Anatomy Physiology and Disease For The Health Professions 3rd Edition Booth Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF
Anatomy Physiology and Disease For The Health Professions 3rd Edition Booth Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF
Anatomy Physiology and Disease For The Health Professions 3rd Edition Booth Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF
Overview
When people think of the integumentary system, they almost always immediately think of the
skin. Although this is correct, it is not “the whole story”. The integumentary system also
consists of accessory organs such as sebaceous (oil) glands and temperature receptors, which are
just two of many structures found in this amazing organ. The skin is considered a dry epithelial
membrane that covers and protects the organs of the body. The skin is also the largest organ in
the body by weight, and its unique structure gives it both strength and flexibility. The skin is a
highly regenerative organ; it actually entirely replaces itself approximately every 30 days! More
than likely, you have had a minor cut or other skin injury sometime in the past. It is likely that it
healed without scarring and with very little intervention from you. Of course, with larger
wounds, there may have been at least some scarring, even with medical intervention. In this
chapter we will also be looking at the factors that make a difference in and affect skin healing.
Learning Outcomes
After completing this chapter, the student should be able to:
7.1 Recall the functions of the integumentary system.
7.2 Describe the layers of skin and the characteristics of each layer, recognize the accessory
organs of skin and describe their structures and functions.
7.3 Explain the role of skin in regulating body temperature.
7.4 Explain the factors that affect skin color.
7.5 Explain the process of skin healing including scar production.
7.6 Recognize and describe common skin lesions and summarize the etiology, signs and
symptoms, and treatments of common skin disorders.
7.7 Relate the degrees of burns to their appearance and treatment.
7.8 Summarize the etiology, signs and symptoms, and treatments of the various
types of skin cancer.
7.9 Describe the effects of aging on skin.
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Booth & Stoia Anatomy, Physiology & Disease for the Health Professions 1E - IM Chapter 7
Lecture Outline
• Case Study (LO 7.6)
o Acne vulgaris: Adam Boyle is a 17-year-old high school senior. He is concerned
because he has a severe case of acne that is causing some scarring. He has had the
problem for the last two years.
• Introduction (LO 7.1)
o When people think of the integumentary system, they almost always immediately
think of the skin. Although this is correct, it is not “the whole story”. The
integumentary system also consists of accessory organs such as sebaceous (oil)
glands and temperature receptors, which are just two of many structures found in this
amazing organ.
o PPT slide 7-5
• Functions of the Integumentary System (LO 7.1)
o The skin has several functions: protection: it acts a physical barrier; body
temperature regulation; vitamin D production; sensory perception: the dermal layer of
the skin has a variety of receptors for light touch, pain, pressure, and temperature; and
excretion.
o PPT slides 7-6 to 7-11
• Structures of the Integumentary System (LO 7.2)
o The skin is a relatively thin but complex organ. It is composed of a top layer called
the epidermis and a bottom layer known as the dermis. Beneath the dermis is the
hypodermis or subcutaneous layer that is not a layer of the skin.
o Epidermis: The most superficial layer of the skin is composed of four to five distinct
layers depending on whether we are talking about thin or thick skin, respectively.
The deepest layer is called the stratum basale (or the stratum germinativum),
comprised of a single row of cells that are producing millions of new skin cells. Just
above the stratum basale is the stratum spinosum. This layer is several cells thick and
we see pre-keratin protein being produced by keratinocytes, the most numerous type
of cell in the epidermis. The next layer of the epidermis is the stratum granulosum.
The next layer, the stratum lucidum, is very thin and translucent and consists of dead
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Booth & Stoia Anatomy, Physiology & Disease for the Health Professions 1E - IM Chapter 7
keratinocytes. The most superficial layer of the epidermis is the stratum corneum and
it accounts for the thickness of the epidermis since it is composed of 20-30 cell layers.
o Dermis: It lies immediately below the epidermis, is much thicker and complex than
the epidermis, and contains all four of the major types of tissues: epithelial, nervous,
muscular, and connective tissue. There are two main regions of the dermis, which
has an abundance of connective tissue—the papillary and reticular layers.
o Subcutaneous Layer: Hypodermis is technically not a layer of the skin. It lies
immediately below the dermis and consists mostly of adipose tissue and loose
connective tissue. The hypodermis, like the dermis, also contains blood vessels and
nerves.
