aes ay ae oy ou Ou ar ay +35, 0 by Cauchy-Riemann equations. Ee (2) Ou Thus dv=—>-dx+ ‘ pang aet a, ‘The r.h.s of equation (12) is of the form Max+ Ndy, a 2t le 4g NO eu Oy? MO Be Axx) ax?” So ay“ ayl” dy Since wis a harmonic function, therefore it satisfies Laplace’s equation, am 2 (8). an a(®) au Bu , PW _ 9 gp, 2H = 2M swhich make a i an an whicl ss « Go ee Hence equation (12) satisfies the condition of exact differential equation. So, equation (12) can be integrated and thus v ts determined ——_—— ae 16. ) Show tha , the function w=cosx cosh y { itsleasrhonic conjugate forme, “= S884 Cosh y i harmonic and find We have 1 =cosx cosh ». Therefore, me Qu Villy = Ugly = a = cos. sinh y ya pa ie ay? =-cosx cosh y + cosx cosh y =0. Hence wis a harmonic function, Now if v be its conjugate harmoni function f = u+iv must be an: satisfied by f. a ‘ic’ function, then the alytic and hence C-R equations must be ov av a a1 Therefore we have dv =< dx 4+ gy 9% yu a ay Bea =—cosx sinh y dx ~sinx cosh y dy = [cos sinh y dx +sinxcosh y dy]. Integrating this, we get sinx sinh y+, where ¢ is a real constant. 3.10. To construct a function f(z) when one conjugate function is given Let f(z)=u+iv be “an analytic function, where w and’y are the conjugate functions (i.e., both w and v satisfy Laplace’s equation). If either of them, say w is given, then we are to form f(z). Since u is already given, therefore the function f(z) can be constructed if either only v is found out, or the function f(z) as a whole is directly find out. The one method to-construct f(z) when one of the conjugate functions, say «(x,y) is given, is to determine only v as has been done in the last article and then the function f(z) so constructed is u+iv. The other method to’ construct f (z) directly without finding v is due to Milne Thomson and is an elegant method given below : 1 >) Since x=4(e+2) and y =3(e~2), we have nv | < This relation can be regarded as a formal identity in two indep, te variables z and Z. Putting =z, we have x=z and y=() and then (2) =u(z,0) +iv(z, 0) x We have f(z)=u-+iv. Therefore, f(t ie ic =—-i—, by Cauchy-Riemann equations. ax dy Hence if we write gi =0,(x,y) and Bu ectecall, we have ox ay F(z) = 0,(, y)-i a(x; y) = 04(z,0)-1 62(z, 0). Integrating we get f(z) = flout. 0) — i (z, 0) dete where ¢ is an arbitrary constant. Thus the function f(z) is constructed when u(x, y)is given. Similarly if v(x, y) is given, it can be shown that F(o)= J[vilz.0) +iv2(z.0] de +e where y,(x, =$ and W(x, y) ==. In the following example we find. f(z) directly by using Milne’s met] EB (1. Prov that the function u = e*(xcos y - ysin y) satisfies Laplace's . eqhatiof and find the corresponding analytic function f(z)=«+iv. Here u=e"(xcosy- ysiny), therefore TL eoree St = oo (xcosy— ysinyreosy)= Ole y) x and Me we(-nsiny- yoos y~sin y) = $2(2, y) y Hence, A — =¢'(xeosy- ysin y+ 2cosy) + e*(-xeos y+ ysin y= cosy) ax? ay So, the function u satisfies Laplace's equation. By Milne’s method we have 1c) =)(20) =i 025.0). Therefore flees te Jilustrative Examples how that the function F(z) =a +iy is continuous everywhere bur nottfferentiable, f Let f(2)=wtiv where u(s.y)= Thus we see that both w and y bei continuous everywhere. Hence f(z) ou ou av a Here —=y, “=~, Pio Be ay ae y Wny)ey is continuous everywhere. Thus we see that x. & al x By That is, Cauchy-Riemann equations are not satisfied anywhere. Hence F(z) is not differentiable at any point. E: how thar the function f(:)=e*"(z#0) and f(0)=0 is not differertiable at z=0, although Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied at that point, _te-oy! (Any ze “Palit o sole ot} =e ‘ Ste y MO N-WOO. dy you y Here Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied at z=0. ing polynomials in x and y are a reintieneenennnaeh a Saningbitecnntepiaeitece = COMPLEX FUNCTIONS B But, (0)= Li anya 20 along c= showing that f’(z) does not exist at 2=0 Hence f(z) "may not be analytic at z=0. xy (eri) E mine the nature of the function f(z)=~y—g-, 2 #9, f()=0 ina region ae the origin. ic on 200%) Here u+iv=* 20 ay (esiy) . Therefore, \ 4 ye 38 yf . wee ind ye ule. - (0.0) At