o Accessory Organs: Include hair, hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, nails,
sudoriferous (sweat) glands, and sebaceous (oil) glands.
o PPT slides 7-12 to 7-23
• Regulation of Body Temperature (LO 7.3)
o There are warm and cold thermoreceptors in the skin that are made up of free nerve
endings. If a person feels too warm or cold, thermoreceptors will send a message to
the hypothalamus in the brain. Among its functions, the hypothalamus detects any
temperature deviation from the “normal”.
o PPT slides 7-8 to 7-9
• Skin Color (LO 7.4)
o Melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin are the three factors that determine skin color.
Melanin ranges in color from yellowish to brownish. The more melanin a person has
in their skin, the darker his or her skin color. Carotene is a yellow pigment found
mainly in the stratum corneum and the fat cells of the hypodermis. Another
contributor to skin color is the pigment hemoglobin. This pigment is responsible for
carrying oxygen in the blood.
o PPT slides 7-24 to 7-27
• Skin Wounds and Healing (LO 7.5)
o When the skin is injured, it often becomes inflamed which makes the skin look red.
This is due to dilation of blood vessels in the area, which allows more blood at the
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Booth & Stoia Anatomy, Physiology & Disease for the Health Professions 1E - IM Chapter 7
site of injury. The overall process in most cases will promote healing, as the increased
blood flow will bring more oxygen and nutrients to the injured site.
o When there is a minor skin wound with sharp, well-defined margins, the healing is
referred to as healing by primary intention. If the wound is large with irregular
margins, it is referred to as healing by secondary intention. If the wound becomes
infected, it is referred to as healing by tertiary intention. When the dermis is injured,
a blood clot will form. Eventually a scab will replace the clot. In most cases, if the
initial wound was not large or severe, the skin will heal without permanent scarring.
o PPT slides 7-28 to 7-31
• Skin Lesions and Disorders (LO 7.6)
o Skin lesions: Any variation in the skin is considered a lesion. There are numerous
types of lesions and they can be classified as primary, secondary, or vascular. A
macule is a flat lesion that is not raised above the surface of the skin. It may be the
same or different color than the adjacent skin. A vesicle is a small blister, and a bulla
is a larger blister or a collection of small vesicles. A pustule is a pus-filled lesion
such as a pimple. An ulcer is an example of erosion where there is an excavation of
the skin. An excoriation is an abrasion of the skin. Petechia are pinpoint hemorrhages
that show as small red dots on the skin. They can result from conditions such as
platelet deficiencies.
o Skin disorders: Alopecia is the absence or loss of hair, especially of the head.
Cellulitis is an inflammation of the connective tissue in skin and is most often seen on
the face and legs. Dermatitis is a general term defining any inflammation of the skin
that can be caused by a wide range of disorders. Eczema is a very common chronic
dermatitis that often has acute phases or flare ups followed by periods of remission
from flares. Folliculitis is inflammation of hair follicles. Herpes simplex virus type 1
and 2 (HSV I, II) are two of the more common herpes viruses. Typically HSV I
causes cold sores, is very contagious, and is spread through contact with infected
saliva. HSV II, known as genital herpes, is sexually transmitted. Herpes zoster, more
commonly known as shingles, is an inflammatory condition of the skin caused by the
varicella zoster virus which is the same herpes virus responsible for causing chicken
pox. Impetigo is a condition most often seen in children and the lesions are
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Booth & Stoia Anatomy, Physiology & Disease for the Health Professions 1E - IM Chapter 7
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Booth & Stoia Anatomy, Physiology & Disease for the Health Professions 1E - IM Chapter 7
result in loss of firmness and wrinkling of the skin. The elderly also have a reduced
ability to tolerate temperature changes.
o PPT slides 7-63 to 7-65
Lesson Plan
Outcomes
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Booth & Stoia Anatomy, Physiology & Disease for the Health Professions 1E - IM Chapter 7
Outcomes
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Booth & Stoia Anatomy, Physiology & Disease for the Health Professions 1E - IM Chapter 7
Outcomes
Discussion Topics
• The skin is the largest organ in the body. Ask students: Why is the skin is so important, and
what are some of its functions? (LO 7.1-7.3)
• Many burn victims suffer loss of large amounts of skin because of their injuries. Ask
students: What are two of the biggest concerns related to these injuries? (LO7.7)
• All skin cancers begin in the epidermis and are more common in light-skinned people. Ask
students: Why? (LO 7.8)
Written Assignments
• Ask the students to write down what would happen in you were to increase the room
temperature by 10 degrees. (LO 7.3)
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Booth & Stoia Anatomy, Physiology & Disease for the Health Professions 1E - IM Chapter 7
• Have students complete a written matching exercise which matches a type of lesion with the
description of the lesion. (LO 7.6)
• Provide students with a paper with A, B, C, D, and E placed on the left-hand side. Ask
students to fill in the meaning of each letter as it relates to the ABCDEs of Malignant
Melanoma. (LO 7.8)
Group Activities
• Divide the class into groups of four to five students. Have each group create a model or
drawing of skin using Figure 7-3 as a guide. Some members of the group should identify the
structures contained in their model, and list each structure’s function. Hang or display the
projects throughout the classroom. (LO 7.2)
• Using note cards or poster board, have students write down each stage of skin healing and
scar production. Place one step per note card and ask the students to line up in the proper
sequence. (LO 7.5)
• Ask students to list as many skin disorders as they can, and write them on the board. Go over
the causes of each. Ask if any members of the class suffer from one of these disorders, or if
they know someone who does. Discuss what types of treatment have been helpful for people
with these conditions. (LO 7.6)
Internet Activity
• Ask students to research one type of skin cancer and write a paper on it or give an oral report
to the class on their findings. Some Internet sites that may be of assistance include
www.cancer.gov, www.skincancer.org, and www.cancer.org.
Case Study
• A patient calls the office, stating that she has noticed that a mole on her leg seems to be
getting larger. You know from previous discussions with the patient that she attends a local
tanning salon on a regular basis. What will your response be? Which skin cancer is likely of
concern?
• Answers to the Case Study. Explain to the patient that a physician should examine any mole
that changes, and schedule an appointment for her. You may tell her that if the physician
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Booth & Stoia Anatomy, Physiology & Disease for the Health Professions 1E - IM Chapter 7
believes that the mole is suspicious, a biopsy may be taken and treatment would be based on
the biopsy results. The cancer of concern would be malignant melanoma.
Answer Key
Case Study 1
1. a. Bacterial infections of sebaceous glands
2. a. Clinically
3. a. Antibiotics; b. Anti-inflammatory medications; c. Special cleansers
4. b. Acne vulgaris
Review Questions
1. a. Stratum corneum
2. b. Stratum lucidum
3. d. Keratin
4. a. Macule
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Booth & Stoia Anatomy, Physiology & Disease for the Health Professions 1E - IM Chapter 7
always more serious than burns to other body parts and almost always require emergency
medical treatment.
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Booth & Stoia Anatomy, Physiology & Disease for the Health Professions 1E - IM Chapter 7
increase of hormones called androgens. Nails are derived from the epidermis. Nails have
several parts. There is the body, which is the majority of the nail, the free edge that
grows out from the body and a cuticle that is attached to the skin. The lunula is the
crescent-shaped lighter colored area of the nail that is seen just above the cuticle. The
part of the nail embedded in the skin is called the nail root. The nail root contains active
keratinocytes that produce nail growth. Most of the body appears pink because of the
rich blood supply to the underlying dermis. Beneath each nail is the nail bed. The nail
bed holds the nail down to underlying skin and provides nutrients to the nail. Nails
function to protect the ends of the fingers and toes. They are formed by epithelial cells
with hard keratin, which is more permanent than the softer keratin found in our skin.
3. Eccrine glands are the most numerous and produce the watery sweat activated by heat.
Apocrine glands produce the thicker sweat that contains more proteins. These glands are
concentrated in the groin and axillary areas and are activated by heat, nervousness, and
stress. As bacteria breaks down the protein in this sweat, the waste product formed
produces body odor.
Case Study 2
1. a. Staphylococcus
2. c. Children
3. a. An antibiotic
Case Study 3
1. b. Squamous cell carcinoma; c. Malignant melanoma
2. a. Biopsy
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