the origin, u, = jim, = tin”. ead F (0, 1 spgitlea0, tin 22 20. me y Fan F Similarly, v, =0, v, =0. i Hence Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied at the origin. But tim £=L0)_ tim sree ot 0 8 xtiy’ (since. F(0)=0 and =x +iy) : af vate * ‘ = lim = lim-4——q9790 * ~ aye yl 90x tmx! if z0 along the radius vector y=mx i Pe and = tim re if z O along the curve y =m? Ox ey ‘ showing that {“(0) does not exist. (CUMPLEX ANALYSIS Hence (2) is not differentiable at the origin although Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied there. Cy zeati Wf 4 ze artiy and f(2)="=— for 240, =0 for z=0, show that C= R equations are satisfied at z=0, but the derivative of ffails to exist there. na th eg First, let z approaches zero along the real axis y=0; then a would i Fl approach 1. Next, let z approaches zero along the line y= 2; then ia 1-if would approach (4) = =1, Thus the tim £2 =L0) Joes not l+i z-0 2i 290 exist Le., f(z) is not differentiable at 2=0. 2-2 tig _{(?=9*)-t0 fe-9) But f(z)= sb wey (2-9") 47-7) ee ety? 33.2 2 Baan? Poy - =u+iv where 4= eye ety Atthe origin, au, p, Me =HOO) yy 2-00) Ox asl x x0 au ,, Mos)=-402) 6 a ne avy (0) W(0,0) _ ts 0-0 4 ax x90 x x30 av =p, Os y)=4(0,0) _, dy yO y du _ a av du Thus at the origin 3 “ay and 3, — ay" Hence the function is not differentiable at 2 =0, but Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied at z=0. 3 y(y ix E 1192 49 =0 (z=0). £)- £0 z Show that —-———— > 0 as 2-30 along any radius vector but not as 20 inany manner Let 2-70 along y=. Then =. 3y(y-é tin $= LO) = tim y(y-i) 290 z 290 (x* +y*\(x+iy) xP nix( mx — in) =lim ——> >. lim ————— = 9 ' 20 ( mbsf ime) 8 (ne + \(t+im) ~ | Now, let ¢—0 along y= x?) then sld- £10) a(e-4) fim 2 = lim yay lim m0 ¥290(6 + let e) = alleis (2) From (1) and (2) the statement of the problem follows ow that the ic i ¢ function f(z) = ul 2y|) és nor differentiable ai the } although Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied at that point Let the function be S(2)=a(x,y)+i0(x,y), Cort 07 J Here u (x.y) = Vibes) and v(x,»)=0. At the origin, origi ou u(x,0)— 0, 0) = 3 li POG py DEOL 5 ax eo lim-=0, x(0, y) — es 24 im M9) 0.9) jg 9-99, yy ys y x40 y OY img YOO) = (0,0) _ tim =2 Ox xsd x m0 x fig MOM) peg 18 yore oy a0 Hence Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied at the origin. £@)-FO_,,, Vdd Again f/(0) = as lim SE z 20 x+iy V(r") = lim ——, letting z0 along y=mr mx 390 xt tim” This depends on m, that is, f“(0) is not unique. Hence /(z) is not analytic at the origin although Cauchy-Riemann equatigns are satisfied there. E If w= .x° -3xy?, show that there exists a function v(x,y) such that fkel¥utiv is analytic in a finite region. L Or 29 oy - 6K. COMPLEX FUNCTIONS ae ——————— i 2 So, oe ee =6r-6r=0 a ay Henée the given function u satisfies Laplace's equation and is therefore a harmonic function. Since v is a function of x and y , therefore ay= a+ May ax ay = 2 a + OM ay , using Cauchy-Riemann‘equations, ay Ox = xy dr + (3x7 ~3y" dy = (6x ae+ 3x"dy)~3y"dy, Integrating this equation we get v=3x7y-y? +c, where c is a real constant. Hence the function f(z)=u tiv ss 3 2 2 a * =(2-3n/ )+iaxy-y +c) =(x+iy) tice 2’ tie, ie, f(z)=z' tic. So that "(z)=3z? which exists for all finite value of z Therefore f(z) is analytic in any finite region. Prove that the function ee ree eee usr dry 43x" -3y +1 satisfies Laplace's equation and determine the corresponding analytic function u+iv- Tea 2 OOF) ‘Here w= 2? 3x7 +3x"-3y"* 1 Therefore #. 3x? -3y' +6x=04(4,9), sayy 2H Gy —6y = O24.) SAY: dy . 2 746, ee Gy 8, cominteh COMPLEX ANALYSIS ae eee ‘That is, u satisfies Laplace's equation. Hence w is a harmonic function. By Milne's method we have £'(2) = 01(2,0)~i o2(z,0) =(32 +62), Integrating we get, f(z) = J(3? + 6z)dc+e : or, f(z)=2" +32? +c, where c is a constant. | Ss My u-v=(x—y)(x? +4xy4y") and f(z)=utiv: is an anlytic fil m of z= x+y, find f(z) in terms of2 TL uA. ZOU We have, u+iv= f(z). So, iu-v=if(z). Adding these, (u-v)+i(u+v)=(I+#) f(2)= F(z), say where F(z) is analytic, because f(z) is analytic. eo Let U=u-v and V=u+v, then F(2)=U +iV is an analytic function. We have, U=u-v=(x-y)(x? +4154). ‘Therefore, Base +6xy-3y" = O(t.9), ' aw _42 2 20 3x? —6xy-39? = O2(x.9) Bt ma sme) By Milne’s method, we have F(2)= f[ou(z.0)-102(z,0)}ee+e = J(32?- 137 )de+e=(I-i)2 +e ie, (141) f(2)=(I-ipe' +e, ie, f(2)= ‘ 1 Ii iz Thus, (2) LEX FUNCTIONS Let u(x, y) =e cosy. To determine a function v(x, y) such iv is analytic. (US. 2eet] Here tty =e COSY, Myr = €* COS}, ty = -e*siny. Uyy =e COSY, thy =He* SIN. Hence ts +Hyy =O Morever, tes Uses ty» yy ate all continuous. Hence wis a harmonic function. If y is a conjugate harmonic function of u, we have ore, ¥y = 2 eet cos Therefore, ¥» = 3 y. Integrating w.rt. y, we get ¥= Je cos ydy +(x) Therefore v= e* siny +9(x) a) Differentiating w.rt.x gamer ating) Now, u, «gives ef siny +(x) =e* siny which implies = constant. Hi v= e* sin y + constant. ee Ex. (ff. Show that an analytic function with constant modulus is constant Let f(z)=«-+ivbe an analytic function. TL UA. 2010] Now, |f(2)? =u? +¥?. Given | F(2|= constant =e say, (¢#0), ie, +? COMP; SOMPLEX ANALYSi5 «and vy ay, ° Squaring and adding (dl) and (2), we have 2442) 9) fay? wey?) 9 ( “H) (3-0 ie. (Bey . (av? ie., (#1) +(#) 0, since u? +y? <2 49 or, |F"(2)? =o, since f(2)=u, +10, I ie, #(2)=0. Hence f (z)= constant, Bx, If f(z) is an analytic function of z, prove that 2 2 A (S + =] [Re f(2)]? =2[7(2) Solution : Let f(z)=u+iv. So, Ref(z)=u. a We have 2(u?)= 242 ax Fp 2) _ of au au ga)=2{ Se) +0 2 a imilarly, 2” (42) <2 2#) 45,2" Similarly, art jf) +2u=s. 2 2, 2, dy ox” dy’ - . . J ] (since w is a harmonic function) ae (rr (ty (2) or, (SoS eee (lf =As( (2. since Ref(z)u. | ze e Exw13, Show that (S ; =. gee We have, x+iy=z and xi ae rie) 2, So that in, beeen S oa 5 +3] 202 E ay If f(z) is an analytic function of 2-in any domain, prove that (ZS )pe f= Pe re We tow tt (2 =}. +. L tH. 2016) Wiel fey Pe COMPLEX ANALYSIS wh a a) =, {rte rd “f'(2)x PL Araya re | =F Oral rare} - fer)? rep = real [e (oF Ee i 1, Show that for the function f(z)=+. “1240, lim-f(z) does not exist. f 2. Show that \ (a) nay (b) lim ==, ©) Show that the following functions are nowhere differentiable, but everywhere contiuous in C Ere iB}e-@ f@=2 Gi) L()=Rez Gi) F=f Find the points where the following function f is differentiable and hence deduce that it is nowhere analytic f =utiv, where u= x? 4 y? and u(x,y)= ay. s. as i ar. Bd 8 X20, vmwe 2-421) Show that for the function f = u+iv, C-R equations can be written f COMPLBA runessws ee 6. Let @ be a fixed point in C. Give an example (with justification, 3 function which is differentiable only at c and nowhere else. _ Show that the function . fl) =sinx coshy + icosx sinh y is continuous as well as analytic everywhere. - Examine the nature of the function fge et), z#0, xia yl F()=0 ina region including the origin I + a ” > Show that the function w= 5 log(x? + y?) is harmonic and find its harmonic conjugate. eon u=x3—3xy?, show that there exists a function v (x, y) such that w=u+iv is analytic in a finite region. CL tH. 2 00§ ‘7 3) If w= (x-1)' - xy? +3y2, determine v so that u+iv is an analytic function. iF egy? wee satis . @)Prove that if very 7 both w and v satisfy Laplace's equation, but u+iv is not an analytic function of z. @u See re find the corresponding analytic function f(z)=u+iv by Milne’s method. (4. /Prove that the function = x3 — xy? 433? — 3y2 +1 satisfies Laplace’s equation and determine the corresponding analytic function «+iv by Milne’s method. 15, If f(z)=w+iv is an analytic function of c= x+iy and u-v=er(cosx—siny), find f(z) in terms of z by Milne’s method how that the function P(e) =S(x+iy) = i satisfies Cauchy-Riemann equations at the origin, but the function is not differentiable at the origin, 17. Find all harmonic functions of the type «= ale Fe) that are not constants. ANswers 4.7=0 10. v=tan- 2 *¢, where c is a constant, WL, vsaxy- - +c, where c is a constant. \ 14, f(2)=tanz-+c, where c is a constant. US. f(z)=23 +32? +c, where c is a constant. 16. f(z)=e2 +e, where c is a constant. 1% us alog(y Bae yao where a and b are constants. 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